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1.
During very considerable progress in industry and industrial centres development in late 20th and early 21st century, air pollution has become one of the most significant problems of mega cities. Thus, air pollution survey to exert abatement methods has a very important role. Various methods are available for air pollution monitoring which are very costly. Air pollution monitoring by susceptible plants as biological indicators are not only economic but also simple. In this paper, vast studies were done on the plants of around each Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (QEPA) monitoring sites. Around these sites susceptible plants to air pollution were neither available nor exist in all monitoring sites. Therefore, it seemed the best method is the portable exposure benches application with automatic watering system in five sites among all studied locations. In this research different varieties of tobacco like Weather fleck, Bel-B, Bel-W3, Dynes, ZZ100 were used to measure the impact of ozone as a pollutant on them. Parsley cv. Frizz and Leek cv. Vertina were selected as nitogen oxides indicators. In general, the above-mentioned plants were exposed to the ambient air in five sites around Brisbane from April 1997 to May 1998. The susceptible variety leaves of Bel-W3 showed injuries just in two sites. The reason for this is the high level of ozone and the effects of climatic factors in production and dispersion of it during the experiments. The survey results represent that ozone with elevated concentrations is available as far as 30km radius from Brisbane city centre. Within this area only the most susceptible plants’ leaves would be liable to suffer injury. 相似文献
2.
H.-C. Kuo D.-F. Juang L. Yang W.-C. Kuo Y.-M. Wu 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(6):1661-1668
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of phytoremediation on soils contaminated with heavy crude oil using plants infected by mycorrhizal fungi. Five plant species, Vetiveria zizanioides, Bidens pilosa, Chloris barbata, Eleusine indica, and Imperata cylindrica, infected with the species of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, were selected for this study. The degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soils and several physiological parameters of plants such as shoot length and biomass were analyzed. Out of the 5 plant species tested, only V. zizanioides, B. pilosa, and E. indica could take up the G. mosseae. Out of these three, V. zizanioides showed the greatest growth (biomass) in soils with 100,000 mg kg?1 total petroleum hydrocarbons. In addition, B. pilosa infected with G. mosseae was found to be able to increase degradation by 9 % under an initial total petroleum hydrocarbons concentration of 30,000 mg kg?1 in soils after 64 days. We conclude that plants infected with mycorrhizal fungi can enhance the phytoremediation efficiency of soils contaminated with high concentrations of heavy oil. 相似文献
3.
Arsenic (As) concentrations and speciation were determined in groundwaters along a flow-path in the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) to investigate the biogeochemical “evolution“ of As in this relatively pristine aquifer. Dissolved inorganic As species were separated in the field using anion-exchange chromatography and subsequently analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total As concentrations are higher in the recharge area groundwaters compared to down-gradient portions of UFA. Redox conditions vary from relatively oxic to anoxic along the flow-path. Mobilization of As species in UFA groundwaters is influenced by ferric iron reduction and subsequent dissolution, sulfate reduction, and probable pyrite precipitation that are inferred from the data to occur along distinct regions of the flow-path. In general, the distribution of As species are consistent with equilibrium thermodynamics, such that arsenate dominates in more oxidizing waters near the recharge area, and arsenite predominates in the progressively reducing groundwaters beyond the recharge area. 相似文献
4.
