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《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(3):553-580
Iron-titanium rich grains (‘ilmenites’ to a various degree of weathering) occuring along the coast line of Senegal and deriving from various parent units are characterized from their size, texture, magnetic and geochemical properties. Both the corresponding data and their multivariate analysis lead to the conclusion that the ‘ilmenite’ grains derive from various sources, mainly local ones, except in the area of Saint-Louis where occur more distal grains from Mauritania. In the North of Cap Vert and in the South of Gambia, the ‘Continental Terminal’ formation represents the main source of the ‘ilmenite’ grains. Along the ‘Petite Côte’, ‘ilmenites’ derive mainly from the Maastrichtian formations of the ‘Massif de Ndiass’. Volcanic formation of the Cap Vert area does not represent a major source, except in the area of the extremity of the peninsula. The old ferricretes do not significantly contribute to the recent accumulation. The ‘ilmenites’ concentration along the beach lineis controlled by the different sedimentary cycles; the nouakchottian transgression beeing probably the most important event. In the Senegalese basin, a significant amount of the ‘ilmenites’ originated from the ‘Continental Terminal’ formation appears to derive from basic metamorphic rocks of the Mauritanide orogen. In the northern part of the basin, ‘ilmenite’ assemblage contains grains suggesting intermediate to acidic magmatic parental rocks. The calc-alkaline igneous complex from the structural units emplaced in the late Paleozoic on the NW margin of the Mauritanide orogen, and the Reguibat uplift, are two possible sources. The ‘ilmenite’ association found in the Maastrichtian formation probably derives from various paleozoic formations but its primary origin can not be deciphered. 相似文献
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L. Bubenicek 《Mineralium Deposita》1966,1(1):43-52
Résumé L'une des voies actuelles de la recherche menée pour comprendre les caractéristiques des gisements minéraux est de les considérer comme des anomalies de l'écorce terrestre.Une approache nettement plus fertile peut être entrevue dans un contexte géochimique. Un gisement de fer apparait comme l'impact de phénomènes géologiques élémentaires favorables situés à diverses échelles, sur les propriétés spécifiques du fer. Les gisements n'apparaissent que parce qu'il existe une hétérogénéité de la distribution des éléments chimiques dans l'écorce terrestre. L'analyse de cette hétérogénéité doit être regardée comme l'analyse des différentes formes de dilution. Cependant, chaque niveau de dilution est sous la dépendance de causes particulières et la poursuite de la concentration vers des échelles géométriques de plus en plus grandes est déterminée par ces causes favorables de plus en plus nombreuses dont la probabilité de rencontre est de plus en plus faible.
Many geologists want today to explain the characteristics of mineral deposits as anomalies in the earths crust. A more fruitful approach may be the consideration of the geochemical context. An iron deposit appears thus as the combination of favourable elementary geological phenomena with the specific properties of iron. There are deposits which may be attributed only to the heterogeneity in the distribution of elements through the earths crust. The analysis of this heterogeneity is an analysis of the different features of dilution. However, for each dilution level there are particular causes, and the continuation of a certain concentration towards larger geometric scales is determined by a growingly larger number of favourable causes and thus by causes whose probability of coincidence is increasingly smaller.相似文献
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Résumé— Le système de piémont atlasique du Sud marocain, d’âge tertiaire, est constitué dans le secteur de Boudenib de deux unités distinctes. La llamada de Boudenib forme l’unité inférieure et se caractérise par d’importants encroûtements carbonatés, riches en dolomite et attapulgite. L’unité supérieure de la llamada du Cuir marque une reprise de l’érosion et le dépôt de matériaux relativement peu altérés.Des silicifications affectent les différents faciès de l’unité inférieure, ainsi que les grès crétacés sous-jacents, et jalonnent une surface d’érosion intra-fonnationnelle. Ces silicifications sont précoces, puisque remaniées dans les dépôts ultérieurs. Les illuviations d’opale et les accumulations gramdaires intercalées entre les concrétionnements successifs de silice attestent d’environnements pédologiques. La silicification plus forte vers la partie supérieure des coupes, ainsi que l’association fréquente des faciés silicifiés avec des niveaux hioturhés et altérés sont également à rapporter à des dispositions pédologiques. Ce sont des silcréles pédogénétiques.L’étude micrographique montre que la silicification procède par épigénie des argiles et des carbonates, ainsi que par des cristallisations dans les vides. C’est à partir des vides existants (fentes, bioturbations et porosité intergranulaire) que se développe la silicification, montrant ainsi le rôle primordial des circulations. En