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1.
Lydia Kiroff 《Urban geography》2017,38(10):1573-1602
Auckland is New Zealand’s largest city with the largest concentration of creative sector employment and businesses in the country. This paper examines the spatial distribution of firms in the design creative subsector across the Auckland Region and in inner Auckland and ascertains the key determinants of firm location. The macrolevel findings indicate that the architectural and specialized design firms have similar spatial distribution patterns across the Auckland Region, while the advertising subsector demonstrates an extreme tendency toward spatial concentration only in inner Auckland. All three subsectors have a strong propensity to clustering within inner Auckland; however, one CBD (Central Business District) fringe area, Parnell outperforms the rest. The microlevel findings reveal hybridized creative clusters of uneven density. Parnell’s unique brand and place-specific characteristics were the key determinants of firm location which led to the spontaneous collocation of firms. These location decisions had the unintended consequence of creating agglomeration economies. 相似文献
2.
Gordon M. Winder 《New Zealand geographer》2006,62(1):50-64
Abstract: In 1908 Auckland City was the commercial hub for a small and remote provincial economy and cannot have supported more than modest, locally orientated enterprises. This paper argues that such a view is conditioned by a 'landlubber's gaze'. By envisaging a seafarer alighting on the City's wharves from a 1908 steamship to encounter the city's commercial heart, it demonstrates that Queen Street opened to a maritime world where Auckland enterprises enjoyed extensive networks and markets. Indeed, Auckland's 'floating world' rivalled its 'residential world'. Such an approach may force us to recast Auckland Province in archipelago and network terms. 相似文献
3.
Species distribution models of stray cats were developed using two types of occurrence data: (i) a combined dataset of stray cats and cat colonies in Auckland and projected to the wider New Zealand area; and (ii) population density as an analogue for country-wide stray cat occurrence. These occurrence data, together with sets of environmental variables were used as input to the Maxent modelling tool to produce maps of suitability for the species. Environmental variables used in the models consist of current bioclimatic conditions, and a future climate scenario (RCP8.5 for year 2070 CCSM model). Commonly occurring bias in the modelling process due to latitude, the area for selecting background points in model evaluation, inherent spatial autocorrelation of occurrence points, and correlated bioclimatic variables were explicitly addressed. Results show that the North Island consistently provide more suitable areas for stray cats with increased suitability in a high emission climate change condition. Key protected areas at risk from the increased suitability to stray cats are also presented. 相似文献
4.
ABSTRACT. Recent work on Asian ethnic minority immigrants to cities in the Anglophone Pacific Rim argues that their settlement patterns do not conform to those of earlier migrant streams. Instead of concentrating in high‐density, low‐quality, inner‐city housing, these new residents are moving directly to suburban areas where they form much less intensive concentrations—ethnoburbs—than has been typical of other culturally distinct migrant groups. We evaluate this thesis for Asian migrants in the Auckland metropolitan area, whose numbers more than quadrupled between 1991 and 2006. Their residential pattern is compared with that of Pacific Islanders also resident there, providing supporting evidence for the ethnoburb hypothesis. 相似文献
5.
The rent gap is the difference between the actual and potential ground rent of a site. This paper estimates the rent gap into two ways: gaps estimated using actual and potential ground rents at the same scale, and those based on different scales, and unpacks the relationship between renovation and both of these rent gaps via logistic regression. Using the suburb of Point Chevalier in Auckland as a case study, we find that the rent gap at a single scale is a more appropriate proxy for Smith’s rent gap concept in this particular case. A comparison between Point Chevalier and other neighborhoods in Auckland suggests that the co-occurrence between renovation events and rent gap derives from capital flows and class struggle in gentrification and that the rent gap is both an outcome of the social relations that produce gentrification, and a symptom of it. 相似文献
6.
