共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
L. P. Babich 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2007,47(5):664-670
The results of the experiments, during which we revealed that the flux of neutrons in the atmosphere increases in correlation with electromagnetic pulses of lightning discharges, have been analyzed. The mechanisms of charged particle acceleration and nuclear reactions that can be responsible for neutron generation have been analyzed. It has been indicated that the probability of nuclear synthesis reactions in a lightning channel, which is traditionally considered as the source of neutrons in a thunderstorm atmosphere, is extremely low. The generation of neutrons in thunderstorm electric fields is related to photonuclear reactions in gigantic upward atmospheric discharges caused by relativistic runaway electron bremsstrahlung. 相似文献
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热中子数字成像系统的研制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
成像系统是中子照相装置的关键组件之一.采用6LiFZnS(Ag)材料中子转换屏、长焦距、小视场专用微光镜头等光学组件,利用科学级CCD芯片、两级热电偶制冷技术、14bit模数转换技术研制了数字CCD摄像机,采用Visula C 和C Builder为工具,开发了双字节图像采集处理分析软件包,并设计了成像系统辐射防护装置,构成了热中子数字成像系统.实验证明:所采用的技术路线是合理的,达到了设计目的,成像质量可以与国外类似装置相媲美. 相似文献
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John H. Kramer Stephen J. Cullen Lome G. Everett 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1992,12(3):177-187
The neutron moisture probe is widely applicable to vadose zone monitoring problems which require measuring variable moisture contents. Neutron data are proportional to hydrogen density (modified by local chemistry) and sensitive to wetting fronts as well as changing volumes of hydrocarbon liquids. They cannot, however, be used to confirm contaminant chemistry, nor to detect steady-state flow. Neutron data are amenable to statistical analysis, providing a measure of the significance of data variations. Detection of incipient moisture changes at numerous monitoring locations is more practical using raw neutron data than data calibrated for moisture content because calibrations suffer from uncertainties associated with soil heterogeneities. When properly applied, the neutron probe is an effective monitoring tool as illustrated by three example applications described in this paper: (1) neutron moisture logs are used to detect subtle lithologic changes and identify monitoring horizons; (2) sequential neutron data are used to track induced saturation at a soil flushing pilot study; and (3) neutron logs from a horizontal access tube beneath a waste facility are used to pinpoint moisture anomalies. 相似文献
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Neutron activation analysis of the Taal volcanic ash revealed the presence of unusual amount of scandium in the volcanic ash as compared to the standard basalt BCR-1. The BCR-1 value for Fe/Sc is 2760 while that of Taal ash is about 2649. It is suggested that the eruption was probably characterized by the ejection of scandium-rich materials. Scandium may be used as supplementary evidence in evaluating an impending future Taal volcanic activity. 相似文献
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Bruno Federer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1970,79(1):120-127
Summary The concentrations of Na, Cl and SO4 have been measured as a function of time in snow from Jarl-Joset, Greenland. Large sulfate to chloride ratios and a strong parallelity between sulfate- and sea salt components were obtained in the period 1880 to 1968. The possible origin of the excess sulfate and the reason for the parallelity are discussed. 相似文献
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A. V. Belov E. A. Eroshenko V. G. Yanke V. A. Oleneva M. A. Abunina A. A. Abunin 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2018,58(3):356-372
One of the variants of the global survey method developed and used for many years at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences is described. Data from the world network of neutron monitors for every hour from July 1957 to the present has been processed by this method. A consistent continuous series of hourly characteristics of variation of the density and vector anisotropy of cosmic rays with a rigidity of 10 GV is obtained. A database of Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic rays caused by large-scale disturbances of the interplanetary medium for more than half a century has been created based on this series. The capabilities of the database make it possible to perform a correlation analysis of various parameters of the space environment (characteristics of the Sun, solar wind, and interplanetary magnetic field) with the parameters of cosmic rays and to study their interrelationships in the solar–terrestrial space. The features of reception coefficients for different stations are considered, which allows the transition from variations according to ground measurements to variations of primary cosmic rays. The advantages and disadvantages of this variant of the global survey method and the opportunities for its development and improvement are assessed. The developed method makes it possible to minimize the problems of the network of neutron monitors and to make significant use of its advantages. 相似文献
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在定量中子照相散射校正时需要考虑中子转换屏对不同角度入射中子的响应,中子转换屏的角度响应研究在中子照相散射校正中具有很重要的意义。本文在理论上推导中子转换屏的角度响应的解析式,并利用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP5对该解析式进行验证。利用蒙特卡罗方法对中子转换屏角度响应的影响因素进行研究。给出中子转换屏的角度响应与转换屏厚度以及入射中子能量之间的关系,中子转换屏的角度响应随着转换屏的厚度增大而增大,随着入射中子能量的增大而减小,并得到6LiF-ZnS(Ag)转换屏的最佳厚度为0.3mm。 相似文献
10.
