共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 47 毫秒
1.
The structure and evolution of the zero-acceleration surface around wide triple systems of galaxies are studied in detail. (The zero-acceleration surface is the boundary separating regions in which (i) the Newtonian gravitational attraction of the galactic matter and (ii) the Einsteinian universal repulsion of the cosmic vacuum dominate.) For a typical system, this surface is spherical in shape and several megaparsecs in size, and remains nearly unchanged throughout the lifetime of the system. The concept of a boundary surface can also be extended to systems on the largest possible scales, and its general properties are discussed in relation to clusters, superclusters, and voids. 相似文献
2.
We discuss recently published data indicating that the nearby galaxy group NGC 1023 includes an inner, virialized, quasi-stationary
component together with an outer component comprising a flow of dwarf galaxies falling toward the center of the system. The
inner component is similar to the Local Group of galaxies, but the Local Group is surrounded by a receding set of dwarf galaxies
forming the local Hubble flow, rather than a system of approaching dwarfs. This clear difference in the structures of these
two systems, which are very similar in other respects, may be associated with the dark energy in which they are immersed.
Self-gravity dominates in the inner component of the Local Group, while the anti-gravity created by the cosmic dark-energy
background dominates in the surrounding Hubble flow. In contrast, self-gravity likewise dominates throughout the NGC 1023
Group, both in its central component and in the surrounding “anti-Hubble” flow. NGC 1023 as a whole is apparently in an ongoing
state of formation and virialization. We expect that there exists a receding flow similar to the local Hubble flow at distances
of 1.4–3 Mpc from the center of the group, where anti-gravity should become stronger than the gravity of the system. 相似文献
3.
L. G. Lyk’yanov 《Astronomy Reports》2009,53(1):9-18
The general solution and general integral of the equations of motion in the field of the cosmic vacuum are constructed. It is shown that the resulting motions of galaxies are along either hyperbolic or rectilinear paths. The laws of motion of galaxies in the field of the cosmic vacuum are formulated. Various forms of the Hubble law are considered. A strict adherence to the Hubble law is not possible for most initial conditions in the sense of the Lebesgue measure. Therefore, it becomes meaningless to search for explanations to deviations from the Hubble law due to any physical factor, apart from the repulsive force of the cosmic vacuum. Phase portraits for the galaxy motions are constructed. It is shown that the Hubble constant should be determined observationally using the most distant galaxies, since the accuracy of the result will be reduced otherwise. 相似文献
4.
The two-body problem of classical mechanics can be extended in a natural way by introducing a universal dark-energy background, which acts as a third dynamical factor. For real systems of galaxies, the corresponding additional acceleration is described by general relativity in the Newtonian limit, in which deviations from the Minkowski metric are very small. It is shown that this acceleration has the same form in different inertial and non-inertial reference frames. The invariance of the acceleration produced by dark energy reflects the fact that, according to its mechanical properties, dark energy is a vacuum that is comoving with any motion. In this generalized formulation, as in the classical case, the two-body problem with a dark-energy background reduces to the motion of a single body in a central field. Two problems of this kind are considered for the Local Group of galaxies. The first, “internal,” problem concerns the binary system formed by the main bodies of the Local Group: our galaxy and M31. The subject of the second, “external,” problem is the binary system formed by the Local Group as a whole and its closest neighbor, the Virgo Cluster. In the internal problem, the effect of the dark energy is that the binary system is not bound if its mass does not exceed 3 × 1012 M⊙, which is allowed by the observational data. The external problem demonstrates the possibility of an evolutionary scenario in which a group could initially be located in the volume of a cluster, but then leave it and, moving away with an acceleration created by dark energy, arrive at the observed distance from the cluster. 相似文献
5.
