共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
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G. C. Efthimiou D. Hertwig S. Andronopoulos J. G. Bartzis O. Coceal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,163(2):179-201
Wind fields in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) are highly three-dimensional and characterized by strong spatial and temporal variability. For various applications such as wind-comfort assessments and structural design, an understanding of potentially hazardous wind extremes is important. Statistical models are designed to facilitate conclusions about the occurrence probability of wind speeds based on the knowledge of low-order flow statistics. Being particularly interested in the upper tail regions we show that the statistical behaviour of near-surface wind speeds is adequately represented by the Beta distribution. By using the properties of the Beta probability density function in combination with a model for estimating extreme values based on readily available turbulence statistics, it is demonstrated that this novel modelling approach reliably predicts the upper margins of encountered wind speeds. The model’s basic parameter is derived from three substantially different calibrating datasets of flow in the ASL originating from boundary-layer wind-tunnel measurements and direct numerical simulation. Evaluating the model based on independent field observations of near-surface wind speeds shows a high level of agreement between the statistically modelled horizontal wind speeds and measurements. The results show that, based on knowledge of only a few simple flow statistics (mean wind speed, wind-speed fluctuations and integral time scales), the occurrence probability of velocity magnitudes at arbitrary flow locations in the ASL can be estimated with a high degree of confidence. 相似文献
3.
The effects of sea-surface waves and ocean spray on the marine atmospheric boundary layer(MABL) at different wind speeds and wave ages were investigated. An MABL model was developed that introduces a wave-induced component and spray force to the total surface stress. The theoretical model solution was determined assuming the eddy viscosity coefficient varied linearly with height above the sea surface. The wave-induced component was evaluated using a directional wave spectrum and growth rate. Spray force was described using interactions between ocean-spray droplets and wind-velocity shear. Wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients were calculated for low to high wind speeds for wind-generated sea at different wave ages to examine surface-wave and ocean-spray effects on MABL momentum distribution. The theoretical solutions were compared with model solutions neglecting wave-induced stress and/or spray stress. Surface waves strongly affected near-surface wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients at low to moderate wind speeds. Drag coefficients and near-surface wind speeds were lower for young than for old waves. At high wind speeds, ocean-spray droplets produced by wind-tearing breaking-wave crests affected the MABL strongly in comparison with surface waves, implying that wave age affects the MABL only negligibly. Low drag coefficients at high wind caused by ocean-spray production increased turbulent stress in the sea-spray generation layer, accelerating near-sea-surface wind. Comparing the analytical drag coefficient values with laboratory measurements and field observations indicated that surface waves and ocean spray significantly affect the MABL at different wind speeds and wave ages. 相似文献
4.
Mohamed F. YASSIN 《大气科学进展》2009,26(6):1241-1252
To assist validation of the experimental data of urban pollution dispersion, the effect of
an isolated building on the flow and gaseous diffusion in the wake region have been investigated
numerically in the neutrally stratified rough-walled turbulent boundary layer. Numerical studies were
carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The CFD models used for the simulation
were based on the steady-state Reynolds-Average Navier-Stoke equations (RANS) with κ-ε
turbulence models; standard κ-ε and RNG κ-ε models. Inlet conditions
and boundary conditions were specified numerically to the best information available for each fluid modeling
simulation. A gas pollutant was emitted from a point source within the recirculation cavity behind the
building model. The accuracy of these simulations was examined by comparing the predicted results with wind
tunnel experimental data. It was confirmed that simulation using the model accurately reproduces the velocity
and concentration diffusion fields with a fine-mish resolution in the near wake region. Results indicated that
there is a good agreement between the numerical simulation and the wind tunnel experiment for both wind flow
and concentration diffusion. The results of this work can help to improve the understanding of mechanisms of
and simulation of pollutant transport in an urban environment. 相似文献
5.