We explore the feasibility of developing measures of area deprivation from routinely collected administrative data for the Auckland Region, based on the Scottish Indices of Multiple Deprivation. Using data from national health, social development, education, and police databases, geospatial data providers and the 2006 Census, we developed seven domains of deprivation: Employment; Income; Crime; Housing; Health; Education; and Geographical Access, which were combined to create an overall Index of Multiple Area‐Level Deprivation.Small areas developed for this research (‘Lower Zones’) highlight variations in deprivation for domains separately and combined, and validate the indices using smoking prevalence data. 相似文献
7.
以安庆沿江农田不同退耕还湖方式——低坝高网式水产养殖和湿地自然恢复区的湿地土壤为研究对象,并以邻近的水田和旱地土壤作为参照,研究退耕还湖后湿地土壤生物化学性质变化.结果表明,退耕还湖18a(1991～2009年)后,在湿地自然恢复区,湿地土壤(深度为0～30 cm)微生物量碳含量、土壤磷酸酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性增大,土壤脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性减小;由水田退耕18a的湿地亚表层土壤(深度为15～30 cm)脲酶活性和表层土壤(深度为0～15 cm)过氧化氢酶活性与由旱地退耕18a的湿地无明显差异,由水田退耕18a的湿地表层土壤脲酶活性和亚表层土壤过氧化氢酶活性、表层和亚表层土壤微生物量碳含量、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性都明显高于由旱地退耕18a的湿地.退耕还湖18a后,进行低坝高网式水产养殖的湿地土壤微生物量碳含量、土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性减小,而过氧化氢酶活性增大;由水田退耕18a的湿地表层和亚表层土壤微生物量碳含量与由旱地退耕18a的湿地无明显差异,由水田退耕18a的湿地表层和亚表层土壤脲酶活性、表层土壤蔗糖酶活性和亚表层土壤磷酸酶活性明显高于由旱地退耕18a的湿地,而其亚表层土壤蔗糖酶、表层土壤磷酸酶、表层和亚表层土壤过氧化氢酶活性均显著低于由旱地退耕18a的湿地.天然湿地土壤微生物量碳含量、土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性明显低于已退耕还湖的湿地和参照农田土壤.退耕还湖后,湿地的不同利用方式及其历史利用方式影响湿地土壤生物化学性质;湿地土壤有机质等养分含量和水文条件变化是导致湿地土壤生物化学性质变化的主要原因. 相似文献
8.
Despite the high incidence of musculoskeletal health problems in New Zealand, the use of specialised musculoskeletal healthcare providers appears to be limited to a small subsection of society. Analysis of the spatial distribution of musculoskeletal and general practice clinics in Auckland, New Zealand was undertaken to understand the geographical component of the issue of musculoskeletal healthcare accessibility. The locations of all physiotherapy, chiropractic, osteopathic, podiatry, acupuncture and general practitioner (GP) clinics in urban Auckland were mapped and analysed using a combination of spatial statistical tools. Results showed a contrast between the distribution of the predominantly privately-funded musculoskeletal clinics, which appeared clustered in central areas of the city, and predominantly publicly-funded GP clinics, which appeared more evenly spread across the study area. Several physical and social environmental variables appeared to be correlated with clinic location, including clinic proximity to major roads and urban centres, and residential socioeconomic status and ethnicity. This study represents a first step in understanding the underlying causes of the demographic divide between users and non-users of musculoskeletal healthcare. These results may help to inform the development of strategies to improve the accessibility of musculoskeletal healthcare services for people living or working in areas with low provision of musculoskeletal clinics. 相似文献
9.
J. H. Gauld 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1981,1(3):199-212
A brief account of the environmental conditions within Culbin forest is provided as a background to tracing the evolution of the area since late Glacial time. Where possible, the events are placed in historical order and the development and morphological characteristics of the soils are discussed.With the exception of the humus podsols, which are developed on an old dune system, the soils lack profile development. However, since the establishment of a tree canopy, soil horizon development has been initiated and a weakly developed iron podsol has been extensively mapped. Otherwise, the soils are classified as regosols. with some low-lying soils assigned to a gleyic subgroup. The widespread occurrence of buried peat and alluvial horizons was noted during fieldwork, and mapping units that incorporate these important horizons have been separated.Investigation into the potential of each of the mapping units for forestry reveals that where buried horizons are present significant increases in yield class can be anticipated: elsewhere nitrogen and general nutrient deficiency have seriously affected tree growth, which is only mediocre in performance. However, recent work has shown that a dramatic increase in yield class can be brought about with the application of fertilizer. 相似文献
10.