《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2007,61(2):111-131
This paper describes a method to calibrate a neutron capture sonde equipped with a high resolution γ-ray detector, and analyze log data. The method utilizes the 1460.8-keV passive γ-ray of 40K, the 770.3-keV capture γ-ray of 39K, and a capture γ-ray from a target element. An equation containing the spectral line intensities for the two capture γ-rays, nuclear capture data, and the detector efficiency function expresses the concentration of the target element as a multiple of the 39K concentration. The concentration of 39K is easily deduced from the 40K concentration, which is calculated directly from the line intensity for the 1460.8-keV γ-ray in a passive γ-ray spectrum.The calibration automatically adjusts to changes in the neutron transport properties of the logged medium that may result, for example, from variations in the H density and the concentrations of neutron poisons. Fluctuations in the neutron source output are similarly accommodated. The calibration utilizes U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) passive γ-ray calibration standards that contain well established concentrations of K, U, and Th. The passive γ-rays from K, U, and Th (and the U and Th decay progenies) provide data for the detector efficiency function determination.Data for proof-of-principle demonstrations of the method were acquired by logging boreholes penetrating the shallow subsurface at a DOE waste site with a simple, reliable neutron capture logging system. The system had a 252Cf source and a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Time gating could not be used to sort signals originating from capture and activation, but the excellent energy resolution permitted capture γ-ray identifications based solely on the γ-ray energies. Cl, H, and other elements were detected and assessed.A conventional calibration and data analysis method was also employed. The method was specific to Cl and was based on measurements in two Cl-impregnated concrete blocks. Cl concentrations inferred with this method were often consistent with the concentrations determined with the new method. When the two methods produced different Cl concentrations, the discrepancies could be explained by variations in formation parameters. 相似文献
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热中子照相技术在检测含氢材料、重金属等样品方面是X射线等其他无损检测技术的有益补充,热中子层析照相技术研究在国内尚是空白.利用SPRR-300基于CCD的热中子数字照相装置、带孔铝圆柱为实验样品,采集了样品某截面36×552组投影实验数据,在对数据进行预处理前后,采用滤波反投影方法重建了断面图像.重建图像揭示了样品的基本结构,验证了利用SPRR-300热中子数字照相装置进行热中子层析照相技术研究和装置研发是可行的,为下一步工作奠定了基础. 相似文献
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A. Carminati A. Kaestner R. Hassanein O. Ippisch P. Vontobel H. Flühler 《Advances in water resources》2007
Soils are often structured as fine-porous aggregates separated by large inter-aggregate pores. Under unsaturated conditions, water is mostly stored in the aggregates and water flow depends on the properties of the aggregates as well as on those of the contacts between aggregates. The goal of this study is to model and evaluate the hydraulic properties of the contacts. We used neutron radiography to monitor the infiltration of water through series of aggregates. The flow process was numerically simulated by considering the hydraulically conducting contact area between aggregates as a variable that depends on the capillary pressure. This contact area was evaluated by matching the observed and simulated water flow across aggregates. We determined the conductivity of the contacts assuming that it scales with the contact area. We also measured the equivalent conductivity of series of aggregates. We found that during drainage the hydraulically conducting contact area drastically decreases and the conductivity of the contacts becomes much smaller than that of the aggregates. We also found that the equivalent conductivity of the aggregate series decreases as the conductivity of the contacts. We concluded that the contacts control the flow: they are highly conductive when wet, but act as bottle-necks under drained conditions. The abrupt transition between these two limiting cases indicates that the contact region is more rapidly drained than the aggregate interior. Our findings might be extended to describe water transfer to an evaporating boundary, infiltration and storage of water in unsaturated aggregated soils. 相似文献
