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1.
A coupled chemical/dynamical model (SOCOL-SOlar Climate Ozone Links) is
applied to study the impacts of future enhanced CO and NOx emissions
over eastern China on regional chemistry and climate. The result shows that
the increase of CO and NOx emissions has significant effects on
regional chemistry, including NOx, CO, O3, and OH concentrations.
During winter, the CO concentration is uniformly increased in the northern
hemisphere by about 10 ppbv. During summer, the increase of CO has a
regional distribution. The change in O3, concentrations near eastern
China has both strong seasonal and spatial variations. During winter, the
surface O3, concentrations decrease by about 2 ppbv, while during summer
they increase by about 2 ppbv in eastern China. The changes of CO, NOx,
and O3, induce important impacts on OH concentrations. The changes in
chemistry, especially O3, induce important effects on regional climate.
The analysis suggests that during winter, the surface temperature decreases
and air pressure increases in central-eastern China. The changes of
temperature and pressure produce decreases in vertical velocity. We should
mention that the model resolution is coarse, and the calculated
concentrations are generally underestimated when they are compared to
measured results. However, because this model is a coupled
dynamical/chemical model, it can provide some useful insights regarding the
climate impacts due to changes in air pollutant emissions. 相似文献
2.
Three-year summertime surface atmospheric N2O concentrations were observed for the first timeon the Fildes Peninsula, maritime Antarctica, and the relationships among the N2O concentration, totalatmospheric O3 amount, and sunspot number were analyzed. Solar activity had an important effecton surface N20 concentration and total O3 amount, and increases of sunspot number were followed bydecreases in the N2O concentration and total O3 amount. A corresponding relationship exists betweenthe N2O concentration and total atmospheric O3, and ozone destruction was preceded by N2O reduction.We propose that the extended solar activity in the Antarctic summer reduces the stratospheric N2O byconverting it into NOx, increases the diffusion of N2O from the troposphere to the stratosphere, decreasesthe surface atmospheric N2O, and depletes O3 via the chemical reaction between O3 and NOx. Ourobservation results are consistent with the theory of solar activity regarding the formation of the AntarcticO3 hole. 相似文献
3.
根据2000年亚音速飞机排放的NO_x,利用三维全球化学输送模式(OSLOCTM2)研究亚音速飞机排放的NO_x对中国地区NO_x和臭氧的影响。模式结果表明:亚音速飞机排放的NO_x明显地影响中国北方地区,在1月份,250hPa高度NO_x的浓度增加大约50pptv,最大的相对变化为60％;在4月份,250hPa高度臭氧增加8ppbv,相对变化为5％。NO_x的增加主要是由于输送过程引起的,但臭氧的增加则是化学过程生成的结果。由于中国地区亚音速飞机排放的NO_x造成的NO_x的增加不超过10pptv,而且臭氧增加小于0.4ppbv。即使中国地区亚音速飞机排放的NO_x增加一倍,这个影响仍然比较小。 相似文献
4.
Urban Atmospheric Chemistry During the PUMA Campaign 2: Radical Budgets for OH,HO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and RO<Subscript>2</Subscript> 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A detailed photochemical box model was used to investigate the key reaction pathways between OH, HO2 and RO2 radicals during the summer and winter PUMA field campaigns in the urban city-centre of Birmingham in the UK. The model employed
the most recent version of the Master Chemical Mechanism and was constrained to 15-minute average measurements of long-lived
species determined in situ at the site. The results showed that in the summer, OH initiation was dominated by the reactions of ozone with alkenes, nitrous
acid (HONO) photolysis and the reaction of excited oxygen atoms atoms with water. In the winter, ozone+alkene reactions were
the primary initiation route, with a minor contribution from HONO photolysis. Photolysis of aldehydes was the main initiation
route for HO2, in both summer and winter. RO2 initiation was dominated by the photolysis of aldehydes in the summer with a smaller contribution from ozone+alkenes, a situation
that was reversed in the winter. At night, ozone+alkene reactions were the main radical source. Termination, under all conditions,
primarily involved reactions with NO (OH) and NO2 (OH and RCO3). These results demonstrate the importance of ozone+alkene reactions in urban atmospheres, particularly when photolysis reactions
were less important during winter and at nighttime. The implications for urban atmospheric chemistry are discussed. 相似文献
5.
X. Tie S. Chandra J. R. Ziemke C. Granier G. P. Brasseur 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(2):105-125
Satellite measurements of tropospheric column O3 and NO2 in eastern and southeastern Asia are analyzed to study the spatial and seasonal characteristics of pollution in these regions.