particulier, l’épigénie des carbonates par la silice semble limitée par la diffusion de la silice à partir des vides, où le renouvellement des solutions est assuré. Les séquences de cristallisation des différentes formes de silice (allant de l’opale vers les quartz automorphes) peuvent être interprétées en terme d’évolution du milieu au cours de la silicification. Au fur et à mesure que des dépôts de silice se font sur les parois des vides, les solutions nourricières sont isolées de la roche encaissante, elles se chargent alors moins en cations étrangers, et la cristallisation de plus grands cristaux peut intervenir.Les silicifications se développent pendant une période de stabilité tectonique et s’installent dans un paysage de glacis et sous des climats chauds à saisons alternées. Leur reconnaissance à l’échelle régionale peut constituer un repère lithostratigraphique précieux. 相似文献
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《Geodinamica Acta》1998,11(1):1-11
In order to debate of the early Paleozoic paleogeography, the repartition of the Hercynian blocks, today scattered around West-Mediterranean Sea. should be known. This is the case for the end of the Paleozoic (Fig. 1), but not for the beginning; Fig. 6 is drawn with the supposed repartition in the middle of the Carboniferous.In Central and Eastern Pyrenees and surrounding areas (Fig. 1), Upper Ordovician beds rest unconformably upon a thick (4–6 km), dominantly pelitic series known as Lower Paleozoic in the Eastern Pyrenees or Seo Formation in the Central Pyrenees. The metamorphic lower part of this series often lies over metagranilic orthogneisses, which are best interpreted as a Precambrian basement, Panafriean-Cadomian in age. By correlation with fossiliferous series of other areas, the Pyrenean Lower Paleozoic should be mainly Cambrian in age (ranging from Uppermost Proterozoic to Lowermost Ordovician).For the purpose of this paper, the complex lithostratigraphic succession of the Lower Paleozoic of the Eastern Pyrenees, with two groups and seven formations, could be summarized (Fig. 2) by a threefold division, from bottom to top: (i) a pelile-greywacke and carbonate unit, with a conspicuous plagioclasic component and a sodic composition (Uppermost Precambrian to Lowermost Cambrian?): (ii) a sandstone-pelite unit, with lithic sandstones, ending with a carbonate level, well developped in the Central Pyrenees (Lower Cambrian?): (iii) a mudstone-siltstone unit (Middle-Upper Cambrian?). Fossiliferous Lower Cambrian beds which outcrop at Terrades (south of the Eastern Pyrenees) could be a remnant of an allochthon unit which can be compared with the nappe-thrusts of the nearby Southern Montagne Noire.The pelite-greywacke and carbonate unit (Fig. 3) occurs only in the South-Eastern Pyrenees as a south to north transgressive platform bordering a basin extending southwards; not far south of Eastern Pyrenees, a volcanism of “intermediate” type supplied in plagioclasic clasts the greywackes and volcanoclastic deposits. Near the base of the sequence, a bimodal volcanism and synsedimentary faults reflect the extensional context of the basin initiation, the geochemistry of which has been related to back-arc setting. An acidic volcanism developped higher in the sequence (tufs and hypovolcanic bodies). Carbonate levels are numerous, particularly in the lower part of the unit. The upper part of the sequence is an oslistostrome made of polygenic intraformational conglomerates fed from the south: it outlines the transition to the next unit.The sandstone-pelite unit (Fig. 4) rests conformably on the previous one in the Eastern Pyrenees, and is unconformable upon the Precambrian basement to the north (North-Pyrenean massifs) and to the west (Central Pyrenees). It is characterized by arkosic lithic sandstones with clear quartz grains: they originated in the erosion of a granitic basement and/or acidic volcanic rocks. Coarseness of the sandstones and thickness (up to 2–4 km) of the unit increase from south-east to north and west. A carbonate upper level, well developped in the Central Pyrenees, can be correlated with Lower Cambrian limestones from the surrounding areas.The mudstone-siltstone unit (Fig. 5) is defined by the prevalence of mm- to cm- scale alternations of argillaceous mud and silt of a flyschoid type, representing a more basinal sedimentation. A carbonate level, the highest in the series, is intercalated in Ihe lower part ot the unit: above this level, deposits are very homogeneous and thiek (about 2 km). A poorly known formation with pelitcs and sandstones caps the muddy-silty unit: it could be Lower Ordovician in age.Thus, the Pyrenean domain shows the same depositional history as West-Mediterranean area: (i) first, a volcano-sedimentary platform or basin occurs, as in Central Spain. Eastern Pyrenees. Sardinia and axial zone of the Montagne Noire, but not further north; (ii) second, a silicoclastic platform spreads out. which becomes carbonated at the end: (iii) third. Ihe basin deepens and receives fine silicoclaslies. This evolution is not fully accounted for in recent synthesis of Pre-hercynian France or Spain, and it should appear useful for a better understanding of the south French Massif Central geological history. 相似文献