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1.
Zhichao Liu Qiuhong Jiang Weilong Cong Tao Li Hong-Chao Zhang 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2018,15(11):2273-2282
Additive manufacturing is considered more sustainable than traditional manufacturing due to its efficient energy and materials usage. However, previous literature indicates that this suggestion is applicable only for the polymer materials, and the environmental issues of additive manufacturing with metallic materials are still not clear. With the method of life cycle assessment, this paper analyzes and compares the energy consumptions and environmental impacts of direct energy deposition and traditional machining processes for a typical metal part. Further, the article attempts to identify the significant issues in the two manufacturing options that contribute most to the environmental impacts. Six environmental impacts were assessed in this study: global warming potential (GWP); acidification potential (AP); eutrophication potential; ozone depletion potential (ODP); photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP); and abiotic depletion potential (ADP). The results show that the gear laser fabrication process consumes more energy and releases more negative emissions compared with traditional gear manufacturing processes. The results of GWP, AP, ODP, ADP and POCP of the traditional gear manufacturing are only 30.33, 43.42, 17, 65.05 and 54.68% of the gear laser fabrication. 相似文献
2.
Most advanced market economies have met difficulties retaining a manufacturing base. Domestic production remains important,
however, given the downstream economic impacts of the manufacturing sector, including the advantages of export-base industries.
In order to keep producing domestically, firms must persistently innovate and increasingly look to new markets. To explore
the issue at greater length, this paper examines the case of Japan’s metal forming machinery industry, a key capital goods
sector in terms of its criticality to overall durable goods manufacturing and its recent export success. This paper examines
recent performance as an example of a successful industry that retains significant domestic production while simultaneously
maintaining high export levels. 相似文献
3.
In this paper an attempt is made to study the spatial division of labour in Britain, through an investigation of the changing structure of employment in the manufacturing sector between 1971 and 1981. The separate impacts of loss in the volume of manufacturing employment, change in the balance between production and non-production activities in the occupational structure and the spatial shift of the population employed in manufacturing upon spatial variations in manufacturing employment change are tentatively identified. Data on the socio-economic composition of the population employed in manufacturing from the Small Area Statistics of the Censuses of Population for 1971 and 1981 are used to measure the impact of these processes at the local labour market area (LLMA) scale and to draw conclusions for the future employment prospects of different parts of Britain. 相似文献
4.
未来不同气候变化情景下我国玉米产量的初步预测 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
玉米是我国重要的粮食和饲料作物,研究气候变化对我国玉米产量的影响有重要意义。采用区域气候模式与CERES Maize模型相结合的方法,模拟了基准气候（BS,1961—1990年）和A2、B2两种温室气体排放方案下2011—2100年我国雨养和灌溉玉米产量,初步预测了未来不同气候情景下玉米产量的变化状况。结果表明,如果保持现有的玉米生产状况,气候变化将导致我国玉米主产区的玉米单产普遍降低,总产下降,给玉米生产带来一定经济损失。A2气候变化情景对我国玉米产量的负面影响要大于B2情景。CO2肥效作用可以在一定程度上缓解这种负面影响,其缓解作用对雨养玉米更明显。未来全国玉米主产区的雨养和灌溉玉米的稳产风险及低产出现的概率将会增大,总产的年际波动更剧烈。由于目前研究结果是未考虑农业生产的适应措施而得出的,可能会高估气候变化的负面影响。 相似文献
5.
水力压裂是低渗透油藏改造的重要措施,压裂液性能则是影响压裂增产效果的一个关键因素,配液质量好、配液效率高是压裂液配制的发展趋势。通过分析当前压裂液配制难题,以及稠化剂和固体添加剂的特性,指出制约配液快速性的关键因素。基于实验研究成果,提出一种压裂液快速配制新工艺,并采用PLC控制,实现配液过程自动化。新的配液工艺和配液装备已经在大庆油田应用两年,工业化应用表明：该工艺胶液粘度释放快,胶液中没有水包粉现象,且具有计量精度高、添加剂混合均匀,发液速度快等诸多优点,证实了新工艺的合理性和有效性。 相似文献
6.
The paper identifies and discusses potential adverse environmental impacts, and regulatory concerns, that could arise from piling or penetrative ground improvement techniques, when used on land affected by contamination.
A common generic classification of piling and penetrative ground improvement methods is considered and six cases are identified where potential adverse environmental impacts may be created by piling or penetrative ground improvement techniques.
