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1.
The levels of phthalate ester plasticizers, DDT, DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the tissues of 18 species of marine organisms from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Low levels of the most widely used phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, were found in the majority of the samples; no other phthalates were detected. DDT, DDE and PCBs were found in all samples, but at somewhat lower levels than those found in our 1971 survey. A decrease in p,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDE ratios relative to 1971 was also noted.  相似文献   

2.
Burial characteristics and risks associated with 13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan) in core sediments of Lake Baiyangdian were investigated. The core sediments were taken from areas of different anthropogenic activity along the lake. Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), heptachlor, aldrin, and endosulfan ranged from 0.64 to 2.72, nd (undetectable levels) to 2.79, 0.29 to 1.37, nd to 2.62, and nd to 1.76 ng g?1, respectively. Concentrations of OCPs in the core sediments exhibited the following spatial trend: Dongtianzhuang > Shaochedian > Zaolinzhuang. Concentrations in the surficial layer were also found to be greater than those in the bottom layer. OCPs were dominated by HCH. β-HCH was found in the greatest concentrations, indicating that the majority of HCH came from older inputs to the area. The ratio of DDT and its metabolites (DDD and DDE) also suggested a lack of recent inputs to the lake environment. The residues of heptachlor, aldrin, and endosulfan in core sediments indicated that cyclodienes were historically applied in the area. The OCP risk assessment, which was based on effect range low and threshold effect level values, suggested that the top layer of sediment in Dongtianzhuang cores had a relatively high toxicity to human health and the environment.  相似文献   

3.
Cao X  Han H  Yang G  Gong X  Jing J 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(11):2370-2376
The sorption behavior of p,p′- and o,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the presence of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on sediment was studied. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process. The kinetic behavior of these three chemicals on sediment was described by pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, and the isotherms followed the Freundlich model well. The presence of CTAB was able to remarkably accelerate and enhance the sorption of DDT, whereas DDT showed no effect on the sorption of CTAB in our considered concentration ranges. The thermodynamic parameters, such as standard enthalpy change (ΔH0), standard entropy change (ΔS0) and standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG0) showed that the sorption process of p,p′- and o,p′-DDT was physical, spontaneous and exothermic, and the randomness at the solid-liquid interface increased during the process. In the presence of CTAB, the sorption of DDT showed significantly negative ΔG0 and ΔH0 values.  相似文献   

4.
Contamination levels and profiles of 7 polychlorinated-p-dioxins, 10 polychlorinated furans (PCDD/Fs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were investigated in juvenile European flounder (Platichthys flesus) captured in different nursery areas in the northeastern Atlantic coast across its geographical distribution range. The toxic equivalent concentrations (WHO-TEQfish) were also determined in order to evaluate which P. flesus population was more exposed to dioxin-like toxicity. Juveniles caught in the Sørfjord (Norway) showed the lowest WHO-TEQfish concentration (0.052 pg WHO-TEQfish g−1 wet weight) whereas the highest value was observed in fish from the Wadden Sea (The Netherlands; 0.291 pg WHO-TEQfish g−1 ww), mainly due to the greater contribution of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, the most toxic congener. Nonetheless, when comparing the results with existent tissue residue-based toxicity benchmarks, no adverse effects resulting from PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs are expected to occur in flounder from the studied systems.  相似文献   

5.
In 1978 the California Department of Fish and Game carried out a major, independent sportfishing survey in southern California. The results of that survey indicated that approximately one million angler-trip hours per year were spent fishing and that one in three fish caught was a white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus). There was no attempt by the Department of Fish and Game to determine the disposition of caught fish. We conducted a subsequent survey in 1980 which included 12 popular sportfishing sites in the Los Angeles area. Our results also indicated that one in three fish caught was a white croaker. In addition our survey showed that 82% of the sportfishermen ate the white croaker they caught and the median consumption was 14.8 g day?1 person?1. White croaker were then sampled by hook-and-line from 11 of the 12 survey sites plus two control sites and analysed for PCB, DDT and BaP. Median PCB levels ranged from 0.014 to 0.41 mg wet kg?1; median DDT from 0.059 to 7.5 mg wet kg?1 and BaP was below detectable limits of 1 ng for all sites.  相似文献   