The Signature of Sea Spray in the Hexos Turbulent Heat Flux Data 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The role of sea spray intransferring heat and moisture across the air-sea interface has remained elusive. Some studies have reported that sea spray does not affect the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes for 10-m wind speeds up to at least 25 m s-1, while others have reported important spray contributions for wind speeds as low as 12 m s-1. One goal of the HEXOS (Humidity Exchange over the Sea) program was to quantify spray's contribution to the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes, but original analyses of the HEXOS flux data found the spray signal to be too small to be reliably identified amid the scatter in the data. We look at the HEXOS data again in the context of the TOGA-COARE bulk flux algorithm and a sophisticated microphysical spray model. This combination of quality data andstate-of-the-art modelling reveals a distinct spray signature in virtually all HEXOS turbulent heat flux data collected in winds of 15 m s-1 and higher. Spray effects are most evident in the latent heat flux data, where spray contributes roughly 10% of the total turbulent flux in winds of 10 m s-1 and between 10 and 40% in winds of 15–18 m s-1. The spray contribution to the total sensible heat flux is also at least 10% in winds above 15 m s-1. These results lead to a new, unified parameterization for the turbulent air-sea heat fluxes that should be especially useful in high winds because it acknowledges both the interfacial and spray routes by which the sea exchanges heat and moisture with the atmosphere. 相似文献
6.
Ben Yang Yun Qian Larry K. Berg Po-Lun Ma Sonia Wharton Vera Bulaevskaya Huiping Yan Zhangshuan Hou William J. Shaw 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,162(1):117-142
We evaluate the sensitivity of simulated turbine-height wind speeds to 26 parameters within the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer scheme and MM5 surface-layer scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting model over an area of complex terrain. An efficient sampling algorithm and generalized linear model are used to explore the multiple-dimensional parameter space and quantify the parametric sensitivity of simulated turbine-height wind speeds. The results indicate that most of the variability in the ensemble simulations is due to parameters related to the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Prandtl number, turbulent length scales, surface roughness, and the von Kármán constant. The parameter associated with the TKE dissipation rate is found to be most important, and a larger dissipation rate produces larger hub-height wind speeds. A larger Prandtl number results in smaller nighttime wind speeds. Increasing surface roughness reduces the frequencies of both extremely weak and strong airflows, implying a reduction in the variability of wind speed. All of the above parameters significantly affect the vertical profiles of wind speed and the magnitude of wind shear. The relative contributions of individual parameters are found to be dependent on both the terrain slope and atmospheric stability. 相似文献
7.
F.E. Hewer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,87(3):381-408
Non-linear model simulations of atmospheric boundary-layer flow over the hill called Blashaval have been compared with observations and linear model predictions. Previous studies have shown that linear models can give good predictions of wind speed at the summit and on the upwind slopes of Blashaval. The non-linear model provided wind speed predictions of similar accuracy when compared with the mean observed values at these locations.The published experimental data showed that on the lee-slope the wind speeds at 8m were reduced to approximately 10% of their upstream value at the same height. This was associated with an 180° change in wind direction compared with the upstream flow, suggesting that flow separation had occurred. The non-linear model predictions of lee-slope wind speed, when used with high-resolution topography data, were significantly better than linear model predictions. However, the non-linear model predicted lee-slope wind speeds that were still stronger than observed. The non-linear model simulated flow separation more readily with a 1 1/2-order turbulence closure than with a first-order, mixing-length closure. The configuration of the non-linear model that gave best agreement with observations predicted an 8m lee-slope wind speed that was around 50% of the upstream value. 相似文献
8.