A lack of published data on the scale of impacts caused by piling makes inevitable the application of the “Precautionary Principle” by environmental regulators, but it has been recognised that a rigid application of this principle may lead to unnecessarily restrictive requirements or prohibitions being placed on designers and developers. The need for guidance for designers and developers on how to consider the potential environmental impacts of piling works has also been recognised.
The paper outlines the decision-making framework presented in recent Environment Agency guidance. It assists the foundation designer to assess the environmental risks, select an appropriate piling or penetrative ground improvement method, develop mitigation measures, define quality assurance/quality control and monitoring measures, and justify and document this choice in a format acceptable to the regulator. 相似文献
7.
Geothermal energy is a clean energy source that can potentially mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as its use can lead to a lower mitigation cost. However, research on the economic impacts of the geothermal industry is scarce. This paper describes the effect of the geothermal industry, its economic input and output, using Beijing as a case study. This paper adopts the input–output model. The results show that the demand for and input use of the geothermal sector vary greatly across industrial sectors: electricity, heat production, the supply industry and general equipment manufacturing have the greatest direct consumption coefficient for the geothermal industry. When considering direct and indirect demand, it is clear that the geothermal industry has a great effect on different industrial sectors in diverse ways. Its influence coefficient and sensitivity coefficient are 1.2167 (ranked 11th) and 1.2293 (ranked 8th), respectively, revealing that it exerts obvious demand-pulling and supply-pushing effects on the regional economy.
相似文献8.
A. Singh S. M. Prasad 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(10):2277-2300
The technology based upon the smallest possible particles is known as nanotechnology. It involves the production, manipulation and application of materials ranging in size from less than a micron to that of individual atoms. The reactivity and absorption level of nanomaterial is more than bulk material due to large surface area and high particle number per unit mass. While metal nanoparticles are being increasingly used in many sectors of the economy, there is growing interest to find out the best biological and environmentally safe methods for their production. The basic methods for nanoparticles production are chemical and physical approaches, whereas plant extract and different microorganisms have been actively pursued in recent years as an alternative method. The application of nanotechnology in agriculture system will completely revolutionize it. This technology includes different tools for disease treatment and detection and can be used as sensors, fertilizers and smart delivery system in gene transfer. The other side of this technology cannot be neglected because its application on the large scale has potential adverse effects on biological and other systems. So, the present review gives the whole idea about different approaches of nanoparticles production and its positive and negative repercussions, particularly on agricultural ecosystem. There is also a need to predict its effects on other environmental issues in near future. 相似文献
9.
J. Stephen Hopkins Paul A. Sandifer M. Richard DeVoe A. Frederick Holland Craig L. Browdy Alvin D. Stokes 《Estuaries and Coasts》1995,18(1):25-42
Shrimp culture technology has resulted in development of a major shrimp farming industry worldwide. Without the shrimp farming industry, increasing demands for shrimp by consumers could not be met, resulting in increased pressure on wild shrimp resources. Unfortunately, there are realized and potential adverse environmental effects on estuarine ecosystems as a result of shrimp farming. The effects can be categorized as wetland destruction for construction of shrimp farms, hypernutrification of estuarine ecosystems by shrim pond effluent, “biological pollution” of native shrimp stocks through escapement of aquaculture stocks, water use and entrainment of estuarine biota, and impacts of shrimp farm chemicals on estuarine systems. While the shrimp farming industry in the United States is small, the United States is effectively addressing all the realized and potential environmental impacts through regulation and research at the federal and state levels. Areas of regulation and research include stringent prohibitions on wetland destruction, regulation of effluents and support of research to eliminate and/or reduce effluents, escapement prevention technology and development of high-health stocks, minimizing entrainment of estuarine biota through water conservation and screening technology, and regulation of chemical use in the shrimp farming industry and support of research on shrimp pathology and environmentally safe disease control. Work is still in progress and not all problems have been resolved to the complete satisfaction of shrimp farmers and estuarine conservationists. However, the situation in the United States should serve as a model of how to encourage sustainable economic development through commercial shrimp farming while abating adverse environmental impacts on estuarine systems. To further improve the situation, the development and adoption of “best management practices” for shrimp aquaculture are recommended. 相似文献
10.