暴雨对土壤组成和性质的影响——以河南省泌阳暴雨中心区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以河南省泌阳暴雨中心区为例 ,在野外土壤调查和室内理化分析的基础上 ,分析讨论了暴雨对土壤组成和性质的影响。结果表明 ,暴雨中心区土壤因长期的暴雨冲刷 ,土层浅薄 ,发生层数目少 ,土体构型简单 ;砾石含量高 ,物理性粘粒含量低 ,质地类型多属多砾质砂土 ;土体中不出现肉眼可辨的铁锰结核 ;土壤淋溶作用强烈 ,呈微酸性反应 ;土壤有机质和速效氮含量较高 ,而速效钾含量偏低 ,有机质表聚化现象不明显 ;盐基淋溶率小于 1 0 0 ,土体SiO2 /R2 O3小于 7 0 0 ,脱硅和富铁铝化作用明显 ,土体风化程度较高。对暴雨中心区附近的土壤来说 ,上述土壤组成和性质均出现明显的差异。 相似文献
11.
横断山区位于青藏高原东缘和多条重要江河的上游,是全球生物多样性最丰富的地区和生态保护的优先区域之一,区域植被对维系区域生态安全和可持续发展起着十分重要的作用。20世纪90年代以来,中国在横断山区实施了多项重大生态恢复和建设工程,但囿于资料和调查不足,对于横断山区全域性、长时段的植被变化及其与海拔关系研究相对较少。鉴此,本文结合使用1992—2020年间多种基于卫星遥感资料生产的土地覆被数据和2000—2020年间MODIS的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,采用转移矩阵、Theil-Sen Median趋势分析与偏相关分析等方法研究不同植被类型转换、植被覆被面积与平均海拔变化关系以及植被活动的时空变化趋势,并分析时空变化的主要影响因素。结果表明：① 横断山区分布最广泛的植被类型是常绿针叶林与灌丛—草地镶嵌类型。植被发生变化的区域集中分布在河谷和南部低海拔区域,草地多向森林特别是常绿针叶林转换,植被覆被逐渐向好。这表明封山育林、植树造林、退耕还林等生态保护政策起到重要积极作用。时间序列数据显示,植被覆被面积变化剧烈的时期往往处在政策实施的起始阶段。② 植被活动整体呈现增强趋势。在植被类型未变化的区域中,75%以上区域植被活动增强,其中超20%的区域显著增强（P < 0.05）,且森林植被活动增强趋势大于草地。③ 对植被活动影响较大的环境因子主要是气候变化和地形条件。尽管大部分区域植被活动受气候变暖影响而增强,但在干热河谷的植被活动明显受到降水减少的限制。有近1/4面积的植被活动在减弱,主要分布在山地东坡或南坡,或与降水较多、山高坡陡而造成滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害有关。这些发现可为横断山区生态保护政策效益评估、自然灾害综合风险评估和未来气候变化影响下的植被变化预测提供参考。 相似文献
12.
山东省广饶县土壤重金属来源、分布及生态风险 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取山东省广饶县作为研究区,采集300个表层土壤样品（0~20 cm）,测定As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等10种重金属含量;运用多元统计和地统计分析方法揭示广饶县土壤重金属元素的来源与空间分布特征,最后利用H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属的潜在生态风险。结果表明：① 研究区土壤中Co和Pb的平均值低于山东省背景值,其他8种元素的平均值均超过山东省背景值;特别是Cd和Hg的平均含量分别达到山东省背景值的1.86倍和2.50倍,说明在土壤中存在明显的富集。② As、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn为自然源,受成土母质控制;Hg为人为源,主要来源于煤炭燃烧和工业排放;Cd和Pb受自然和人为因素共同控制。③ 成土母质控制着As、Cd、 Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的基本分布格局,不同土地利用类型的土壤Hg含量差别较明显,其高值区集中在城镇建设用地。④ 总体上,研究区为中等生态风险的偏高水平,其中Cd和Hg分别为中等和较高生态风险,其余8种元素处于低生态风险。 相似文献
13.