M. A. Ashraf M. J. Maah I. Yusoff 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2011,8(2):401-416
The degree of contamination by heavy metals (arsenic, copper, lead, tin and zinc) in soil and transfer to plants has been studied. Specimens of plant species from five locations in an area of 10 × 10 m were sampled with their corresponding soils. Thirty six plant species including two shallow water aquatic plants were identified. Soil and plant specimens were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. It was found that metal concentration in soil was highly variable while concentration of metals in plants directly depends on the concentration of metals it was rooted. Roots showed highest metal concentration followed by leaves, shoots and flowers. Bioconcentraion factor and translocation factor were calculated, representing Cyperus rotundus L. as a potential tin-hyperaccumulator plant, previously not reported in literature. Plant Species Imperata cylindrica, Lycopodium cernuum, Melastoma malabathricum, Mimosa pudica Linn, Nelumbo nucifera, Phragmites australis L., Pteris vittata L. and Salvinia molesta, were metal accumulator while Acacia podalyriaefolia G. Don, Bulb Vanisium, Dillenia reticulate King, Eugenia reinwardtiana, Evodia roxburghiania Hk. f. clarke, Gleichenia linearis, Grewia erythrocarpa Ridl., Manihot esculenta Crantz, Paspalum conjugatum Berguis, Passiflora suberosa, Saccharum officinarum, Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. and Vitis trifolia Linn. were tolerated plant species. All other studied plants were excluders. Identified plant species could be useful for revegetation and erosion control in metals contaminated ex-mining sites. Morphological changes such as reduction in size, change in color and deshaping have also been observed in plant species with high metal values. 相似文献
5.
珍稀濒危和特有物种是地区生物物种的重要组成,研究珍稀濒危和特有物种的多样性对生物保护和良好生态环境的维护有重要意义。本文在对桂林喀斯特世界自然遗产提名地生物物种调查的基础上,对提名地内的珍稀濒危和特有生物物种及其受威胁级别情况进行了统计,并从种群、群落和生境3个层面对珍稀濒危和特有物种的保护提出了建议。结果表明,在167.5 hm2范围内共有高等植物754种,脊椎动物525种;列入 IUCN红色名录443种、濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约67种、中国物种红色名录145种、中国国家重点保护野生动植物55种,并包括部分古老孑遗植物,珍稀濒危生物多样性较高;此外提名地还拥有87种特有种,是动植物特有种的重要资源地。在珍稀濒危和特有物种多样性的保护上,应根据提名地的珍稀濒危物受威胁级别,有计划地开展种群调查和生境分析,确定不同级别珍稀濒危物种的最小生存种群和最小动态区,并采取就地保护或迁地保护的措施,以促进小种群的发展;加强顶级群落的保护和监测研究,实施封山育林和群落恢复工程,促进群落的正向演替;划定珍稀濒危和特有种群和群落保护范围,建立自然保护区,维护其生存繁衍所必需生境量;此外着重加强对野生兰科植物的研究及生存空间保护,加强洞穴、峰林、峭壁等独特生境的保护。 相似文献
6.
于2008年采用植被常规调查方法,对磨刀溪干流3个引水式电站对河岸植物的影响进行调查研究,按影响情况,各电站设3个采样点.用植物生活型、物种多样性等参数,衡量小水电对河岸植物群落的影响.共采集到维管植物157种,其中乔木21种,灌木19种,草本植物117种.结果表明:各样地之间河流生境物理因子(流速、水深、底质类型、底质异质性)之间存在显著性差异;总的物种丰富度和草本植物的物种丰富度在各样地间存在显著性差异,乔木和灌木物种丰富度差异不显著;物种多样性方面,各样地之间差异性显著;湿生植物物种丰富度分析表明,小水电的修建,造成坝下样地湿生植物成分较低,与坝上样地和电站出水口样地有明显差异.研究认为,引水式电站的修建使河流河岸植被的连续性受到干扰,不利于河流生物多样性的保护. 相似文献
7.
On the impact of temperature on tropospheric ozone concentration levels in urban environments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Stathopoulou G. Mihalakakou M. Santamouris H. S. Bagiorgas 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(3):227-236
The influence of temperature on tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations in urban and photochemically polluted areas in the greater Athens region are investigated in the present
study. Hourly values of the ambient air temperature used for studying the urban heat island effect in Athens were recorded
at twenty-three experimental stations while ozone concentration values were measured at three of the above-mentioned stations
and for a period of two years (1996–1997). The linear correlation between ozone concentration and air temperature values as
well as the temporal variation of temperature and ozone concentration, for the above-mentioned experimental stations, were
calculated and analysed. Moreover, a neural network approach was used for investigating the impact of temperature on the ozone
concentration values over the greater Athens area. The neural network model used ambient air temperature as one of its input
parameters and it was found that temperature is a predominant parameter, affecting considerably the ozone concentration values. 相似文献
8.
Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and uptake by plant species with phytoremediation potential 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
J. Nouri N. Khorasani B. Lorestani M. Karami A. H. Hassani N. Yousefi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2009,59(2):315-323
Contamination of heavy metals represents one of the most pressing threats to water and soil resources, as well as human health.
Phytoremediation can be potentially used to remediate metal contaminated sites. In this study, concentrations of copper, zinc,
iron, and magnesium accumulated by native plant species were determined in field conditions of Hame Kasi iron and copper mine
in the central part of Iran in Hamadan province. The results showed that metal accumulation by plants differed among species
and tissue bodies. Species grown in substrata with elevated metals contained significantly higher metals in plants. Metals
accumulated by plants were mostly distributed in root tissues, suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance exists
widely amongst them. The mentioned species could accumulate relatively higher metal concentrations far above the toxic concentration
in the plant shoots. With high translocation factor, metal concentration ratio of plant shoots to roots indicates internal
detoxification metal tolerance mechanism; thus, they have potential for phytoextraction. The factors affecting metal accumulation
by plant species including metal concentrations, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient status in substrata were measured.
Mostly, concentrations of zinc and copper in both aboveground and underground tissues of the plants were significantly, positively
related to their total in substrata, while iron, zinc, and copper were negatively correlated to soil phosphorus. 相似文献
9.
10.
In many metropolitan regions, natural sources contribute a substantial fraction of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions.
These biogenic VOC emissions are precursors to tropospheric Ozone (O3) formation. Because forests make up 59% of the land area in Taiwan Province, China, the biogenic VOC emissions from forests
and farmland could play an important role in photochemical reactions. On the other hand, anthropogenic emissions might also
be one of the major inputs for ground level O3 concentrations. Hence, emission inventory data, grouped as point, area, mobile and biogenic VOC sources, are a composite
of reported and estimated pollutant emission information and are used by many air quality models to simulate ground level
O3 concentrations. Before using relevant air quality models, the emission inventory data generally require huge amounts of processing
for spatial, temporal, and species congruence with respect to the associated air quality modeling work. The fist part of this
research applied satellite remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) analyses to characterize land use/land cover
(LULC) patterns, integrating various sources of anthropogenic emissions and biogenic emissions associated with a variety of
plant species. To investigate the significance of biogenic VOC emissions on ozone formation, meteorological and air quality
modeling were then employed to generate hourly ozone estimates for a case study of a high ozone episode in southern Taiwan,
which is the leading industrial hub on the island. To enhance the modeling accuracy, a unique software module, SMOKE, was
set up for emission processing to prepare emission inputs for the U.S. EPA’s Models-3/CMAQ. An emission inventory of Taiwan,
TEDS 4.2, was used as the anthropogenic emission inventory. Biogenic emission modeling was accomplished by BEIS-2 in SMOKE,
with improvement of local LULC data and revised emission factors. Research findings show that the majority of biogenic VOC
emissions occur in the mountainous areas and farmlands. However, the modeling outputs show that downwind of the most heavily
populated and industrialized areas, these biogenic VOC emissions have less impact on air quality than do anthropogenic emissions. 相似文献
11.