6.
Fourteen Saimaa ringed seals (Phoca hispida saimensis) were studied for PCB, DDT, chlordane and chlorophenol compounds in blubber, liver, muscle, heart and kidney in Lake Saimaa, eastern Finland, in 1977–1981. Both PCBs and total DDT increased on average from a good 5 mg kg?1 in extractable fat of blubber in a new-born to a good 65 mg kg?1 in sexually mature specimens, the maximum being 93 and 104 mg kg?1 respectively. Concentrations of PCBs and tDDT in blubber and liver were most clearly dependent on the age and weight of the seal. Chlordanes were found in all 14 specimens (mean 0.59 mg kg?1 in blubber), trichlorophenol in one, tetrachlorophenol in two and pentachlorophenol in all three specimens studied. Although some of the Saimaa seals had reached quite high levels of both PCBs and tDDT, the present results do not indicate that the steady decrease of the Saimaa seal population during the last two decades would have been caused by these toxins, at least not in isolation.  相似文献   

7.
PCBs, Σ DDT (sum of DDT, DDE and DDD) and other chlorinated hydrocarbons were measured in striped mullet (Mullus barbatus) from Saronikos Gulf. The highest values of PCBs and Σ DDT observed were 1100 and 390 ng g?1 (on a fresh weight basis) respectively. The correlation between the above two residues and the distance from the source of pollution, a well as the relationships between Σ DDT and its metabolites were studied.  相似文献   

8.
The contamination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) in soils, plants, and terrestrial fauna from a former pesticide-producing area in Southwest China was investigated. High levels of OCP residues (ΣHCHs and ΣDDTs of 3.89–13,386 and 23.3–11,186 ng g?1 dw, respectively) were found in the soils within the producing factory, indicating that the former pesticide factory brownfield site poses a high environment risk and that effective soil remediation is needed. The OCP concentrations in soils surrounding the pesticide factory were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than in the other agricultural areas from China. Grass, vegetables, and tree leaves from the surrounding areas of the point source showed moderate OCP pollution, which was likely to be causing potential negative impacts on terrestrial ecosystem. OCP levels in terrestrial species from the studied area including insects, free-range chickens and birds were moderate, and were generally within accepted safe levels. β-HCH was the most prevalent isomer, implying that hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) residues were mainly derived from the degradation of technical HCH. The dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) profiles reflected obvious degradation of technical DDT. In the study area, the concentrations of HCBD were <0.02–5.59, 0.03–24.6 ng g?1 dw and 1.65–3.80 ng g?1 lw in soils, plants, and animals, respectively, which were relatively low and not sufficient to cause observable adverse biological effects.  相似文献   

9.
The Mussel Watch concept was applied in a study of man-induced chemical changes in the Ebro Delta on the Catalonian coast to obtain a preliminary assessment of the distribution of synthetic organic compounds, petroleum and biogenic hydrocarbons in the local coastal zone. Mussels, oysters and clams were selected as the indicator organisms. Levels of petroleum accumulated by mussels were generally high, in the order of 100–800 μg?1 dry weight, equivalent to those in mussels in the most polluted harbours and bays of California. The relative distributions of the steranes and pentacyclic triterpanes in the mussels were significantly different from those found in petroleum from a local field, indicating that local petroleum was not contributing to the present contamination. The composition of biogenic compounds was variable, probably reflecting differences in the composition of local plankton communities, PCB levels were high in relation to current levels in mussels from US sites, reflecting continuing PCB use in Spain. The Delta appears to be a point source of a number of organochlorine compounds, including HCB, the DDT compounds, endrin and γ-chlordane. Levels of the DDT compound o,p′-DDD, a pharmacologically active substance, were unexpectedly high; identification was confirmed by GS/MS. Many unidentified peaks were present on EC chromatograms, indicating a more complex pattern of contamination than might be suggested by printed summaries of data.  相似文献   

10.
Total mercury was analyzed as a function of body length, season, and diet in four commercially and recreationally important marine fish, bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), goosefish (Lophius americanus), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), and summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), collected from continental shelf waters of the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Mercury levels in the dorsal muscle tissue of 115 individuals ranged from 0.006 to 1.217 μg/g (wet weight) and varied significantly among species. The relationship between predator length and mercury concentration was linear for bluefish and summer flounder, while mercury levels increased with size at an exponential rate for silver hake and goosefish. Mercury burdens were the highest overall in bluefish, but increased with size at the greatest rate in silver hake. Seasonal differences were detected for bluefish and goosefish with mercury levels peaking during summer and spring, respectively. Prey mercury burdens and predator foraging habits are discussed as the primary factors influencing mercury accumulation.  相似文献   

11.
2009年8月采集了巢湖河流及湖泊表层水体共15个样点,利用固相萃取-气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(SPE-GC-ECD)方法测定滴滴涕类(DDTs)农药的含量,分析了其残留特征、来源及风险.结果表明:1)巢湖丰水期DDTs含量范围为1.52-21.79ng/L,平均含量为9.98±4.73ng/L.2)DDT残留主要来自...  相似文献   