为了获得更加准确的冬季降水数据,针对PARSIVEL2（Particle Size and Velocity）测量降雪时近地面水平风的影响进行了订正及误差计算。订正结果表明:一定风速下,不考虑风的影响会造成小粒子直径的明显低估,而对于同一粒径段的粒子,风速越大,计算过程中对于粒子直径的低估越明显。风速不超过2 m s?1时,其降雪粒子下落末速度计算误差在3%左右,直径计算误差在7%以内（水平偏转角度45°）。在对2018年1月4日南京一次降雪过程中获取的真实雪花谱的分析中可以看出,忽略风的影响会导致雪花谱峰值的偏移和谱的缩窄,这会造成小粒子数浓度的高估和大粒子数浓度的低估,进而影响微物理量的计算。具体表现在雷达反射率因子Z和降雪强度I的低估,及Z–I关系拟合系数a值的实际数值会大于计算值,b值则偏小。但当风速较大时,近地面流场比较复杂,垂直向湍流运动不可忽略,此种订正方法很可能不再适用。建议在以后的业务观测中增设防风圈或在后续的数据处理中增加针对风的订正,以排除风对降雪测量的影响。 相似文献
9.
Wind speed measurements from the test site at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have been evaluated with respect to the spatial coherence function. The experimental arrangement provides coherence information for separation distances of 62, 80 and 102 m. These are at least three times greater than the measurement heights of 18 m and 18.7 m. Based on these experimental data and data published in the literature, different theoretical formulations are compared and a new, but simple, model for longitudinal and lateral coherence is proposed. At large separations the turbulent wind field is not isotropic, theoretical models to describe the coherence function for such distances are not available. The new model we propose builds on the classical exponential approach. It takes into account the influence of turbulence intensity and models the angular dependence of horizontal coherence. It is found that, for constant turbulence intensity, the lateral coherence decay becomes independent of the mean wind speed. 相似文献
10.
Simulation of Turbulent Flow Inside and Above Wind Farms: Model Validation and Layout Effects 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
A recently-developed large-eddy simulation framework is validated and used to investigate turbulent flow within and above wind farms under neutral conditions. Two different layouts are considered, consisting of thirty wind turbines occupying the same total area and arranged in aligned and staggered configurations, respectively. The subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulent stress is parametrized using a tuning-free Lagrangian scale-dependent dynamic SGS model. The turbine-induced forces are modelled using two types of actuator-disk models: (a) the ‘standard’ actuator-disk model (ADM-NR), which calculates only the thrust force based on one-dimensional momentum theory and distributes it uniformly over the rotor area; and (b) the actuator-disk model with rotation (ADM-R), which uses blade-element momentum theory to calculate the lift and drag forces (that produce both thrust and rotation), and distributes them over the rotor disk based on the local blade and flow characteristics. Validation is performed by comparing simulation results with turbulence measurements collected with hot-wire anemometry inside and above an aligned model wind farm placed in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. In general, the ADM-R model yields improved predictions compared with the ADM-NR in the wakes of all the wind turbines, where including turbine-induced flow rotation and accounting for the non-uniformity of the turbine-induced forces in the ADM-R appear to be important. Another advantage of the ADM-R model is that, unlike the ADM-NR, it does not require a priori specification of the thrust coefficient (which varies within a wind farm). Finally, comparison of simulations of flow through both aligned and staggered wind farms shows important effects of farm layout on the flow structure and wind-turbine performance. For the limited-size wind farms considered in this study, the lateral interaction between cumulated wakes is stronger in the staggered case, which results in a farm wake that is more homogeneous in the spanwise direction, thus resembling more an internal boundary layer. Inside the staggered farm, the relatively longer separation between consecutive downwind turbines allows the wakes to recover more, exposing the turbines to higher local wind speeds (leading to higher turbine efficiency) and lower turbulence intensity levels (leading to lower fatigue loads), compared with the aligned farm. Above the wind farms, the area-averaged velocity profile is found to be logarithmic, with an effective wind-farm aerodynamic roughness that is larger for the staggered case. 相似文献
11.