Anthony M. Fowler 《New Zealand geographer》2021,77(1):16-31
Previous work related to central‐Auckland site Albert Park showed that sparse site histories for inner‐city weather stations can be usefully supplemented by mining searchable online historical archives (Papers Past, DigitalNZ), at least as far back as 1909. Assessment of potential is extended here back to 1853, within the context of developing a long‐term rainfall record for Auckland. Although late 19th century sources are thinner and of poorer quality, much useful information could be gleaned about the locations and exposures of early sites. Hypothesised implications for the rainfall record suggest that all early site data need to be adjusted upwards. 相似文献
14.
Earth fissures have developed at Wadi Al-Yutamah, western Saudi Arabia. The fissues are associated with land subsidence which is considered to be due to both rapid draw down of the ground-water level and hydrocompaction of the wadi soil after flooding. This phenomenon is relatively recent in the area.The wadi soil was investigated and classified in the field, and disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected for laboratory testing and analysis. The engineering properties of the wadi soils were determined, including in situ field density, specific gravity, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, shrinkage limit, and consolidation characteristics such as total settlement and coefficient of subsidence (collapse).Four types of silty soil of different colours were identified, in addition to yellowish-brown sand (representing the dunes) which accumulated on the surface of the study area. The silty soils include yellowish-brown silty sand, yellowish-gray silt, pale brown silt and yellowish-brown clayey silt. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the clay is mainly kaolinite and illite with minor smectite. The dominant soil type in the study area is silt of low plasticity, high void ratio and low density which decreased with depth. This soil was classified as loess-like materials.The studied soils are of a collapsing type, and settlement is greatly increased by excessive wetting under constant pressure. The calculated coefficients of subsidence (collapse) of the soils at different depths generally increased with decreasing soil density and ranged between 3·1% and 10·8%. The wadi soils are considered to pose a moderate problem when wetted. 相似文献
15.
This paper describes the creation of two new geographical boundary files, known respectively as lower zones and upper zones, for investigating social phenomena and visualising disparities in health outcomes in the Auckland Region of New Zealand. We test the effectiveness of contemporary automated zone design tools before applying an interactive approach which integrated computational power with expert local knowledge and visual interpretation to develop meaningful zones. We demonstrate that an interactive approach addresses multiple zone design criteria (e.g. respecting physical barriers, compactness and homogeneity) more effectively than is possible with an automated approach. 相似文献
16.
基于GIS的土壤全氮空间分布估算——以江西省兴国县为例 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
运用GIS的空间分析技术和DEM,在区域范围内,可以表征基于母岩和地形因子的土壤-景观模型。本次研究根据兴国县151个样点数据,分析TN和地形因子的相关关系,建立回归模型,进行估算。结果表明:表层土壤中TN含量平均值为1.06g/kg,千枚岩发育的土壤中TN的平均含量最高,为1.35g/kg ;砂页岩发育的土壤中TN的平均含量最低,为0.88g/kg 。空间分布上:TN含量在0.5g/kg~1.0g/kg的面积最大,为1580km2,TN含量在2.0g/kg以上的面积最小,为127km2。地形变量中坡向对TN含量影响最大,TN含量和母岩、海拔、坡向存在着正相关关系,坡度和TN含量的相关关系不明显。利用回归分析模型和DEM(30m×30m),估算TN的空间分布,R2为0.637。 相似文献
17.