12.
We investigated levels of the pollutant tributyltin (TBT) in blood of pufferfishes (six species), Japanese sea perch, red sea bream, Japanese common goby, Japanese flounder, rockfish, conger eel, and sea mullet collected off the coast of northern Kyushu, Japan. We found considerable levels of TBT (1.4-190 ng/mL) accumulated in the blood of these fish. Blood TBT concentrations were 1.3-22.5 times liver concentrations and 4.9-78 times muscle concentrations, except in conger eel and mullet. We detected TBT (16-111 ng/mL-blood) in the plasma of the fine-patterned puffer (Takifugupoecilonotus) year-round, without any apparent seasonal trend. These results suggest that fish inhabiting coastal areas of Kyushu, Japan, continue to be contaminated with TBT.  相似文献   

13.
Sixty female flounder (Platichthys flesus) were collected in Autumn 2011, 15 from each of the following sampling sites: at the mouths of the Douro and Vistula Rivers, and at nearby open sea locations. The aim of the study was to assess several biomarkers in the two geographically distant regions. Hepatic EROD, GST, SOD, GPx, POx, LP; muscular AChE, BChE, LP; and branchial Na+/K+-ATPase were analysed. Moreover, BTI, PY, and three gross morphometric indices were calculated. The results were analysed with t-test, ANOVA, and PCA. Many differences were found between the open sea sites and the river mouths, mainly in Portugal, and between the two rivers. Salinity and pollution seem to be the main factors that affected the biomarkers. Effects of chronic pollution were observed at the river mouths, and an indication of a possible temporary exposure to pollutants was found at the open ocean site in Portugal.  相似文献   

14.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):775-781
To assess the levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in the Chinese coastal environment, monitoring study using bivalves was conducted in 2005. A total of 21 bivalve samples covering the northeastern coast of China were collected and analyzed. Organochlorine compounds were widely distributed in the Chinese coastal environment, with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contamination being particularly prevalent. The overall concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, HCHs, chlordane compounds (CHLs), dieldrin, and endosulfans in bivalves were in the ranges of 3.27–25.4, 54.8–2680, 1.42–25.5, n.d. (not detected)–2.28, n.d.–4.02, and n.d.–9.55 ng g−1 on a dry weight basis, respectively. The concentrations of DDT and HCH compounds are relatively higher than those from the coastal areas of other Asian countries. DDT metabolites were predominant, suggesting that the degradation of DDT is in progress in the Chinese coastal environment. Still, however, DDTs of high concentration exceeding 1000 ng g−1 were observed at 19% of the stations surveyed. Among HCH compounds, β-HCH, which is an isomer with strong persistency, was observed predominantly. Compositions of DDT and HCH compounds imply that fresh input of the two compounds into the Chinese coasts is possibly low.  相似文献   

15.
The paper presents the results of monitoring trace organic contaminants (17 PCBs and 7 OCPs) and 6 trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic in 2006 using Mytilus galloprovincialis as indicator species. OCPs were found in all samples (0.07-14.3 ng g−1 d.wt.), while in positive samples concentrations of PCBs ranged between 0.16 and 20.5 ng g−1 d.wt. The α-HCH/γ-HCH and DDE/DDT ratios indicated recent input of γ-HCH and DDT. Spatial distributions of HCB, PCBs, DDTs and Hg were significantly correlated with population density. Although elevated concentrations of all trace metals and organic contaminants were recorded in the densely populated and industrialized areas, overall data point to relatively low level of contamination of the eastern Adriatic coast. Evaluation of the risks to human health associated with consumption of the mussels suggested that there is no health risk for moderate shellfish consumers.  相似文献   

16.
The distribution and bioaccumulation features of PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs were investigated in the sediments and Manila clams collected from along the Mid-Western coast of Korea. The measured concentrations of ΣPCBs, ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs were 1.08–3.5, 0.12–0.35 and 0.090–0.30 ng g−1 dw in sediment, and 33–390, 7.4–46 and 6.3–27 ng g−1 lipid in Manila clam, respectively. Their levels were found to be relatively lower than those of other contaminated areas and the consumption of Manila clam from these areas seems to be safe for human health according to calculated lifetime cancer risk and hazard indices. The ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs concentrations in sediments showed a significant relationship to those in clams. The significant correlation was observed between BSAF in clams and Kow for each PCB congeners and DDT metabolites. These findings support that the PCBs and DDTs levels, which are highly hydrophobic chemicals, in clam reflect the sediment pollution through bioaccumulation.  相似文献   