An investigation into high Reynolds number turbulent flow over a ridge top in New Zealand is described based on high-resolution
in-situ measurements, using ultrasonic anemometers for two separate locations on the same ridge with differing upwind terrain
complexity. Twelve 5-h periods during neutrally stratified and weakly stable atmospheric conditions with strong wind speeds
were sampled at 20 Hz. Large (and small) turbulent length scales were recorded for both vertical and longitudinal velocity
components in the range of 7–23 m (0.7–3.3 m) for the vertical direction and 628–1111 m (10.5–14.5 m) for the longitudinal
direction. Large-scale eddy sizes scaled to the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) numerical model simulated boundary-layer
thickness for both sites, while small-scale turbulent features were a function of the complexity of the upwind terrain. Evidence
of a multi-scale turbulent structure was obtained at the more complex terrain site, while an assessment of the three-dimensional
isotropy assumption in the inertial subrange of the spectrum showed anisotropic turbulence at the less complex site and evidence
of isotropic turbulence at the more complex site, with a spectral ratio convergence deviating from the 4/3 or unity values
suggested by previous theory and practice. Existing neutral spectral models can represent locations along the ridge top with
simple upwind complexity, especially for the vertical wind spectra, but sites with more orographic complexity and strong vertical
wind speeds are often poorly represented using these models. Measured spectra for the two sites exhibited no significant diurnal
variation and very similar large-scale and small-scale turbulent length scales for each site, but the turbulence energy measured
by the variances revealed a strong diurnal difference. 相似文献
12.
In many atmospheric flows, a dispersed phase is actively suspended by turbulence, whose competition with gravitational settling ultimately dictates its vertical distribution. Examples of dispersed phases include snow, sea-spray droplets, dust, or sand, where individual elements of much larger density than the surrounding air are carried by turbulent motions after emission from the surface. In cases where the particle is assumed to deviate from local fluid motions only by its gravitational settling (i.e., they are inertialess), traditional flux balances predict a power-law dependence of particle concentration with height. It is unclear, however, how particle inertia influences this relationship, and this question is the focus of this work. Direct numerical simulations are conducted of turbulent open-channel flow, laden with Lagrangian particles of specified inertia; in this way the study focuses on the turbulent transport which occurs in the lowest few meters of the planetary boundary layer, in regions critical for connecting emission fluxes to the fluxes felt by the full-scale boundary layer. Simulations over a wide range of particle Stokes number, while holding the dimensionless settling velocity constant, are performed to understand the role of particle inertia on vertical dispersion. It is found that particles deviate from their inertialess behaviour in ways that are not easily captured by traditional theory; concentrations are reduced with increasing Stokes number. Furthermore, a similarity-based eddy diffusivity for particle concentration fails as particles experience inertial acceleration, precluding a closed-form solution for particle concentration as in the case of inertialess particles. The primary consequence of this result is that typical flux parametrizations connecting surface emission models (e.g., saltation models or sea-spray generation functions) to elevated boundary conditions may overestimate particle concentrations due to the reduced vertical transport caused by inertia in between; likewise particle emission may be underestimated if inferred from concentration measurements aloft. 相似文献
13.
The turning of wind with height and the related cross-isobaric (ageostrophic) flow in the thermally stable stratified boundary
layer is analysed from a variety of model results acquired in the first Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Atmospheric
Boundary Layer Study (GABLS1). From the governing equations in this particular simple case it becomes clear that the cross-isobaric
flow is solely determined by the surface turbulent stress in the direction of the geostrophic wind for the quasi-steady state
conditions under consideration. Most models indeed seem to approach this relationship but for very different absolute values.
Because turbulence closures used in operational models typically tend to give too deep a boundary layer, the integrated total
cross-isobaric mass flux is up to three times that given by research numerical models and large-eddy simulation. In addition,
the angle between the surface and the geostrophic wind is typically too low, which has important implications for the representation
of the larger-scale flow. It appears that some models provide inconsistent results for the surface angle and the momentum
flux profile, and when the results from these models are removed from the analysis, the remaining ten models do show a unique
relationship between the boundary-layer depth and the surface angle, consistent with the theory given. The present results
also imply that it is beneficial to locate the first model level rather close to the surface for a proper representation of
the turning of wind with height in the stable boundary layer. 相似文献
14.
