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1.
Interest in the preservation of rapidly decaying monuments, especially in urban areas, has increased appreciably over the last three decades. A stone preservative can be defined as a chemical treatment, which, when applied to stone, combats the harmful effects of time and environment, thereby prolonging the life of a stone by either restoring its physical integrity or by inhibiting its decay. Any preservative applied to stone must not change the natural appearance or architectural value of the stone to any appreciable extent. There are two principal means by which stone can be preserved. One involves the formation of an outer stabilized zone around the stone; the other alters the chemical composition of the stone.A number of examples of stone preservation carried out on ancient monuments in the United Kingdom are taken to illustrate stone preservation methods. Their relative success is evaluated, and some more recent developments in stone preservation referred to. 相似文献
2.
V. Cnudde P. Dubruel K. De Winne I. De Witte B. Masschaele P. Jacobs E. Schacht 《Engineering Geology》2009,103(3-4):84-92
To reduce the weathering rate of natural building stones, a wide variety of water repellents and consolidants are commercially available. Although a lot of research is performed on these products, it remains difficult to determine which product is appropriate to use for a certain type of building stone. Each type of building stone has its own petrographic characteristics (mineralogy, texture, …), leading to typical physical and technical properties which influence its rate of decay. The localisation of the products inside a stone type is not only depending on the properties of the products themselves, but also linked to the texture and structure of the stone. The impregnation depth of the products strongly influences their efficiency and is therefore a key issue in the determination if a product is functional for a certain type of stone. X-ray micro-CT has recently been introduced as a non-destructive material evaluation technique for engineering and geology purposes. The fact that micro-CT can provide information about the internal structure and properties of natural building stones, is a major advantage in the study of their conservation. Firmly linked with more classical research techniques, this non-destructive technique offers an extra dimension to the cultural heritage research.In this paper, non-destructive X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT) turns out to be a powerful tool as it can visualise the presence of water repellents and consolidants inside the stone and can help to detect the influence that these treatments exert on porosity and pore-size distribution. For the visualization of the product its atomic number and density and the amount of product inside the natural building stone is crucial. Besides the contrast in attenuation, the resolution of the micro-CT also needs to be taken into account to obtain a good contrast between stone and product. By doping with 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane, more contrast occurs between the stone material and the conservation product. When the amount of product inside the samples is very low and the product is homogeneously spread inside the sample, the doped product is difficult to distinguish from the stone material due to the resolution of the micro-CT. When the amount of doped product inside the stone material reaches a certain threshold value, the dope will appear in the 2D cross-sections derived from micro-CT, creating a good visualization of the products inside the stone samples. 相似文献
3.
C. Thomachot-Schneider M. Gommeaux G. Fronteau C. T. Oguchi S. Eyssautier B. Kartheuser 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1447-1461
The Orval Abbey, a major monument of southern Wallonia, Belgium, was partly destroyed and rebuilt several times between the Middle Ages and the present time. The oldest parts are made of natural stones of local origin (Bajocian and Sinemurian limestones) and the most recent parts are mostly made of reconstituted stone. The process of reconstituted stone making is not known. Although confronting the same environmental conditions, the reconstituted stone is much more susceptible to weathering than the natural limestones, especially to salt crystallisation. The present study compared the mineralogical and petrophysical properties of these building materials to gather information on the making of the reconstituted stone and to understand the difference in salt susceptibility between natural and reconstituted stones. Microscopic observations and petrophysical measurements showed that the reconstituted stone is composed of debris of Sinemurian and Bajocian limestone and cement, and the salt efflorescences were thenardite. Within the cement, amorphous grains were found that may correspond to grains of clinker, which have not reacted during stone making. Although its porosity and water transfer properties were close to that of the Bajocian limestone, its pore access distribution was centred around 0.1 μm. Furthermore, the details of the pore size distribution allowed calculating salt susceptibility indices that were very high in the case of the reconstituted stone. Thus, the composition of the cement and the pore size distribution are likely the two factors explaining a high susceptibility of the reconstituted stone to salt weathering. 相似文献
4.
The Angera stone: a challenging conservation issue in the polluted environment of Milan (Italy) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
D. Gulotta M. Bertoldi S. Bortolotto P. Fermo A. Piazzalunga L. Toniolo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(4):1085-1094
The Angera stone is a sedimentary Triassic dolostone mainly composed of dolomite, which was widely employed in the Lombard architecture. In the present work, the study of the Angera stone of the ‘Cortile del Richini’, a masterpiece of the Lombard baroque, is discussed as an example of a particularly challenging conservation issue. The courtyard suffered from a particularly troubled conservative history and the highly polluted urban environment of Milan provided very favourable conditions for the decay of such a delicate stone type. The last extensive conservative intervention was performed during the nineties due to massive black crust formation and granular disintegration of the stone. Almost 20 years later, a thorough study of the stone has been aimed at the definition of a long-term maintenance project. The Angera stone has been investigated in order to define an updated version of its state of conservation, as well as to track any changes in the degradation mechanisms due to the environmental variations of the Milan city centre. In particular, the soluble salts’ content of the stone substrate has been evaluated as an indicator of the damage level. The results highlighted that the stone is currently in critical condition: An extensive sulphation process is taking place, leading to the chemical transformation of the dolomitic substrate into gypsum. Moreover, the powder deposits affecting the stone surfaces have a similar composition to those generally found in the black crusts growing in urban environment. Therefore, they can be considered as precursor of this particularly dangerous decay mechanism. 相似文献
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庐山菊花石是一种天然观赏石,它的切面形似菊花,花形优美,蕴意深刻。它的形成与保存具特定的地质建造及构造条件,因此罕见珍贵,作者探讨了它的价格评定原则。 相似文献
6.
