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1.
IAU第24届大会决议从2003年起采用IAU2000岁差－章动模型．IERS规范(2003)给出了上述岁差－章动模型中7个常用岁差量的单历元表达式；2003年，Capitaine等对上述模型进行了改进，改进后的新模型称为后IAU2000(post IAU2000)岁差一章动模型．在此基础上，分别得到了上述两种岁差一章动模型中相关岁差量的二历元表达式．应用到坐标变换中，该两种表达式与原模型的精度相当，在1800到2200年的时间范围内，分别达到～1毫角秒和～1微角秒．由于除展开阶数外所给出的岁差量表达式与IAU1976岁差模型具有相同的形式，因此为实际应用提供了便利．结果已用于中国天文年历的编算． 相似文献
2.
地球动力学扁率及其与岁差章动的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
由岁差常数求得的日月岁差是天文学的重要参数之一,它和地球动力学扁率相联系。地球动力学扁率在章动理论的计算中也是一个重要的物理量。介绍了由不同的观测方法和模型给出的地球动力扁率值,并讨论了它也岁差的关系和对章动计算的影响。在刚体地球章动振幅的计算中,地球动力学扁率值起着尺度因子的作用,要改善刚体地球章动振幅的计算,需要修改目前的黄经总岁差值。非刚体地球章动的转换函数中所采用的简正模和常数都直接或间接地依赖地球动力学扁率值。在IAU1980章动理论中,计算刚体地球章动振幅所使用的地球动力学扁率值计算转换函数中简正模频率和常数所使用的地球动力学扁率值并不一致。随着观测和计算精度的提高,地球动力学扁率值的不一致将影响章动振幅的计算。在建立刚体地球章地动理论中,如何解释地球动力学扁率值的差异,如何选取地球动力学扁率值,还有待进一步的研究。 相似文献
3.
环火卫星运动的坐标系附加摄动及相应坐标系的选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
与处理地球卫星相关问题类似,在研究和处理环火卫星(尤其是低轨卫星)的轨道问题时,宜采用火心历元平赤道坐标系,即火心天球坐标系,其xy坐标面和x轴方向就是相应的平赤道面和平春分点方向.与地球的岁差章动现象类似,在该坐标系中,火星赤道面在空间的摆动同样会引起坐标系附加摄动.采用类似对地球岁差章动的处理方法,在一定精度前提下,基于IAU2000火星定向模型,处理了火星赤道面摆动中的岁差效应,并在此基础上,研究岁差对环火卫星轨道的影响,给出了相应的火星非球形引力位的变化及其导致的卫星轨道的坐标系附加摄动解,其表达形式简单,引用方便.与高精度数值解的比对表明,该分析解能够满足通常的精度要求.因此,在处理环火卫星(即使是低轨卫星)轨道及其相关问题时,可以采用统一坐标系:火心天球坐标系.而不必像当初处理地球卫星那样,为了避免计算坐标系附加摄动而引进一种混合型赤道坐标系,即采用瞬时真赤道面和历元平春分点方向作为其xy坐标面和x轴方向.在统一坐标系的选择下,实际工作中就不会存在坐标系转换的麻烦. 相似文献
4.
夏一飞 《紫金山天文台台刊》2000,19(2):149-153
刚体地球章动序列和非刚体地球章动的转换函数都和地球动力学扁率有关。ＩＡＵ１９８０章动理论中采用了一个不一致的地球动力学扁率值,从而影响了章动振幅的计算。本文介绍了章动序列计算中地球动力学扁率的取值。由地球模型１０６６Ａ或ＰＲＥＭ得到的地球动力学扁率值比由岁差观测得到的约小１％,并且不可靠。当考虑体静力学平衡被破坏时新的地球物理模型,可得到与岁差常数相一致的地球动力学扁率值。地球动力学扁率值Ｈ＝０． 相似文献
5.
本文从爱因斯坦场方程的解开始,严格而细致地论证了相对论岁差和章动的起源,推导了测地、Lense-Thirring、Thomas岁差章动和黄极的相对论进动的理论表达式。 相似文献
6.
岁差模型研究的新进展——P03模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
简述了岁差P03模型提出的背景情况;指出IAU1976岁差模型的缺陷, IAU 2000A岁差和章动模型中虽有改进但仍不完善;对IAU2006岁差模型(即Capitaine提出的P03模型)作了介绍,并将其与其他岁差模型L77、B03和F03进行了比较;述及GCRS至ITRS的2种表达方法,基于春分点的岁差和章动旋转角方法和运动参考架CIO的X、Y、s的方法;给出了CIP和CIO位置确定的各种方法以及其精度;最后叙述了20世纪IAU采用的岁差一章动模型和IAU天文常数工作组的有关情况,给出了在惯性参考架中"非旋转原点"的运动. 相似文献
7.