N. A. Tikhonov 《Astronomy Reports》2005,49(7):501-509
Stellar photometry of nearby irregular galaxies of the Local Group is used to identify and study the young and old stellar populations of these galaxies. An analysis of the spatial distributions of stars of different ages in face-on galaxies shows that the young stellar populations in irregular galaxies are concentrated toward the center, and form local inhomogeneities in star-forming regions, while the old stellar populations—red giants—form extended structures around the irregular galaxies. The sizes of these structures exceed the visible sizes of the galaxies at the 25m/arcsec2 isophote by a factor of two to three. The surface density of the red giants decreases exponentially from the center toward the edge, similar to the disk components in spiral galaxies. 相似文献
6.
L. M. Chechin 《Astronomy Reports》2010,54(8):719-723
The rotational effect of the cosmic vacuum is investigated. The induced rotation of elliptical galaxies due to the anti-gravity
of the vacuum is found to be 10−21 s−1 for real elliptical galaxies. The effect of the vacuum rotation of the entire Universe is discussed, and can be described
by the invariant ω
ν
= ω
0 ∼ $
\sqrt {G\rho v}
$
\sqrt {G\rho v}
. The corresponding numerical angular velocity of the Universe is 10−19 s−1, in good agreement with modern data on the temperature fluctuations of the cosmic background radiation. 相似文献
7.
We have carried out a search for low-surface-brightness dwarf galaxies in the region of the Leo-I Group (M96) in images of the second Palomar Sky Survey. We found a total of 36 likely dwarf members of the group with typical magnitudes B t ～18m–19m in an area of sky covering 120 square degrees. Half of these galaxies are absent from known catalogs and lists of galaxies. The radial-velocity dispersion calculated for 19 galaxies is 130 km/s. The Leo-I Group has a mean distance from the Sun of 10.4 Mpc, a mean projected radius of 352 kpc, an integrated luminosity of 6.7 × 1010L⊙, a virial mass-to-luminosity ratio of 107 M⊙/L⊙, and a mean crossing time of 2.7 Gyr. The group shows evidence for a radial segregation of the galaxies according to morphological type and luminosity, suggesting that the group is in a state of dynamical relaxation. The subsystem of bright galaxies in the Leo-I Group is smaller in size (250 kpc) and has a lower velocity dispersion (92 km/s), resulting in a lower virial mass-to-luminosity ratio (34 M⊙/L⊙), as is typical of the Local Group and other nearby groups of galaxies. 相似文献
8.
The history of the discovery of hot gas in galaxies is briefly reviewed, and the main properties of this gas described, emphasizing the need to refine these properties, in particular, the mass of the gas. It is proposed to do this via observations of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect due to hot gas in the coronas of elliptical galaxies. The absolute and relative perturbations of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation due to scattering of the CMB photons by electrons with a Maxwellian energy distribution are calculated. The possibility of observing the SZ effect is demonstrated using three elliptical galaxies as examples. The kinematic SZ effect arising due to the peculiar motions and rotations of the galaxies is also accessible to observations. Together with X-ray data, such observations would enable refinement of the properties of gas in galaxies, and also yield additional information about the rotation of galaxies, possible accretion flows in the galactic gas, and hot galactic winds. 相似文献
9.
Astronomy Reports - The largest galaxy systems in the cosmic web are superclusters, overdensity regions of galaxies, groups, clusters, and filaments. Low-density regions around superclusters are... 相似文献
10.
Quantitative estimates of themaximumallowed totalmasses and sizes of the dark-matter halos in groups and associations of dwarf galaxies—special types of metagalactic populations identified in recent astronomical observations with the Hubble Space Telescope—are presented. Dwarf-galaxy systems are formed of isolated dark-matter halos with a small number of dark galaxies embedded in them. Data on the sizes of these systems and the velocity dispersions of the embedded galaxies can be used to determine lower limits on the total dark-halo masses using the virial theorem. Upper limits follow from the conditions that the systems immersed in the cosmic dark-energy background be gravitationally bound. The median maximum masses are close to 1012 M ⊙ for both groups and associations of dwarf galaxies, although the median virial masses for these two types of systems differ by approximately a factor of ten. 相似文献
11.