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Strawberry Point, located on Hinchinbrook Island, Alaska, is the site of a Federal Aviation Administration air navigation facility that is contaminated with gasoline- and diesel-range hydrocarbons in soil and ground water. An air sparging system was installed to promote bioremediation in the zone of seasonal ground water fluctuation where the contaminant is concentrated. The sparge wells were placed in a homogeneous formation, consisting of fine-grain beach and eolian sands. The system was then evaluated to determine the ground water region of influence and optimum frequency of operation. Neutron probe borehole measurements of percentage; of fluid displacement during sparging at two wells revealed dynamic air distributions defined by an initial and relatively rapid expansion phase followed by a consolidation phase. Air distribution was stable within 12 hours after startup, reaching a peak air saturation of greater than 50 percent. The radius of peak expansion varied with time and depth, with measurable fluid displacement occurring beyond 12 feel from the sparge well near the water table. The percentage of air saturation stabilized within one hour following cutoff of the air flow, leaving pockets of entrapped air near the water table. When air injection was resumed, air saturation levels were found to be repeatable. The observations at this site indicated that the effective region of influence is relatively small and that frequent pulsing is needed to optimize oxygen distribution. 相似文献
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The use of the World Neutron Monitor Network to detect high-energy solar neutrons is discussed in detail. It is shown that the existing network can be used for the routine detection of intense sporadic solar-neutron events whenever they occur. A technique is suggested involving the weighted summation of responses of separate monitors to solar neutrons. It is demonstrated that the use of this method improves the significance of solar-neutron event detection. Different results of the simulation of the neutron-monitor sensitivity to solar neutrons have been tested with respect to their application for practical use. It is shown that the total number of neutrons with energy above 300 MeV injected from the Sun during a solar flare can be estimated directly from the time-integrated neutronmonitor response to solar neutrons without any model assumptions. The estimation technique has been developed. 相似文献
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The Gd isotopic composition in 19 lunar rock and soil samples from three Apollo sites is reported. The analytical techniques and the high precision mass spectrometric measurements are discussed. Enrichments in158GdO/157GdO due to neutron capture range up to 0.75%. Integrated ‘thermal’ neutron fluxes derived from the isotopic anomalies of Gd are compared with spallation Kr data from aliquot samples to construct a model which gives both average cosmic-ray irradiation depths and effective neutron exposure ages (Tn) for some rocks. In the case of rock 12053, this yields an average sample location of ∼300 g/cm2 below the lunar surface and an effective irradiation age of ∼230 my, compared to 99 my obtained by the81Kr-Kr method. Rock 14310 is the first lunar sample where Kr anomalies due to resonance neutron capture in Br are observed. A81Kr-Kr exposure age of 262 ± 7 my is calculated for this rock. 相似文献
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The Gd and Sm isotopic compositions have been measured in the Luna 16, G-2 soil. This sample has the largest low energy neutron fluence ψ = 5.9 × 1016n/cm2 (E < 0.18eV) yet observed in a lunar sample. The ratio of the number of neutrons captured per atom by149Sm to157Gd is 0.76 which is distinct from the value of 0.86 observed at the Apollo 11, 12 and 14 sites. This indicates a softer neutron energy spectrum at the Sea of Plenty. 相似文献
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A test-stand experiment was conducted on neutron probe measurements using steel and Schedule 40 PVC access tubes to determine the effect of backfill grout in boreholes. The experiment used a moveable simulated vadose zone. Access tubes and grout do have masking effects on vadose zone measurements, but vadose zone moisture was detected through all configurations tested. Steel tubing has a smaller masking effect than PVC tubing. The masking effect of grout increased with borehole diameter. Although this experiment produced numerical results, conclusions drawn are qualitative in nature, rather than a quantitative calibration of the technique. 相似文献
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热中子CT成像是一种极为重要的核成像技术,借以进行被检物的无损检测与无损评价.针对热中子CT成像过程中产生一系列导致CT图像降质的因素,本文在探讨了影响中子CT成像图像降质的一些因素基础上,提出了将成像过程中的图像预处理与后处理技术进行统一考察和集成处理的方案.研究结果表明,基于MATLAB GUI集成处理器,研究开发了一套集图像预处理与后处理技术于一体的处理程序分析方法,能够有效改善热中子CT成像的图像质量,为无损检测与评价提供可靠的保证,对热中子CT成像技术研究具有参考价值. 相似文献