8.
讨论了非刚体地球受迫章动奥波策项与简正模表达式中倾斜模的关系。结果表明天球历书极章动中倾斜振项对应于角动量极的章动,在球历书极章动与角动量极的章动奥波策项之和。同时还给出了岁差速率与自转极的章动奥波策项间的数学关系。 相似文献
9.
月球物理天平动对环月轨道器运动的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
月球物理天平动是月球赤道在空间真实的摆动，会导致月球引力场在空间坐标系中的变化，从而引起环月轨道器(以下称为月球卫星)的轨道变化，这与地球的岁差章动现象对地球卫星轨道的影响类似．采用类似对地球岁差章动的处理方法，讨论月球物理天平动对月球卫星轨道的影响，给出相应的引力位的变化及卫星轨道的摄动解，清楚地表明了月球卫星轨道的变化规律，并和数值解进行了比对，从定性和定量方面作一讨论． 相似文献
10.
自转使地球产生形变,形变反过来又引起一些复杂的自转现象。它们有:希勃切斯在二千一百年前发现的岁差,布雷德利在二百三十年前发现的章动,以及二百一十年前就被预言但当时尚先观测的极移。本文讨论极移,必须把它与岁差和章动严格区别开来。地球是一个扁球体,包含极轴的每一个截面是一个椭圆;在赤道部分隆起,内部各等密度层都是一些扁球。太阳和月亮通常位于地球的赤道面之外,它们的引力使旋转着的地球产生一个陀螺 相似文献
11.
Veronique Dehant William Folkner Etienne Renotte Daniel Orban Sami Asmar Georges Balmino Jean-Pierre Barriot Jeremy Benoist Richard Biancale Jens Biele Frank Budnik Stefaan Burger Olivier de Viron Bernd Häusler Özgur Karatekin Sébastien Le Maistre Philippe Lognonné Michel Menvielle Michel Mitrovic Martin Pätzold Marie Yseboodt 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(8-9):1050-1067
The paper presents the concept, the objectives, the approach used, and the expected performances and accuracies of a radioscience experiment based on a radio link between the Earth and the surface of Mars. This experiment involves radioscience equipment installed on a lander at the surface of Mars. The experiment with the generic name lander radioscience (LaRa) consists of an X-band transponder that has been designed to obtain, over at least one Martian year, two-way Doppler measurements from the radio link between the ExoMars lander and the Earth (ExoMars is an ESA mission to Mars due to launch in 2013). These Doppler measurements will be used to obtain Mars’ orientation in space and rotation (precession and nutations, and length-of-day variations). More specifically, the relative position of the lander on the surface of Mars with respect to the Earth ground stations allows reconstructing Mars’ time varying orientation and rotation in space.Precession will be determined with an accuracy better by a factor of 4 (better than the 0.1% level) with respect to the present-day accuracy after only a few months at the Martian surface. This precession determination will, in turn, improve the determination of the moment of inertia of the whole planet (mantle plus core) and the radius of the core: for a specific interior composition or even for a range of possible compositions, the core radius is expected to be determined with a precision decreasing to a few tens of kilometers.A fairly precise measurement of variations in the orientation of Mars’ spin axis will enable, in addition to the determination of the moment of inertia of the core, an even better determination of the size of the core via the core resonance in the nutation amplitudes. When the core is liquid, the free core nutation (FCN) resonance induces a change in the nutation amplitudes, with respect to their values for a solid planet, at the percent level in the large semi-annual prograde nutation amplitude and even more (a few percent, a few tens of percent or more, depending on the FCN period) for the retrograde ter-annual nutation amplitude. The resonance amplification depends on the size, moment of inertia, and flattening of the core. For a large core, the amplification can be very large, ensuring the detection of the FCN, and determination of the core moment of inertia.The measurement of variations in Mars’ rotation also determines variations of the angular momentum due to seasonal mass transfer between the atmosphere and ice caps. Observations even for a short period of 180 days at the surface of Mars will decrease the uncertainty by a factor of two with respect to the present knowledge of these quantities (at the 10% level).The ultimate objectives of the proposed experiment are to obtain information on Mars’ interior and on the sublimation/condensation of CO2 in Mars’ atmosphere. Improved knowledge of the interior will help us to better understand the formation and evolution of Mars. Improved knowledge of the CO2 sublimation/condensation cycle will enable better understanding of the circulation and dynamics of Mars’ atmosphere. 相似文献
12.