We suggest a method for extracting important cosmological information from observational data on galaxy proper motions on
the celestial sphere. These data can be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional velocities of galaxies relative to the cosmicmicrowave
background (peculiar velocities), and to separate the Hubble and peculiar components of the observed redshifts in a large
volume for the first time. As a result, it is possible to determine the Hubble constant accurately and independently using
the radial velocities of comparatively close galaxies (up to 50 Mpc), and to determine distances to the galaxies and the mass
distribution in the neighborhood of the Local group of galaxies. The proposed task may be solved using the future “Millimetron”
space radio interferometer. 相似文献
12.
根据舟山近海软基处理的监测数据,详细分析了地表沉降、分层沉降、孔隙水压力及土体水平位移等变化规律。分析表明:6 m以下土层预压后单位土体的压缩量较大,与该土体土质和预压前土层未被压缩有关;每级堆载的施加使孔压相应增加,但因真空预压占主导地位加之孔压的转化,使孔压仍呈下降趋势,且产生的联合超静孔压始终小于0, 说明采用真空联合堆载预压加固软基过程中,抽真空形成一定的负超静孔压后,快速堆载不会出现地基失稳现象;一定深度下土体水平位移由收缩变为向外挤出,是因井阻使真空度沿深度衰减较大,产生的真空吸力小于堆载产生的向外的附加应力。真空联合堆载预压的有效影响深度可达塑料排水板以下4 m。 相似文献
13.
We discuss possible interpretations of the extragalactic double galaxy CSL-1. CSL-1 can be explained either as the projection of two morphologically identical galaxies or as the effect of gravitational lensing by a cosmic string. We discuss the first of these possibilities in detail. More accurate observations will enable unambiguous conclusions about the nature of CSL-1. 相似文献
14.
A. V. Uryson 《Astronomy Reports》2001,45(8):591-599
The arrival directions of extensive air showers with energies 4×1019<E≤3×1020 eV detected by the AGASA, Yakutsk, Haverah Park, and Fly’s Eye arrays are analyzed in order to identify possible sources of cosmic rays with these energies. We searched for active galactic nuclei, radio galaxies, and X-ray pulsars within 3-error boxes around the shower-arrival directions and calculated the probabilities of objects being in the 3 error boxes by chance. These probabilities are small in the case of Seyfert galaxies with redshifts z<0.01 and BL Lac objects, corresponding to P>3σ (σ is the parameter of Gaussian distribution). The Seyfert galaxies are characterized by moderate luminosities (L<1046 erg/s) and weak radio and X-ray emission. We also analyzed gamma-ray emission at energies E>1014 eV recorded by the Bolivian and Tian Shan arrays. The source identifications suggest that the gamma rays could have been produced in interactions of cosmic rays with the microwave background radiation and subsequent electromagnetic cascades in intergalactic space. We estimate the strength of intergalactic magnetic fields outside galaxy clusters to be B≤8.7×10?10 G. 相似文献
15.
A. D. Chernin P. Teerikorpi V. P. Dolgachev A. A. Kanter L. M. Domozhilova M. J. Valtonen G. G. Byrd 《Astronomy Reports》2012,56(9):653-663
Outward flows of galaxies are observed around groups of galaxies on spatial scales of about 1 Mpc, and around galaxy clusters on scales of 10 Mpc. Using recent data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), we have constructed two synthetic velocity-distance phase diagrams: one for four flows on galaxy-group scales and the other for two flows on cluster scales. It has been shown that, in both cases, the antigravity produced by the cosmic dark-energy background is stronger than the gravity produced by the matter in the outflow volume. The antigravity accelerates the flows and introduces a phase attractor that is common to all scales, corresponding to a linear velocity-distance relation (the local Hubble law). As a result, the bundle of outflow trajectories mostly follow the trajectory of the attractor. A comparison of the two diagrams reveals the universal self-similar nature of the outflows: their gross phase structure in dimensionless variables is essentially independent of their physical spatial scales, which differ by approximately a factor of 10 in the two diagrams. 相似文献
16.