A modelling investigation into lake-breeze development and convection triggering in the Nam Co Lake basin,Tibetan Plateau 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Tobias Gerken Tobias Biermann Wolfgang Babel Michael Herzog Yaoming Ma Thomas Foken Hans-F. Graf 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,117(1-2):149-167
This paper uses the cloud resolving Active Tracer High-resolution Atmospheric Model coupled to the interactive surface model Hybrid in order to investigate the diurnal development of a lake-breeze system at the Nam Co Lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Simulations with several background wind speeds are conducted, and the interaction of the lake breeze with topography and background wind in triggering moist and deep convection is studied. The model is able to adequately simulate the systems most important dynamical features such as turbulent surface fluxes and the development of a lake breeze for the different wind conditions. We identify two different mechanisms for convection triggering that are dependent on the direction of the background wind: triggering over topography, when the background wind and the lake breeze have the same flow direction, and triggering due to convergence between the lake-breeze front and the background wind. Our research also suggests that precipitation measurements at the centre of the basins on the Tibetan Plateau are not representative for the basin as a whole as precipitation is expected to occur mainly in the vicinity of the topography. 相似文献
15.
Ship-board measurements and estimations of air-sea fluxes in the western tropical pacific during TOGA COARE 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Direct air-sea flux measurements were made on R/V Kexue #1 at 4 ° S, 156 ° E during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA)
Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Response Experiment (COARE) Intensive Observation Period (IOP). An array of six accelerometers was
used to measure the motion of the anchored ship, and a sonic anemometer and Lyman-α hygrometer were used to measure the turbulent
wind vector and specific humidity. The contamination of the turbulent wind components by ship motion was largely removed by
an improvement of a procedure due to Shao based on the acceleration signals. The scheme of the wind correction for ship motion
is briefly outlined. Results are presented from data for the best wind direction relative to the ship to minimize flow distortion
effects. Both the time series and the power spectra of the sonic-measured wind components show swell-induced ship motion contamination,
which is largely removed by the accelerometer correction scheme. There was less contamination in the longitudinal wind component
than in the vertical and transverse components. The spectral characteristics of the surface-layer turbulence properties are
compared with those from previous land and ocean results. Momentum and latent heat fluxes were calculated by eddy correlation
and compared to those estimated by the inertial dissipation method and the TOGA COARE bulk formula. The estimations of wind
stress determined by eddy correlation are smaller than those from the TOGA COARE bulk formula, especially for higher wind
speeds, while those from the bulk formula and inertial dissipation technique are generally in agreement. The estimations of
latent heat flux from the three different methods are in reasonable agreement. The effect of the correction for ship motion
on latent heat fluxes is not as large as on momentum fluxes. 相似文献
16.
本文设计了一冠层(CL)和大气边界层(ABL)之间物质和动量交换的耦合模式,并对CL内风速、物质随高度分布和日变化作了数值模拟.结果表明,由大尺度扩散引起冠层低层的第二个风速极大和多极值的浓度分布,CL内湍流通量和物质浓度随高度减小而迅速降低,以及CL动量减小对浓度分布的重要影响,模式都能很好地描述,模拟结果与观测事实有好的一致性.利用浓度和温度廓线相似假设,导出了质量汇的经验关系. 相似文献
17.