Branimir &#x;egvi&#x; Lucijana &#x;e&#x;elj Damir Slovenec Bo&#x;ko Lugovi&#x; Rafael Ferreiro Mhlmann 《Geoarchaeology》2012,27(1):63-87
Archaeological excavations in Dalmatia have yielded a large amount of Hellenistic pottery that has yet to be archaeometrically analyzed. Stylistic analyses suggest that some vessels were imported, but the bulk of the material must have been produced locally. Our objectives are to demonstrate local ceramic production in both Greek colonies and native settlements in Dalmatia, and also to report on the composition and manufacture technology associated with this pottery. We examine 36 Hellenistic potsherds recovered from the coast of Croatia: a sanctuary on Cape Ploča, the native settlement of Resnik, and the Greek colony Issa. For the first time, archaeometric evidence supporting local production in Resnik is presented, while two local manufacturing centers are proposed for the bulk of the Cape Ploča pottery. The term Dalmatian production is suggested here to describe these indigenous ceramics. Material characteristics of the Issa samples suggest local colonial production and sophisticated ceramic technology. 相似文献
11.
气候变化与农业——最新的研究成果与政策考虑 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
全球气候变化将严重地限制农业生产，并引起广泛的饥荒，这种预计的灾害情景已经引起世界的关注和这样的争论，即是否要大幅度地削减温室气体到大气中的排放量。未来气候变化对农业的可能影响现在已经进行了一些详细的研究，虽然可以想象还有很多不确定性，但已进行的所有研究还都没有发现全球的食物供应会受到严重的威胁。采取适应对策在一些国家可以产生节省成本的后果，但采取适应对策所需的新增成本会给发展中国家的发展造成严重的障碍。农业减缓对策的顺利实施，也取决于能否减少技术转让与扩散的障碍，是否能获取可用资金以支持发展中国家的能力建设和其它帮助全球所有地区落实行为转变和技术机遇的措施 相似文献
12.
S. Safa G. Soucy 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(4):1165-1188
During two last decades, numerous technologies and approaches are presented for treating contaminants in liquids and solutions. Among them, thermal plasma has shown rapid kinetic and high destruction efficiencies due to very high temperature and highly active radicals. Hence, the use of thermal plasma for treatment of the contaminants in liquids and solutions has received a lot of attention in view of its low environmental impacts. This review focuses on thermal plasma, and it describes the current status of liquid and solution treatment using this technology. A comprehensive analysis of the available scientific and technical literature on liquid and solution plasma treatment is presented, including the treatment of a variety of contaminants in liquids and solutions via different kinds of thermal plasma. The principles of thermal plasma generation and the available plasma technologies with potential applications to generate valuable products from liquid waste are presented. In addition, the results of the thermal plasma processes for the treatment of specific contaminants are investigated. In light of the investigated literature, thermal plasma is found to have a significant potential to treat the liquid wastes. 相似文献
13.
14.
Climate change will have major impacts in the Great Lakes region of North America. Particularly vulnerable are shallow freshwater
estuaries, such as Lake Michigan’s Green Bay, located in the north-eastern part of the State of Wisconsin. Green Bay and the
Lower Fox River, its major tributary, were considered to be severely polluted as early as 1925. As a result of large expenditures
of money and a major research effort that has been conducted over the past 40 years or more, some progress has been made toward
the restoration of ecosystem integrity. However, work remains, and within this context, potential climate change impacts pose
additional challenges. We discuss in this paper a methodology that can be used to assess climate change impacts on ecosystems,
and describe an application to the Green Bay ecosystem. The methodology employs numerical methods to evaluate the inputs from
scientific, policy, and management experts who are knowledgeable about the ecosystem under study. The Green Bay ecosystem
application reveals that runoff from agriculture and urban sources, already a major ecosystem stressor, will be exacerbated
in the future as a result of climate change impacts. 相似文献
15.
中国人口和富裕对环境的影响 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：31
辨明人类活动各因素对环境影响作用的大小,并依此找寻发展的对策是当前可持续发展研究的核心问题之一.分析了IPAT等式在分解环境影响中人文因素的作用;采用生态足迹作为环境影响的测量指标,利用STIRPAT模型,以1999年中国各省市的截面数据为例,分析了人口数量、富裕程度、现代化及经济区位和自然区位对环境影响的具体作用,并在此基础上探讨了中国各省(市)的技术生态效益.结果表明:人口数量是当前环境影响的一个主要驱动因子,环境影响与人口数量近同比例变化,富裕程度或现代化程度增加也将加剧人类对环境的影响.在观测数据范围内,分析结果不支持存在环境Kuznets曲线的观点.最后分析讨论了不支持存在环境Kuznets曲线的原因及STIRPAT模型的优缺点,并指出社会适应性能力可作为下一步深入研究的方向. 相似文献
16.