The Arp-Burbidge paradox (the enhanced density of distant quasars in the vicinity of some nearby galaxies) can potentially be explained as an effect of gravitational lensing within the existing cosmological paradigm. Distant, rich X-ray clusters, or even superclusters, of galaxies are observed along the lines of sight toward many of the objects on which this “paradox” is based. Such clusters can act as complex, transparent gravitational lenses, which can change the observed surface density of background objects due to the gravitational fields of both the cluster as a whole and of massive member galaxies, as well as of possible intergalactic globular clusters that may contain an appreciable fraction (～10%) of the dark matter in galaxy clusters. We have verified the statistical basis for the supposedly “paradoxical” observational facts using data from the SDSS catalog, and used the minimal spanning tree method to search for inhomogeneities in the surface distributions of 32 800 quasars in one region of the celestial sphere (α = 120°–260°, δ = 20°–70°). 相似文献
17.
Discovered for the first time in the Lower Anshan Group with a metamorphic grade from amphibolite to granulite facies, komatiites occur as bedded ultramafic volcanic rocks on the ocean-floor. The komatiites in the Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region occurring in the metamorphic rocks are some monomineralic rocks such as hornblendite, clinopyroxene and hypersthenite. Local komatiites are found retaining some typical pre-existing structures and textures of volcanic rocks, such as blastovariolitic and blastodoleritic textures. The chemical composition of komatiites in this region is much similar to that of other well-known model komatiites in the world, and so are their geochemical characteristics. The occurrence of komatiites in the Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region provides strong evidence showing that this region is an Archean greenstone belt. Studies on komatiites in this region will shed much light on the stratigraphic division of the Anshan Group and the paleo-structure of the greenstone belt as well as on the rules governing metallogenesis in the Anshan-Benxi-Fushun region. 相似文献
18.
本文是将地学与天文学有机结合起来的研究成果。它是通过对地球乃至太阳系起源的研究，发现地球起源时的物质是由灼热的等离子体组成。它起源以后在近似真空的宇宙空间进行旋转运动的过程中，从地球外部向内部由灼热的等离子体向冷的固体岩石演化中，表面逐渐形成岩石圈。大陆壳和大洋壳上产生彼此不尽相同的形态面貌、岩石类型以及演化特点的原因，主要是与地球起源时产生的形态面貌、地球体积发生冷收缩运动、地球内部物质重力分异作用以及地球旋转运动导致地球体积发生有规律伸缩运动等诸因素，导致在地球表面不同部位上产生彼此不尽相同的特点有关。 相似文献
19.
We consider possibilities for presently operating and planned infrared, submillimeter, and millimeter telescopes for observations
of the epoch of reionization in the Universe, i.e., of the sources of ultraviolet radiation that have caused the reionization
(galaxies, quasars, etc.) and the ionized intergalactic medium. Along with direct observations of such sources in the optical
and infrared, we analyze the feasibility of observations of the intergalactic gas, as well as fluctuations of the temperature
and polarization of the cosmic microwave background due to inhomogeneities in the reionization process. 相似文献
20.
The structure and evolution of triple galaxy systems in the presence of the cosmic dark-energy background is studied in the framework of the three-body problem. The dynamics of wide triple systems are determinedmainly by the competition between the mutual gravitational forces between the three bodies and the anti-gravity created by the dark-energy background. This problem can be solved via numerical integration of the equations of motion with initial conditions that admit various types of evolutionary behavior of the system. Such dynamical models show that the anti-gravity created by dark energy makes a triple system less tightly bound, thereby facilitating its decay, with a subsequent transition to motion of the bodies away from each other in an accelerating regime with a linear Hubble-law dependence of the velocity on distance. The coefficient of proportionality between the velocity and distance in this asymptotic relation corresponds to the universal value HΛ = 61 km s?1 Mpc?1, which depends only on the dark-energy density. The similarity of this relation to the large-scale recession of galaxies indicates that double and triple galaxies represent elementary dynamical cells realizing the overall behavior of a system dominated by dark energy on their own scale, independent of their masses and dimensions. 相似文献