《Atmósfera》2014,27(4):377-384
Clean air is a basic requirement for human health and wellbeing. The Kenya Meteorological Department has established air pollution monitoring activities in various sites in Nairobi, at Dagoretti Corner meteorological station and at Mount Kenya. Different pollutants are measured including ozone. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has influenced the weather and climate. This study examined the variations of surface ozone over Dagoretti Corner, Nairobi for a 12-month period ending July 2013, exactly one year after the start of data acquisition. The trend was studied using time series analysis of ozone concentration on both an hourly and monthly basis. The ozone data was then combined with meteorological data and temperature to find correlations between the two. Overall, the air quality of Nairobi, represented by Dagoretti Corner meteorological station is good as compared to the World Meteorological Organization ozone standards. The highest concentration of ozone is observed in the afternoon and the minimum at dawn on a daily basis. On seasonal scale, the highest levels are recorded in the cold months. This information helps to reduce exposure to the gas and thus to reduce its impacts on living things. The study recommends the reduction of exposure to the gas during the times when it has been observed to be highest in order to minimize its impacts. 相似文献
12.
对北大西洋由低纬度到高纬度的深海钻探和大洋钻探计划 664、 659、 60 8、 60 9、 61 0共5个站位中的上新世以来钙质超微化石组合演变历史进行了研究。该化石组合的主要分子为Reticulofenestra和 Gephyrocapsa属的一些种类 ,以及 Pseudoemiliania lacunosa和 Emiliania hux-leyi两种。通过对该化石组合的定量分析 ,识别出该化石组合自上新世至全新世的 8个演化阶段。每一阶段的超微化石组合都具有独自的特征优势分子以及相应的地理差异。老优势种不断被新兴的优势种所取代 ,上新世的 Reticulofenestra被第四纪的 Gephyrocapsa所替换 ,Emilianiahuxleyi是现代海洋超微浮游生物的优势种。第四纪超微化石组合演化的特点还在于 ,其优势种由 P.lacunosa与 Gephyrocapsa属中一些种的频繁交替取代 ,并显示出比上新世化石组合明显加快的演化速度。根据这些变化可推知该组合的演变过程 :在上新世期间 ,由中新世延续来的分子 (如 Reticulofenestra,Discoaster和 Sphenolithus属 )的逐渐衰退和上新世新生分子 (如 P.lacunosa种和 Gephyrocapsa属 )的逐渐兴起 ,以及第四纪 Gephyrocapsa属内的迅速演化。这些演化过程导致了该化石组合的主要成分随时间迁移而不断更新。由组合中不同优势种及常见分子生态习性的不同而 相似文献
13.
湖北省西部利川县境内的上二叠统发育有我国最典型的生物礁。礁体产于长兴组二段(含古纺锤(竹蜓) Palaeofusulina 带),以见天坝一带出露最佳。1977—1978年,江汉石油学院刘怀波、高振中等报道了黄泥塘生物礁的发现,并对该区生物礁的组成、形成环境提出了看法。1980—1982年,中国科学院地质研究所、四川石油管理局地质勘探开发研究院、江汉石油学院及江汉石油管理局等曾先后赴见天坝考察,并分别进行深入详细的研究,一致确认该区生物礁是以钙质海绵为主要造架生物的、晚二叠世碳酸盐台地边缘生物礁。 相似文献
14.
《Applied Geochemistry》2002,17(8):1165-1170
The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of ozonation in unsaturated porous media, and consequently to observe its features and to identify possible limiting factors. Diesel fuel was chosen to represent a complex organic contaminant that is widespread in the environment. In this experiment, the effects of several ozonation features were investigated. Sand was spiked with commercially available diesel fuel (17.024 g diesel/kg dry sand), and packed into a column. Ozone was supplied into the column in a downward direction. When the sand was treated for 7 h at 20 mg ozone/l of air, 40% of the diesel was removed. As the ozone concentration increased from 5 to 20 mg ozone/l, the removal efficiency increased. The removal rate varied significantly depending on the ozone concentration and the treatment duration. At higher ozone concentration, significant quantities of ozone were consumed by the intermediates produced by the ozonation process, and therefore, the removal efficiency and the apparent removal rate of diesel became lowered. The low removal efficiency of diesel results from the high concentrations of normal alkanes. Total hydrocarbon concentration (THC) in the effluent gas was measured using a total hydrocarbon analyzer. The THC decreased with the period of exposure and increasing ozone concentration. Ozonation decreased the gas-extractable fraction and accordingly, the THC decreased. Water-extractable fractions formed by the action of ozone were further oxidized by ozone. Due to the reduction of WEOC (water-extractable organic C) caused by ozone treatment, the potential spread of contamination can be reduced. 相似文献
15.