17.
We measured quantitatively colors of volcanic ash deposits erupted from three different styles of summit activity (Strombolian activity, Vulcanian explosions and continuous ash venting activity) at Sakurajima volcano from 1974 to 1985. Colors of Strombolian ash samples have larger yellow components of their visible spectra (b? values) than those of explosion and continuous venting ash samples. Colors of explosion ash samples show larger variation in both red and yellow components of their visible spectra (a? and b? values, respectively), while colors of continuous venting ash samples are in the narrow ranges within colors of explosion ash samples. Colors of components with lower densities than 3.1 g/cm3 (groundmass and phenocrystic plagioclase) obtained by magnetic and heavy liquid separation methods are similar to the unseparated bulk ash samples. This result suggests that the color variations of ash deposits are mainly originated from the particles composed of groundmass. The particles can be classified into three different types of particles with different vesicularity and crystallinity (vesicular particle [VP], dense particle with vesicles [DPV] and dense particle without vesicles [DP]). Analytical results of component proportions, chemical compositions of groundmass glasses, ferrous iron contents and surface ferric materials show that (1) VP has larger yellow components of the visible spectrum (b? values) and high ferrous iron content, and is less crystallized than the DP and DPV, (2) DP has larger red and yellow components of its visible spectrum (a? and b? values, respectively) and involves ferric materials on the surfaces produced by oxidation process, and (3) DPV has smaller red and yellow components of its visible spectrum (a? and b? values, respectively) and involves less ferric materials on the ash surfaces. Color differences of ash deposits from three different activity styles can be explained by the different mixing ratios of VP, DPV and DP. During the Strombolian activity, the VP is a main component in the ash, which is formed from relatively less degassed and crystallized magma. In the Vulcanian explosion and continuous ash venting activity, the proportions of DPV and DP in ash are larger than that in the Strombolian activity. The highly crystallized DP may correspond to a vent cap, and DPV to a magma below the cap. The color measurements of ash deposits provide information on the pre-eruptive processes at the shallower levels of a conduit.  相似文献   

18.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticide levels were determined in blubber samples collected from stranded and incidentally by-caught Hector’s (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori) and Maui’s (Cephalorhynchus hectori maui) dolphins from New Zealand waters between 1997 and 2009. PCBs (45 congeners) and a range of OC pesticides including dieldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), along with its metabolites DDE and DDD were determined. OC pesticides dieldrin, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT were present at the highest concentrations. Sum DDT concentrations ranged from 93.7 to 8210 (Mean = 1358, S.D = 1974) and 252.4 to 57,390 (Mean = 12,389, S.D = 18,161) μg/kg wet weight in females and males, respectively. Similarly, Σ45CB concentrations ranged from 45.5 to 981.3 (Mean = 333.2, S.D = 265.8) and 60.5 to 5574 (Mean = 1833, S.D = 1659) μg/kg wet weight in females and males, respectively. The transfer of ΣDDTs and summed PCBs (both as ΣICES7CBs and Σ45CBs) between a pregnant female and her unborn fetus was calculated at 5.7% and 4.3%, respectively. As the fetus was close to term, this likely represents the degree of placental transfer. Concentrations of OC pesticides determined in the present study are higher than those previously reported for Hector’s dolphins. Sum DDT and DDE/ΣDDT levels calculated reveal New Zealand’s legacy of DDT usage, particularly off the east coast of the South Island.  相似文献   

19.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2014,78(1-2):258-266
Twelve marine fish species collected from a thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) breeding colony in northern Hudson Bay in the Canadian Arctic during 2007–2009 were analyzed for legacy organochlorines (e.g. PCBs, DDT), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs), and total mercury (Hg). No one species of prey fish had the highest levels across all contaminant groups analyzed. For the two pelagic fish species sampled, concentrations of the major organochlorine groups (e.g. Σ21PCB, ΣDDT, ΣCHL, ΣCBz), ΣPBDE, ΣPFCA and Hg were consistently higher in Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) than in capelin (Mallotus villosus). Biomagnification factors from whole fish to thick-billed murre liver across all species were generally higher for Σ21PCB and ΣDDT. ΣPBDE did not biomagnify.  相似文献   

20.
Understanding the effects of anthropogenic eutrophication on coastal fisheries may help in the enhancement of fishery production by effective utilization of sewage effluents, as well as in the consequent reduction of eutrophication. In this study, it was revealed that the nitrogen stable isotope ratio (δ15N) in the soft tissues of the manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, can be used as an indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication levels in tidal flat environments by investigation of δ15N in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), particulate organic matter (POM), sedimentary organic matter (SOM) and soft tissues of the clam in five tidal flats in Japan with different levels of DIN concentration. In addition, it was found that the acid insoluble fraction of the shell organic matrix, conchiolin, can be used as a proxy for the soft tissues in δ15N analyses. This will contribute in easier storage handling and the expansion of chances for sample acquisition.  相似文献   

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