Tropospheric column O3 is derived from differential measurements of total column ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), and stratospheric
column ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The tropospheric
column NO2 is measured by Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME). A global chemical and transport model (Model of Ozone and Related
Chemical Tracers, version 2; MOZART-2) is applied to analyze and interpret the satellite measurements. The study, which is
based on spring, summer, and fall months of 1997 shows generally good agreement between the model and satellite data with
respect to seasonal and spatial characteristics of O3 and NO2 fields. The analysis of the model results show that the industrial emission of NOx (NO + NO2) contributes about 50%–80% to tropospheric column NO2 in eastern Asia and about 20%–50% in southeastern Asia. The contribution of industrial emission of NOx to tropospheric column O3 ranges from 10% to 30% in eastern Asia. Biomass burning and lightning NOx emissions have a small effect on tropospheric O3 in central and eastern Asia, but they have a significant impact in southeastern Asia. The varying effects of NOx on tropospheric column ozone are attributed to differences in relative abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with
respect to total nitrogen in the two regions. 相似文献
6.
Shu Li Tijian Wang Prodromos Zanis Dimitris Melas Bingliang Zhuang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(2):279-287
The spatial distribution, radiative forcing, and climatic effects of tropospheric ozone in China during summer were investigated by using the regional climate model RegCM4. The results revealed that the tropospheric ozone column concentration was high in East China, Central China, North China, and the Sichuan basin during summer. The increase in tropospheric ozone levels since the industrialization era produced clear-sky shortwave and clear-sky longwave radiative forcing of 0.18 and 0.71 W m–2, respectively, which increased the average surface air temperature by 0.06 K and the average precipitation by 0.22 mm day–1 over eastern China during summer. In addition, tropospheric ozone increased the land–sea thermal contrast, leading to an enhancement of East Asian summer monsoon circulation over southern China and a weakening over northern China. The notable increase in surface air temperature in northwestern China, East China, and North China could be attributed to the absorption of longwave radiation by ozone, negative cloud amount anomaly, and corresponding positive shortwave radiation anomaly. There was a substantial increase in precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It was related to the enhanced upward motion and the increased water vapor brought by strengthened southerly winds in the lower troposphere. 相似文献
7.
中国地区臭氧前体物对地面臭氧的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用GEOS-Chem模式的数值试验结果,研究中国地区NOx和两类VOCs对O3质量浓度分布及其化学机理的影响。研究表明,NOx的减少会使得中国西部O3质量浓度显著降低,但在冬季NOx的减少会使得东北、华北地区O3质量浓度上升。而京津唐地区由于VOCs/NOx比值偏低,不能通过单一减少NOx来控制O3质量浓度。VOCs排放的减少会使得我国东部地区O3质量浓度大幅减少,其中人为VOCs的减少能降低我国东部地面O3质量浓度,而生物VOCs的减少只能在夏秋季有效减少我国东部地区35°N以南区域的地面O3质量浓度。控制地面O3质量浓度时,中国西部主要考虑NOx的减排,东部35°N以北主要考虑AVOCs的减排,而30~35°N应同时考虑AVOCs和BVOCs的减排,在30°N以南的地区,则需要全面考虑NOx和VOCs的减排。 相似文献
8.
利用2010—2012年对流层臭氧（O3）及其多种前体物的卫星遥感资料和全球水汽再分析资料,研究东亚区域O3及其前体物的时空分布,以及在中国东部（分为南、北两部分）相关性的季节变化。结果表明:东亚区域NO2与CO的对流层柱含量均表现为冬季高、夏季低的时空变化形式。O3对流层柱含量夏季达到峰值,冬季为谷值。中国东部的北部与南部地区O3与NO2均在夏秋季呈正相关,冬春季呈负相关。夏季大部分地区NOx的光化学循环反应对O3生成有积极的促进作用,冬季大部分地区O3的光化学循环生成受到抑制。O3与CO在北部地区夏秋季和南部地区夏季正相关性最大,无论是在北部还是南部地区,O3与CO的相关性在轻污染情况下最大,而在重污染和背景情况下较小,表明重污染气团向下风方的输送更有利于O3的光化学生成。O3与水汽在北部和南部地区的多数时间均呈较显著的正相关性,而在南部地区夏季和北部地区冬季具有较大的负相关性,反映出不同的环流形式、气团来源及伴随的天气条件变化对O3分布的影响。 相似文献
9.
10.
