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Massimiliano Favalli Giuseppe D. Chirico Paolo Papale Maria Teresa Pareschi Enzo Boschi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(4):363-374
The 2002 eruption of Nyiragongo volcano constitutes the most outstanding case ever of lava flow in a big town. It also represents
one of the very rare cases of direct casualties from lava flows, which had high velocities of up to tens of kilometer per
hour. As in the 1977 eruption, which is the only other eccentric eruption of the volcano in more than 100 years, lava flows
were emitted from several vents along a N–S system of fractures extending for more than 10 km, from which they propagated
mostly towards Lake Kivu and Goma, a town of about 500,000 inhabitants. We assessed the lava flow hazard on the entire volcano
and in the towns of Goma (D.R.C.) and Gisenyi (Rwanda) through numerical simulations of probable lava flow paths. Lava flow
paths are computed based on the steepest descent principle, modified by stochastically perturbing the topography to take into
account the capability of lava flows to override topographic obstacles, fill topographic depressions, and spread over the
topography. Code calibration and the definition of the expected lava flow length and vent opening probability distributions
were done based on the 1977 and 2002 eruptions. The final lava flow hazard map shows that the eastern sector of Goma devastated
in 2002 represents the area of highest hazard on the flanks of the volcano. The second highest hazard sector in Goma is the
area of propagation of the western lava flow in 2002. The town of Gisenyi is subject to moderate to high hazard due to its
proximity to the alignment of fractures active in 1977 and 2002. In a companion paper (Chirico et al., Bull Volcanol, in this issue, 2008) we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of reducing lava flow hazard through the construction of protective
barriers, and formulate a proposal for the future development of the town of Goma. 相似文献
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A M3. 4 seismic event occurred in the Punggye-ri nuclear test site,D. P. R Korea at 16∶29 p.m. on September 23,2017. We analyzed the waveforms of this event recorded by the China Earthquake Networks Center. In conclusion,this event is complex,including an explosion with a successive earthquake. Although the beginning of the event is an explosion,fault dislocation plays the main role in the event. 相似文献
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J. W. Deardorff 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1):293-295
AbstractIn comparing their laboratory findings with those of other investigators, the authors incorrectly ascribed an eddy coefficient and mixing length too large by a factor of 2.2 to the results from a numerical model. An explanation is offered for the apparently small magnitude of dimensionless velocity deficit from the laboratory study. 相似文献
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