This paper provides an inventory of radioactive waste management policies in seven industrialized democracies: the U.S., France, Japan, West Germany, Canada, the U.K. and Sweden. Collectively, these countries account for almost 75% of the world's installed nuclear power capacity and over 61% of its spentfuel production. Special emphasis is given to siting procedures for both high- and low-/intermediate-level waste repositories. Although several low-level repositories are operating or under construction, only West Germany has selected a site for high-level waste disposal, at Gorleben. It is expected that siting decisions will be highly conflict-laden in each country except for pro-nuclear France. The procedures for resolving potential siting conflicts are briefly reviewed. Sweden's strategy of siting its low-level repository near Forsmark offshore beneath the Baltic seabed minimizes conflict and may become attractive to other nations. Also, transnational agreements may eventually be sought as radioactive waste disposal is an international problem. This paper concludes with a comparative discussion of siting policies and their potential impacts. 相似文献
17.
水泥 水玻璃化学灌浆是把水泥、水玻璃按一定比例混合后形成的，这种浆液注入地基后，能将原松散地层的土粒和裂隙胶结成一个整体（“结石体”），其结构新，强度大，化学稳定性好，能彻底改善软弱地基土的物理和力学性质。水泥 水玻璃化学灌浆不仅具有水泥灌浆的优点，而且兼有化学浆液的一些特点。 相似文献
18.
Bai-Shan Li Pei-Jiang Zhou Xi-Yuan Wang Liandong Zhu 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(6):692-700
Hanjiang river is the longest river in Yangtze river basin, having high economic importance to China for its economically exploitable hydropower and potential water resources. In an attempt to satisfy China’s economic and social development needs, the Chinese government has established cascade dams and four relative water diversion projects in Hanjiang river, which aims at transferring water from south (Hanjiang river) to north (water-stricken areas). However, there are increasing eco-environmental concerns associated with the establishment and development of cascade hydropower. In this study, the opportunities and eco-environmental influences related to Hanjiang river’s cascade hydropower development are explored and then recommendations are put forward to minimize the potential impacts. The implementation of vigorous projects related to hydropower and water diversion has an important role to play in solving flood, energy and water shortage problems. In addition, the eco-environmental and socio-economic impacts on the middle and downstream and its diversion can be relieved to some degree in the area. However, the establishment of projects can cause several impacts on the local eco-environment. First, Danjiangkou reservoir construction can cause change in water flow, water bloom, soil erosion in the river basin. Second, it can directly lead to the decrease of 10.5 billion cubic meters of water in the middle- and downstream areas, threatening the local supply of drinking water and influencing farming irrigation and industrial production. Finally, the construction of cascade hydropower dams can change the water form and fish stocks may reduce threatening eco-environment security and environmental geology. 相似文献
19.
Neil R. Seifried 《Geoforum》1992,23(4)
Within the recent upswing of the pulp and paper investment cycle, the province of Alberta dramatically expanded its industry by attracting several billion dollars of new and expanded plants. An important precondition for these events was the global shift to hardwoods which made the mixed forests on the plains of Alberta useful and desirable for forest products firms. Beyond this, the government of Alberta aggressively fostered expansion through an array of measures to attract investment. Alberta was made competitive, in cost terms, by cost concessions within its industrial and forestry policies. In part, this was necessary because of relatively high standards in its environmental regulations. With the surge of investment, unforseen problems arose when several mills were located on individual rivers, and there were concerns over downstream water quality for which there were no clearcut answers. The lightning rod of public concern was the giant Alpac mill, one of the last to be proposed, which gained official approval after an extended approval process led to a change in process technology. However, official approval for the various mills has not allayed public misgivings and legal challenges over environmental impacts of various steps in the process from tree extraction to pulp and paper production. 相似文献
20.
化学矿山企业ＣＩＭＳ应用工程应既具现代企业生产、管理的通用性,又具有矿山生产的特殊性,并需与具体矿山相结合。建立的ＣＩＭＳ应以国际标准ＳＴＥＰ技术为基础,以面向对象数据库系统、先进操作系统为软件平台,以ＧＩＳ（地理信息系统）为支撑,对化学矿山企业生产中地质、采矿、选矿进行系统集成,并将管理信息、决策信息、计算机辅助设计融入其中。建立一个以市场需求与成本控制为核心,人 机协调的ＣＩＭＳ。实施化学矿山ＣＩＭＳ应用工程,要通过计算机系统集成取得效益,对生产过程进行适度计算机控制,强调人的作用。 相似文献