应用2003—2015年MODIS地表反照率反演质量数据MCD43A2,统计分析中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演质量的时空分布特征,结果表明:1)中国地区MODIS地表反照率反演质量在空间分布上具有明显的差异,高质量全反演结果(质量标记0)主要分布在东北、华北、西北地区和西南地区的中西部;当量反演结果(质量标记3)主要分布在华东、华中、华南地区和西南地区的中东部;填充值(质量标记15)主要分布在华中、华南、华东地区及西南地区的部分区域。2)在东北、华北和西北地区,只有春、夏和秋季才有超过60%的区域可能获得高精度MODIS地表反照率;可能获得高精度M ODIS地表反照率的区域,在西南地区全年各时段都只有40%~60%,在华东、华中和华南地区全年各时段都不足20%。3)各地当量反演结果的比例一般不足50%,华东和华中地区夏季和秋季当量反演结果的比例超过40%;4)华中和华东地区夏季和冬季,以及华南地区春、夏和冬季,填充值的比例超过50%,华南和华中地区最高甚至超过80%。 相似文献
11.
We used an online aerosol–climate model to study the equilibrium climate response of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) to increases in anthropogenic emissions of sulfate, organic carbon, and black carbon aerosols from 1850 to 2000. Our results show that each of these aerosol species has a different effect on the EASM as a result of changes in the local sea–land thermal contrast and atmospheric circulation. The increased emission of sulfate aerosol leads to a decrease in the thermal contrast between the land and ocean, a southward shift of the East Asian subtropical jet, and significant northerly wind anomalies at 850 hPa over eastern China and the ambient oceans, markedly dampening the EASM. An increase in organic carbon aerosol results in pronounced surface cooling and the formation of an anomalous anticyclone over the oceans north of 30°N. These effects cause a slight increase in the sea–land thermal contrast and southerly flow anomalies to the west of the anticyclonic center, strengthening the northern EASM. An increase in organic carbon emission decreases the sea–land thermal contrast over southern China, which weakens the southern EASM. The response of the summer 850-hPa winds and rainfall over the East Asian monsoon region to an increase in black carbon emission is generally consistent with the response to an increase in organic carbon. The increase in black carbon emission leads to a strengthening of the northern EASM north of 35°N and a slight weakening of the southern EASM south of 35°N. The simulated response of the EASM to the increase in black carbon emission is unchanged when the emission of black carbon is scaled up by five times its year 2000 levels, although the intensities of the response is enhanced. The increase in sulfate emission primarily weakens the EASM, whereas the increases in black carbon and organic carbon emissions mitigate weakening of the northern EASM. 相似文献
12.
温室效应对我国东部地区气候影响的高分辨率数值试验 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：13
使用RegCM3区域气候模式,单向嵌套NASA/NCAR 的全球环流模式FvGCM的输出结果,对中国东部地区进行了在实际温室气体浓度下当代1961~1990年和在IPCC A2温室气体排放情景下21世纪末期2071~2100年各30年时间长度,水平分辨率为20 km的气候变化模拟试验。首先分析全球和区域模式对中国东部地区当代气候的模拟情况,结果表明全球模式对中国东部地区气温的总体分布型模拟较好,但存在冷偏差,区域模式在对这个冷偏差有所纠正的同时,提供了气温地理分布更详细的信息。全球模式模拟的年降水中心位于长江流域,与观测差别较大,区域模式对此同样也有改进,降水高值区主要位于区域南部,并表现出较强的地形强迫特征。区域模式的模拟结果还表明,至21世纪末期,在温室效应作用下,中国东部的气温将明显升高,年平均气温的升高值在2.7~4.0℃之间,其中北部升温大于南部,冬季升温大于夏季。冬季升温表现出明显的随纬度增加而增加的分布型。模拟区域内年平均降水将增加,增加值一般在10%以上,部分地区达到30%。降水增加在夏季较明显,区域内以普遍增加为主,冬季降水自山东半岛至湖南地区将减少,其他地区增加。此外,对夏季高温日数和冬季低温日数及年平均大雨日数的变化也进行了分析。 相似文献
13.