To understand whether soils on the same geomorphic surface have similar properties, this study examines the morphology of soils developed on the 30-kyr-old Taoyuan Terrace, Northwestern Taiwan. Relationships among soil morphology, variations in the groundwater table, and soil forming processes were established based on field investigations and previously published datasets. The soil series in the study area can be grouped into seven types, including three homogeneous groups, two mottled groups, one gley group, and one reworked group. Fifteen hand-core samples collected in the field and borehole data were used to understand spatial variations in soil morphology. The results indicate that soil morphology on the southern Taoyuan Terrace changes systematically from the fore-edge to the back-edge: from red/orange soils to yellow soils, then to mottled soils, and finally to gley soils. The borehole data indicate that the groundwater table is generally parallel to the ground surface but drops significantly near the terrace fore-edge. This pattern matches with the observed soil toposequence, indicating that the pedogenic processes in the study area are mainly controlled by groundwater distribution determined by topography. Although soils on the terrace fore-edge have developed under the well-drained conditions that favor lateritization, at least two distinct soil types (i.e., red and orange) can be observed there, reflecting different geomorphological settings in a paleo-fluvial landscape. This work suggests that geomorphological and hydrological conditions should be examined carefully before using soil morphology for correlating geomorphic surfaces. 相似文献
18.
Preliminary reconstruction of sediment-source linkages for the past 6000 yr at the Petit Lac d'Annecy, France, based on mineral magnetic data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
John Dearing Yuquan Hu Pippa Doody Peter A. James Achim Brauer 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(2):245-258
An 8 m core from the central plain of the Petit Lac d'Annecy, France, two floodplain cores, river bedload sediments and several hundred soil samples from the catchment have been studied using magnetic techniques. The soils, mainly developed on limestones and local glacial tills, show widespread magnetic enhancement with higher ferrimagnetic concentrations and contents of SP grains than found in the lake sediments. Some soils show significant concentrations of canted antiferromagnetic minerals (mainly haematite). Using magnetic quotient parameters the surface soils are classified into four mineralogical types. The lake and floodplain sediment properties over the past 6000 yrs can largely be explained by the erosion and deposition of these sources, with a smaller superimposed biogenic (magnetosomes) signal. Derived sediment-source linkages allow the construction of several hypotheses about geomorphological changes in the catchment system: (i) the long-term erosion of high altitude unweathered substrates has gradually increased towards the present day; (ii) the erosion of high altitude soils has increased within the last 1000 yrs, possibly during the period of the 'Little Ice Age'; (iii) shifts towards an increased erosion of surface lowland soil occurred ~2000 and 1000 yrs ago and may be linked to an accelerated accretion of floodplain overbank deposits; (iv) there has been a significant storage of surface soil within floodplains, which leads to an underestimation of the importance of soil erosion in the lake sediment records; (v) the sediment transported by high magnitude, low frequency flood events has shifted in source from high altitude soils before ~1000 cal. yr BP to lowland and mid-altitude free draining soils after ~1000 cal. yr BP. 相似文献
19.
Abstract: The task of designing appropriate institutional arrangements for metropolitan government and planning has recently proved highly contestable politically. We interrogate how the role of the Auckland Regional Council (ARC) was zealously contested and hollowed-out during the 1990s. More recently, the impacts of the neo-liberal reforms in Auckland have been mediated by a further round of local government reforms inspired by a Third Way ideology and by the imperative to respond to the planning crisis resulting from infrastructure underinvestment. New regionally based governance arrangements and planning processes have been created. We argue that this new commitment to regionalism can realistically expect to be tested by deep-seated political cleavages within Auckland and by Auckland's relationship with central government. 相似文献
20.
Francis Leo Collins 《New Zealand geographer》2004,60(1):52-59
This paper discusses some of the ways that international students, particularly those from East Asia, are involved in the transformation of urban space in Auckland City. Using existing economic reports, local media accounts and the author's initial observations, the paper identifies how the embodied and linguistic practices of international students are involved in the changing landscapes of Auckland's inner city. This cursory reading serves to identify a research agenda and to reflect upon some key theoretical textxs. The insights of Arjun Appadurai, Michael Peter Smith and Ulrich Beck are used to suggest that the changes in Auckland, whilst certainly local, are also influenced fry factors that emerge from beyond the borders of international students' origin communities, cities and nations. 相似文献