To assess the susceptibility of five varieties of tobacco to ozone, nine rounds of fumigation experiments were performed. These tobacco varieties were exposed to a range of ozone concentrations in a single-pass chamber fumigation system for short periods. A dose of 7.5 pphm did not produce visible injury in any tobacco variety. Tobacco cultivars; Bel-B, Weather Fleck and ZZ100 exhibited no visible injury up to 26 pphm. However, doses in excess of 16 pphm caused visible injury in cultivars Bel-W3 and Dynes. Awareness of the susceptibility levels of these cultivars to ozone assist biological monitoring process in field experiments. Biomonitoring is considered to be a valuable method for ozone assessment for situations where air pollution monitoring by instruments in remote locations is too expensive. 相似文献
16.
E. Annette Hernandez Venkatesh Uddameri Marcelo A. Arreola Jr. 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(6):2673-2686
The co-location of desalination plants with existing or proposed power plants can bring forth economic and ecological advantages in terms of reducing the costs of water intake and reducing fish impingement. However, fossil fuel-based power plants are a source of ozone precursors and the added strain of power needed for the energy intensive desalination process increases these pollutants into the atmosphere. Furthermore, withdrawal from brackish water sources puts a stress on slowly replenishing aquifers. Additionally, the resulting concentrate is highly saline and disposal into ecologically sensitive bays and estuaries may be problematic. Balancing these limitations with the need for freshwater is of great importance for sustainability of water scarce arid and semi-arid regions and also requires a holistic multimedia impact evaluation. Therefore, an integrated system of systems approach is adopted in this study and a decision support system that integrates the flow of water, concentrate and resulting pollutants through two engineered (power plant and desalination plant) as well as three natural systems (coastal bay, aquifer and the atmosphere) is developed to study the co-location of a power plant and a desalination plant near the City of Corpus Christi in South Texas. The objective of the model is to minimize the amount of groundwater extraction and minimize the amount of water extracted from the bay to emphasize water and ecosystem conservation, respectively. These objectives, in turn, are subject to various other constraints including (1) conservation of mass; (2) air quality regulations; (3) salinity regulation policies; (4) groundwater management constraints; (5) water demand requirements; and (6) energy demand constraints. The results indicate that when conservation of the aquifer is weighted more, less water is pulled from the aquifer until later time periods. The salinity of the bay increases and creates a need for a greater amount of power necessary to process the saline water which, in turn, enhances the atmospheric loading of ozone precursors. Therefore, the conservation of groundwater scenario is limited by the air quality standards. Alternatively, when the goal is to conserve the ecological integrity of the bay while meeting freshwater demands, the model is bound by the prescribed drawdown constraint that limits the amount of water that can be extracted from the aquifer. The results from the study indicate that blending saline bay water with brackish groundwater and using cleaner burning fossil fuels that have limited air quality impacts will enhance the performance of the co-located power and desalination operations. The results of the study highlight the need for an integrated multimedia evaluation in assessing the feasibility of desalination in areas with marginal air quality. 相似文献
17.