全球变暖形势下中国陆表水分的变化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用政府间气候变化委员会第四次评估报告（IPCCAR4）中的10个耦合模式CO：加倍试验和控制试验的模拟结果,分析了全球变暖背景下中国水分的变化。结果表明,随着全球变暖,东亚夏季风增强,冬季风减弱,使得冬夏季向中国区域输送的水汽都增强;中国区域降水,夏季除长江流域外基本都增加,冬季除华南外都增加。夏季降水蒸发差（P—E）除了在东北和南方增加外,从长江流域一直到西北有一带状减小带;冬季几乎所有模式的P—E表现为北方增加、南方减小。在全球变暖背景下,降水、蒸发和径流的综合结果以及积雪的作用使得土壤湿度在干旱区增加,且冬季干旱区土壤变湿的强度和范围大于夏季,然而在其他区域土壤湿度减少。上述结论是基于多模式集合平均结果,对未来气候的预估具有一定的参考价值,然而模式间存在较强差异性,仍具有较大不确定性。 相似文献
14.
Simulated Impacts of Sulfate and Nitrate Aerosol Formation on Surface-Layer Ozone Concentrations in China 
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下载免费PDF全文 The authors quantify the impacts of sulfate and nitrate aerosol formation on surface-layer 03 concentrations over China using the one-way nested-grid capa- bility of the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Ob- serving System chemical transport model （GEOS-Chem）. Chemical reactions associated with sulfate formation are simulated to generally increase 03 concentrations in China. Over the North China Plain （NCP） and the Si- chuan Basin （SCB）, where simulated sulfate concentra- tions are the largest, ozone concentrations show maximum increases in spring by 1.8 ppbv （3.2%） in the NCP and by 2.6 ppbv （3.7%） in the SCB. On the contrary, nitrate formation is simulated to reduce 03 concentrations by up to 1.0 ppbv in eastern China, with the largest reduc- tions of 1.0 ppbv （1.4%） in summer over the NCE Ac- counting for the formation of both sulfate and nitrate, the surface-layer O3 concentrations over a large fraction of eastern China are simulated to increase in winter, spring, and autumn, dominated by the impact of sulfate forma- tion, but to decrease in summer because of the dominant contribution from nitrate formation. 相似文献
15.
将大气—植被相互作用模式AVIM（Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model）与区域环境系统集成模式 RIEMS2.0（Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System Version 2.0）耦合,利用耦合后的AVIM-RIEMS2.0模式在东亚区域选定典型年份进行积分试验,通过模拟结果与观测资料对比分析,从整体上评估耦合模式对东亚区域的模拟能力。结果表明:模式能够较好地模拟850 hPa风场、500 hPa位势高度、气温、降水以及地表热通量空间分布型和季节变化。双向耦合具有动态植被过程的AVIM模式后,RIEMS2.0模拟能力有一定程度的提高。850 hPa风场在冬季的中国东北、华北地区以及夏季的中国东部地区,模拟偏差都减小;500 hPa高度场模拟在中国北方地区改进明显,而在中国南方地区的夏季并没表现出明显的改进趋势。耦合模式改进了RIEMS2.0模式冬季气温模拟偏低而夏季偏高的现象。从区域平均看,耦合模式改善了降水模拟偏多的现象,并使得潜热通量的模拟效果有明显的改进,对感热通量模拟在大部分地区也有改进。总的来看,AVIM-RIEMS2.0耦合模式对中国北方地区模拟改进较为明显,而对中国南方地区,特别是华南地区没有明显的改进。 相似文献
16.
为了揭示我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧(O3) 的形成机理以及周边地区的污染输送对我国北方地区对流层中下层O3收支的影响, 在与外场观测数据比较分析的基础上, 利用全球化学输送模式(MOZART-2) 采用收支分析方法定量分析了影响我国北方地区对流层中下层O3的各个物理化学过程。结果表明:我国北方地区对流层下层O3最重要的来源是光化学生成作用, 约占总来源的58.3%(41.5 Tg), 光化学生成反应中HO2对于O3生成的贡献最大; 最大的汇是干沉降过程, 约占总汇的43.2%(26.2Tg); 水平净输送作用对我国北方地区对流层中下层O3收支的影响非常大, 在我国北方地区对流层下层, 41.6%左右的O3来自水平净输送, 随高度增加, 水平输送影响增大, 我国北方地区对流层中层大约81.5%的O3来自水平净输送。 相似文献
17.
By means of a three-dimensional meteorological model (MM5) and a chemical model,the distributions of tropospheric ozone and its precursors over China have been simulated in summer and winter time,16-18 August 1994 and 7-9 January 1995.The distribution of ozone over the Tibetan Plateau in summer time is deeply discussed.The simulated results indicate that thedistributions of surface ozone and NOx are in good agreement with observed results,and human activities and photochemical reactions are the main factors controlling the surface ozone and NOx concentrations.In addition,higher ozone concentrations are coincided with the air convergence,and the lower concentrations are related to the air divergence.In summer,over the Tibetan Plateau the strong flow convergence results in higher ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere:and the strong flow divergence results in lower ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere.In winter time ozone concentrations show large-scale characteristics controlled by westerly flow,and in the jet area they are lower than those outside the jet. 相似文献
18.