《天文和天体物理学研究(英文版)》2010,(8)
This review provides explanations of how geodesy, rotation and gravity can be addressed using radioscience data of an orbiter around a planet or of the lander on its surface.The planet Mars is the center of the discussion.The information one can get from orbitography and radioscience in general concerns the global static gravitational field, the time variation of the gravitational field induced by mass exchange between the atmosphere and the ice caps, the time variation of the gravitational field induced by the tides, the secular changes in the spacecraft's orbit induced by the little moons of Mars named Phobos and Deimos, the gravity induced by particular targets, the Martian ephemerides, and Mars' rotation and orientation.The paper addresses as well the determination of the geophysical parameters of Mars and, in particular, the state of Mars' core and its size, which is important for understanding the planet's evolution.Indeed, the state and dimension of the core determined from the moment of inertia and nutation depend in turn on the percentage of light elements in the core as well as on the core temperature, which is related to heat transport in the mantle.For example, the radius of the core has implications for possible mantle convection scenarios and, in particular, for the presence of a perovskite phase transition at the bottom of the mantle.This is also important for our understanding of the large volcanic province Tharsis on the surface of Mars. 相似文献
13.
The knowledge of Martian geology has increased enormously in the last 40 yr. Several missions orbiting or roving Mars have revolutionized our understanding of its evolution and geological features, which in several ways are similar to Earth, but are extremely different in many respects. The impressive dichotomy between the two Martian hemispheres is most likely linked to its impact cratering history, rather than internal dynamics such as on Earth. Mars' volcanism has been extensive, very long-lived and rather constant in its setting. Water was available in large quantities in the distant past of Mars, when a magnetic field and more vigorous tectonics were active.Exogenic forces have been shaping Martian landscapes and have led to a plethora of landscapes shaped by wind, water and ice. Mars' dynamical behavior continues, with its climatic variation affecting climate and geology until very recent times. This paper tries to summarize major highlights in Mars' Geology, and points to deeper and more extensive sources of important scientific contributions and future exploration. 相似文献
14.
C. Z. Zhang 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1994,64(2):117-124
The mean moment-of-inertia ratio,I/MR
2, of Mars cannot be derived from its precessional constant because the exact value of the Martian axial precession is unknown presently. Using the known geodetic parameters of Mars as the constrained condition, we constructed nine Martian internal structure models (see Table II). We can then estimate the nonhydrostatic components of the principal moment-of-inertia for these models. The interplanetary comparison suggests that the reasonable range of the mean moment-of-inertia ratio,I/MR
2, of Mars is 0.350 0.360, and the range of the corresponding radius of Mars' core is 1520 1850 km. The two parameterically simple models recommended in this paper (see Table IV) can be used for reference in the future theoretical researches. 相似文献
15.
Sh. Sh. Dolginov 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1987,37(1):17-52
The evidence is presented for the existence of the magnetic field of the planet Mars and for the effectiveness of the dipolar part of the field as an obstacle to the solar wind at the most frequent parameters of the latter. The dipolar magnetic moment of Mars is (1.5–2.20 × 1022 G cm3. The dipole axis makes an angle i15 with the rotation axis of the panel. The magnetic north pole of Mars is located in its southern hemisphere.In terms of the precession dynamo model, the magnetic fields of the Earth and Mars are similar. This indicates that the Martian magnetic field is associated with the present-day dynamo-process in the Martian liquid core. 相似文献
16.
A discussion is presented about the constraints used in constructing a model for the internal structure of Mars. The most important fact is that the Martian chemical model proposed by Wänke and Dreibus (WD) has stood the test of time. This means that the chondritic ratio Fe/Si = 1.71 can be used as a constraint in constructing an interior structure model of the planet. Consideration is given to the constructing of the reference surface of Mars. It is concluded that the effectively hydrostatic-equilibrium model of Mars is well suited for this purpose. The areoid heights and gravity anomalies in the model of Mars are calculated. The results are shown in the figures (maps) and comments made. The results are compared with the similar data for the Earth. Mars deviates much more strongly from the hydrostatic equilibrium than the Earth. It is suggested that the average thickness of the Martian elastic lithosphere should exceed that of the Earth’s continental lithosphere. 相似文献
17.
Ladislav Husar 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》2013,115(1):81-89
The article analyzes the precession–nutation variations in right ascension of stars after the introduction Celestial Intermediate Origin (CIO) as a new origin of the right ascensions. It points out that changes in right ascension depend not only on the motion of the origin, but also on the changes of the pole and hour circles, depending on the position of stars. This explains the apparent paradox that, for certain groups of stars, despite the almost complete elimination of the precession and nutation motion of the CIO on the equator, the magnitude of the variations in right ascension related to the CIO can exceed the magnitude of the classic variations referred to the equinox. 相似文献
18.