Differences in the degree of confinement, redox conditions, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are the main factors that control the persistence of nitrate and pesticides in the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA) and overlying surficial aquifer beneath two agricultural areas in the southeastern US. Groundwater samples were collected multiple times from 66 wells during 1993–2007 in a study area in southwestern Georgia (ACFB) and from 48 wells in 1997–98 and 2007–08 in a study area in South Carolina (SANT) as part of the US Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. In the ACFB study area, where karst features are prevalent, elevated nitrate-N concentrations in the oxic unconfined UFA (median 2.5 mg/L) were significantly (p = 0.03) higher than those in the overlying oxic surficial aquifer (median 1.5 mg/L). Concentrations of atrazine and deethylatrazine (DEA; the most frequently detected pesticide and degradate) were higher in more recent groundwater samples from the ACFB study area than in samples collected prior to 2000. Conversely, in the SANT study area, nitrate-N concentrations in the UFA were mostly <0.06 mg/L, resulting from anoxic conditions and elevated DOC concentrations that favored denitrification. Although most parts of the partially confined UFA in the SANT study area were anoxic or had mixed redox conditions, water from 28 % of the sampled wells was oxic and had low DOC concentrations. Based on the groundwater age information, nitrate concentrations reflect historic fertilizer N usage in both the study areas, but with a lag time of about 15–20 years. Simulated responses to future management scenarios of fertilizer N inputs indicated that elevated nitrate-N concentrations would likely persist in oxic parts of the surficial aquifer and UFA for decades even with substantial decreases in fertilizer N inputs over the next 40 years. 相似文献
18.
Nutrient and Radium Fluxes from Submarine Groundwater Discharge to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Water exchange between the coastal ocean and underlying aquifers provides a newly-recognized source of materials to the ocean. The flux of materials into the ocean from this process is termed submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). Both surficial and semi-confined aquifers contribute to SGD. Here we use 226Ra and 228Ra to quantify fluxes of SGD to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, and to separate fluxes from the Upper Floridan (UFA) and surficial aquifers. Higher activity ratios of 228/226Ra in the surficial aquifer make this separation possible. We estimate total SGD fluxes of about 100 m3 s-1 with about 80% being derived from the surficial aquifer. The SGD flux provides about1.8 × 106 mol d-1 of NH4 with almost 90% from the surficial aquifer. Because of strong differences in the concentration of PO4 within the UFA, PO4 fluxes areless certain. Using the UFA wells with low PO4 concentrations yields a flux of 1.2 × 105 mol d-1; using wells with high concentrations yields a flux of 2.0 × 105 mol d-1. In the first case virtually all of the PO4 flux is from the surficial aquifer; in the second case, 40% is from the UFA.The UFA in this region has experienced dramatic changes as a result of withdrawals for human use. Prior to these withdrawals, total nutrient fluxes from the UFA may have been even larger. These changes in the UFA and similar coastal aquifers worldwide have the potential to significantly alter a major nutrient source for the coastal ocean. 相似文献
19.
Natural Hazards - The accumulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air affects air quality through the generation of surface level ozone and secondary organic aerosol. A study of... 相似文献
20.
The modification of land use is known to be a major climate change driver to the local warming and air quality in cities. Despite the reduction of NOx over the years, the Selangor state has captured a higher level of O_3 in year 2011. The measurement result has shown that the surge in O_3 level was attributed to the reduction of NO_x/NMHC ratio. This paper hence attempted to identify the role of land use change from 1999 to 2011 on the ground ozone air quality in the tropical urban conurbation, Greater Kuala Lumpur(GKL), Selangor, Malaysia. With the state-of-the-art chemical weather prediction tool, WRFChem, the external synoptic factors and emission inventory were controlled when comparing the chronological land use changes. The results showed that the urban-induced temperature and wind bias in the tropical region has induced stronger wind to disperse the NO_x and carries the TVOC from the suburban to the downwind urban region. The reduction of NO_x/TVOC has gradually shifted towards the optimum O_3 formation regime in 2011. The formation of highly concentrated ozone becomes more sensitive to the increment of TVOC as the NO_x level reduces in the urban. This highlights the essential involvement of TVOC in the ozone formation in lieu of the NOx reduction in the tropical city, a region with growing emitter of reactive biogenic ozone precursors. 相似文献