近50年中国风速变化多气候模式模拟检验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近年来,随着气候模式研究的快速发展,全球气候模式在模拟20世纪气候和气候变化特征,尤其是在模拟温度、降水等要素特征和变化及其人类活动对这些要素的影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果.然而,全球气候模式对近地层风速的模拟情况如何,目前仍缺少分析和检验.本文利用中国区域近地层风速观测资料,检验评估了参与IPCC AR4"20世纪气候耦合模式模拟"(20C3M)的19个伞球气候模式和国家气候中心新一代伞球气候模式(BCC_CSM1.0.1)模拟的1956-1999年中国近地层(10m)风速及其变化的模拟能力.研究发现,20个伞球气候模式基本上都能模拟出中国多年年(或季)平均风速分布状况,但模式模拟的平均风速一般小于观测值,尤以观测风速较大的北部和西北部地区模拟值偏小显著.气候模式模拟秋冬季风速分布的能力强于模拟夏春季的能力.模式基本上能模拟出冬、春季平均风速大于夏、秋季平均风速,但是模拟不出春、冬、夏、秋季平均风速依次减小的季节变化特征.模式及模式集成难以模拟出观测到的近50年中国年(或季)平均风速明显减小的变化趋势,少数模式能模拟出年(或季)平均风速略呈减小的变化趋势,但与观测值比相差约一个量级.模式对北部和西南部地区平均风速的变化模拟效果较好,而模式难以模拟东南-南部地区风速变化特征. 相似文献
18.
Ekman动量近似下中间边界层模式中的风场结构 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
发展了一个准三维的、中等复杂的边界层动力学模式，该模式包含了EKman动量近似下的惯性加速度和Blackadar的非线性湍流粘性系数，它进一步改进了Tan和Wu(1993）提出的边界层理论模型。该模型在数值计算复杂性上与经典Ekman模式相类似，但由于包含了Ekman动量近似下的惯性项，使得该模式比传统Ekman模式更近于实际过程。中详细地比较了该模式与其他简化边界层模式在动力学上的差异，结果表明：在经典的Ekman模式中，由于忽略了流动的惯性项作用，导致在气旋性切变气流（反气旋性切变气流）中风速和边界层顶部的垂直速度的高估（低估），而在半地转边界层模式中，由于高估了流动惯性项的作用，结果与经典Ekman模式相反。同样，该模式可以应用于斜压边界层，对于Ekman动量下的斜压边界层风场同时具有经典斜压边界层和Ekman动量近似边界层的特征。 相似文献
19.
A New Scheme for the Simulation of Microscale Flow and Dispersion in Urban Areas by Coupling Large-Eddy Simulation with Mesoscale Models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A coupling scheme is proposed for the simulation of microscale flow and dispersion in which both the mesoscale field and small-scale turbulence are specified at the boundary of a microscale model. The small-scale turbulence is obtained individually in the inner and outer layers by the transformation of pre-computed databases, and then combined in a weighted sum. Validation of the results of a flow over a cluster of model buildings shows that the inner- and outer-layer transition height should be located in the roughness sublayer. Both the new scheme and the previous scheme are applied in the simulation of the flow over the central business district of Oklahoma City (a point source during intensive observation period 3 of the Joint Urban 2003 experimental campaign), with results showing that the wind speed is well predicted in the canopy layer. Compared with the previous scheme, the new scheme improves the prediction of the wind direction and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the canopy layer. The flow field influences the scalar plume in two ways, i.e. the averaged flow field determines the advective flux and the TKE field determines the turbulent flux. Thus, the mean, root-mean-square and maximum of the concentration agree better with the observations with the new scheme. These results indicate that the new scheme is an effective means of simulating the complex flow and dispersion in urban canopies. 相似文献
20.
L. H. Allen Jr. 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1975,8(1):39-79
Model predictions of CO2 concentrations downwind from a line source were calibrated using experimental data. Agreement between the model and experimental data was improved by adjusting for wind direction meander and cup anemometer overshoot. The model predictions showed that by using a negative exponential wind speed profile within the crop canopy, predictions were closer to observed CO2 concentration profiles than when experimentally-observed wind speed profiles, which were constant with height in the lower canopy, were used. This finding suggests that much of the lower canopy airflow was not direct mass flow in the downwind direction. Eddy diffusivity profiles which showed a within-canopy local minimum resulted in arestriction in the predicted loss of CO2 out of the canopy system. Two-dimensional plots of predicted null vertical flux and CO2 concentration portrayed vividly the turbulent diffusion and mass flow transport of CO2 from the line source. 相似文献