Chunsheng Zhao Xuexi Tie Geli Wang Yu Qin Peicai Wang 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2006,55(3):189-204
In this study, we used satellite data (GOME and MOPITT) together with a global chemical-transport-model of atmosphere (MOZART-2) to characterize the chemical/aerosol composition over eastern China. We then estimated the effects of local emissions in China on the chemical budgets in other regions of the world. Likewise, we also investigated the effects of air pollution from other regions on the chemical budget over eastern China. The study shows that the column CO and NO
x
concentrations are also high in eastern China. The high CO and NO
x
concentrations produce modest levels of O3 concentrations during summer (about 40 to 50 ppbv) and very low O3 during winter (about 10 to 20 ppbv) in eastern China. The calculated NO2 column is fairly consistent from the GOME measurement. The calculated CO column is underestimated from the MOPITT measurement. One of the reasons of the underestimation of the predicted CO is due to a fact that the CO emissions were taken without considering the rapid increase of emissions from 1990 to 2000. The calculated surface O3 is consistent with the measured values, with strong seasonal variations. However, the measurement is very limited, and more measurements in eastern China will be needed. The column NO2 has a very strong seasonal variation in eastern China, with the highest concentrations during winter and the lowest concentrations during summer. The cause of this seasonal variability is mainly due to the seasonal changes in the chemical loss of NO
x
, which is very high in summer and very low during winter. The effects of the local emissions in China and long-range transport from other regions on the chemical distributions in eastern China are studied. The results show that NO
x
concentrations in eastern China are mostly caused by the local emissions in China, especially during the winter. The CO concentration over eastern China is from both the local emissions (30% to 40%) and the transport from other regions. Likewise, the CO emissions in China have an important effect on the other regions of the world, but the effect is limited in the northern hemisphere. The local emissions in China also have an important effect on surface O3 concentrations. During winter, the local emissions reduce the surface O3 concentrations by 30 to 50%. During summer, the local emissions produce about 50 to 70% of the O3 concentration in eastern China. 相似文献
19.
采用与全球海气耦合模式 (NCC/IAPT63) 嵌套的区域气候模式 (RegCM2_NCC), 对东亚区域进行了30年的气候积分 (1961—1990年), 作为控制试验的气候背景场, 在此基础上, 在IPCC第三次评估报告SRES排放情景A2下对我国未来30年 (2001—2030年) 的气候变化趋势进行了预估, 重点分析了我国东部季风区夏季降水的变化趋势及区域特征。结果显示:未来30年夏季平均降水量在北部地区呈现增加的趋势, 以降水量距平代表的夏季主要雨带转到长江以北地区, 且北方地区降水量增加主要以对流性降水量增加为主, 长江以南地区降水量有所减少, 特别是华南地区降水量减少较为明显, 据此预测结果, 未来30年华北地区夏季干旱可能有所缓解。未来30年夏季低层空气湿度也将发生明显变化, 主要表现为中高纬度地区湿度增大, 较低纬度地区湿度减小, 东亚夏季风有所增强, 特别是西南气流明显加强, 有利于暖湿空气向北方地区输送。由于预估结果的可信度取决于全球模式和区域模式的模拟性能以及温室气体排放浓度的准确性, 因此还需要更多的试验及进一步的综合比较, 以减少未来气候变化趋势预估的不确定性。 相似文献
20.
平流层臭氧季节变化的动力和光化学作用之比较 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
1992年到2005年的HALOE资料显示, 在臭氧光化损耗中, ClOx 和NOx 的贡献大小和作用位置有所差异。SOCRATES3模式模拟表明, 两半球夏季高纬极区的臭氧减少, 主要是NOx的化学贡献; 北极春季和南极冬季副极地臭氧的变化, 主要是动力输送引起。南、北极春季臭氧减少的化学机制也有所不同, 南极春季的臭氧耗损包括极区内ClOx 的异相化学作用和副极区NOx的化学作用; 北极春季的臭氧耗损主要以NOx 和ClOx 的气相化学作用为主, 其中NOx 的作用更大。动力和光化学在臭氧变化中的贡献表明, 整个中低平流层及低纬平流层高层的动力输送贡献可达到45%, 而高纬平流层中上层, 化学作用贡献在65%以上。 相似文献