The scientific objectives of a geodetic experiment based on a network of landers, such as NEIGE (NEtlander Ionosphere and Geodesy Experiment) are to improve the current knowledge of Mars' interior and atmosphere dynamics. Such a network science experiment allows monitoring the motions of the Martian rotation axis with a precision of a few centimeters (or milli-arc-seconds (mas)) over annual and sub-annual periods. Thereto, besides radio tracking of a Mars orbiter from the Earth, radio Doppler shifts between this orbiter and several landers at the planet's surface will be performed. From the analysis of these radio Doppler data, it is possible to reconstruct the orbiter motion and Mars' orientation in space. The errors on the orbit determination (position and velocity of the orbiter) have an impact on the geodetic parameters determination from the Doppler shifts and must be removed from the signal in order to achieve a high enough accuracy. In this paper, we perform numerical simulations of the two Doppler signals involved in such an experiment to estimate the impact of the spacecraft angular momentum desaturations on the determination of Mars' orientation variations. The attitude control of the orbiter needs such desaturation maneuvers regularly repeated. They produce velocity variations that must be taken into account when determining the orbit. For our simulations, we use a priori models of the Martian rotation and introduce the spacecraft velocity variations induced by each desaturation event. By a least-squares adjustment of the simulated Doppler signals, we then estimate the orbiter velocity variations and the parameters of the Mars' rotation model. We show that these velocity variations are ill resolved when the spacecraft is not tracked, therefore requiring a near-continuous tracking from the Earth to accurately determine the orbit. In such conditions we show that only 15- of lander-orbiter tracking per week allows recovering Mars' orientation parameters with a precision of a few mas over a period of 1 Martian year. 相似文献
19.
20.
Mars is the fourth planet out from the sun. It is a terrestrial planet with a density suggesting a composition roughly similar
to that of the Earth. Its orbital period is 687 days, its orbital eccentricity is 0.093 and its rotational period is about
24 hours. Mars has two small moons of asteroidal shapes and sizes (about 11 and 6 km mean radius), the bigger of which, Phobos,
orbits with decreasing semimajor orbit axis. The decrease of the orbit is caused by the dissipation of tidal energy in the
Martian mantle. The other satellite, Deimos, orbits close to the synchronous position where the rotation period of a planet
equals the orbital period of its satellite and has hardly evolved with time. Mars has a tenous atmosphere composed mostly
of CO with strong winds and with large scale aeolian transport of surface material during dust storms and in sublimation-condensation
cycles between the polar caps. The planet has a small magnetic field, probably not generated by dynamo action in the core
but possibly due to remnant magnetization of crustal rock acquired earlier from a stronger magnetic field generated by a now
dead core dynamo. A dynamo powered by thermal power alone would have ceased a few billions of years ago as the core cooled
to an extent that it became stably stratified. Mars' topography and its gravity field are dominated by the Tharsis bulge,
a huge dome of volcanic origin. Tharsis was the major center of volcanic activity, a second center is Elysium about 100° in
longitude away. The Tharsis bulge is a major contributor to the non-hydrostaticity of the planet's figure. The moment of inertia
factor together with the mass and the radius presently is the most useful constraint for geophysical models of the Martian
interior. It has recently been determined by Doppler range measurements to the Mars Pathfinder Lander to be (Folkner et al. 1997). In addition, models of the interior structure use the chemistry of the SNC meteorites which are widely
believed to have originated on Mars. According to the models, Mars is a differentiated planet with a 100 to 200 km thick basaltic
crust, a metallic core with a radius of approximately half the planetary radius, and a silicate mantle. Mantle dynamics is
essential in forming the elements of the surface tectonics. Models of mantle convection find that the pressure-induced phase
transformations of -olivine to -spinel, -spinel to -spinel, and -spinel to perovskite play major roles in the evolution of mantle flow fields and mantle temperature. It is not very likely
that the -spinel to perovskite transition is present in Mars today, but a few 100 km thick layer of perovskite may have been present
in the lower mantle immediately above the core-mantle boundary early in the Martian history when mantle temperatures were
hotter than today. The phase transitions act to reduce the number of upwellings to a few major plumes which is consistent
with the bipolar distribution of volcanic centers of Mars. The phase transitions also cause a partial layering of the lower
mantle which keeps the lower mantle and the core from extensive cooling over the past aeons. A relatively hot, fluid core
is the most widely accepted explanation for the present lack of a self-generated magnetic field. Growth of an inner core which
requires sub-liquidus temperatures in the core would have provided an efficient mechanism to power a dynamo up to the present
day.
Received 10 May 1997 相似文献