红色碳酸盐岩石林是湘西地质公园最重要的地质遗迹之一。公园内的红色碳酸盐岩石林发育于奥陶系大湾组与牯牛潭组，集中分布于酉水－猛洞河两岸斜坡与峡谷地带，出露面积84 km2，是当前全球已知的面积最大的奥陶系红色碳酸盐岩石林地貌景观。红石林形态多样、成景效果好，发育了包括塔状、火焰状、墙状、剑状、柱状、锥状等十余种形态。红石林的形成经历了完整的地层沉积-构造抬升-风化剥蚀等阶段，适宜的古地理环境、有利的构造抬升运动和节理裂隙发育、温暖多雨的气候和丰富的地表地下水系是红石林发育的重要条件。因受成景地层的岩性组成复杂、地层偏薄、溶蚀作用差异等因素影响，红石林具有明显的垂直溶痕和水平溶痕叠加现象，具有独特的自然美，形态上与云南石林有较大不同，颜色上，红石林晴红雨黑、四季变幻，可能是石柱表面的藻类造成。除中国西南地区，其他国家或地区的奥陶系红色碳酸盐岩石林分布十分有限，仅泰国沙墩有报道，其稀有性非常突出，具有重要的科学意义和研究价值。但正由于其稀少，许多针对性的研究仍刚起步，值得未来各界学者进一步深入探讨。 相似文献
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山坡风化表层碎石爬行运动是存在于自然界、受多种环境因素影响的一种地表缓慢地质变形现象。本文在介绍有关现场试验测量方法的基础上,通过对测量数据和实地观察结果的分析研究,初步描述了这一自然现象的运动机理和存在的运动形式,并提出了对这一自然现象进行可能的力学、数学模拟研究的初步设想和尝试。 相似文献
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11.
Fatih Bayram 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(11):4357-4362
Performance analysis of all systems used in industrial production is very important subject in terms of capturing the low production cost. This subject is also important for choosing production methods in natural stone processing. Circular sawing is a commonly used method in natural stone processing. The preliminary prediction of circular sawing performance is very useful for stone producers. In this study, the prediction of sawing performance from some index properties of stones was conducted. The unit wear on diamond segments was evaluated as performance criteria. The statistical analysis was carried out, and this performance parameter was predicted from some index properties including cone indenter hardness, Shore hardness, Böhme surface abrasion, and brittleness. The most suitable prediction equation derived from regression analysis was selected. It was determined that this equation was statistically reliable for prediction of unit wear for natural stone processing. 相似文献
12.
Insolation weathering and hygric dilatation: two competitive factors in stone degradation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the natural environment, temperature and moisture are very important parameters in stone degradation. Therefore, on 28 samples from different lithologies (magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks) thermal and hygric expansion measurements were performed in order to constrain their behaviour related to environmental changes. It was shown that marbles, even those that are dolomitic, are sensitive to temperature impacts. For rocks with clay minerals the effect of temperature may be responsible for shrinking. Finally the amount of residual strain, i.e. the formation of microcracks due to temperature action controls the rate of stone degradation. For most sedimentary rocks no residual strain after heating was observed. In contrast to most magmatic and metamorphic low-porosity rocks, sedimentary rocks contain swelling minerals (like smectite and even phyllosilicates), which are very sensitive to hygric attacks. The cycles of wetting and drying, i.e. the natural environmental effects, may significantly control the deterioration velocity caused by hygric expansion. 相似文献
13.
The crystallisation of soluble salts within the pores of the stone is widely recognised as a major mechanism causing the deterioration
of the stone-built architectural heritage. Temperature, in turn, is one of the main controls on this process, including salt
precipitation, the pressure of crystallisation and the thermal expansion of salts. Most laboratory experiments on decay generated
by salts are just carried out with convective heating regimes, while in natural environments building stones can undergo radiative
and convective heating regimes. The thermal response of stone to these different heating regimes is noticeably different and
might influence the crystallisation patterns of a salt within a stone. The aim of this work is to raise awareness on the different
patterns of crystallisation of NaCl within a porous stone tested with different heating regimes (convection and radiation)
and the implications that this could have on the design of experimental modelling of natural weathering conditions in laboratory
simulations. Results show that heating regime affects the sodium chloride distribution within a stone with high percentage
of microporosity. In this case, radiation heating facilitates the generation of subefflorescences, while convection heating
promotes efflorescences. This has a clear implication both on the stone decay in natural environments and on the methodologies
for testing salt decay, as subefflorescences are more destructive than efflorescences. In this sense, the use of convective
heating in laboratory experimentation might underestimate the potential damage that sodium chloride may generate. This counsels
the use of radiation heating test methods in addition to convection for the laboratory study of salt crystallisation. 相似文献
14.
B. J. Cooper 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2019,66(6):947-953
South Australia has the greatest utilisation of heritage or building stone in Australia because of its lack of timber resources. Consequently, natural stone was intensively used from the beginning of European colonisation. Building stones in South Australia, notable for their variety given the State’s diverse geology, can be challenging to designate as to their international importance. However, dimension stone in South Australia can also be designated as having national, regional, local or prospective importance. Commonly, stone in South Australia is restricted in use to a specific town, or even a single construction, and has only local significance except where use involves special stone characteristics, unusual stone masonry or use in a building with significant heritage. For instance, the town of Second Valley has a localised use of marble, likely the earliest use (1849) of this rock type in the State. Another example, ‘Adelaide Black Granite’, quarried since 1958, should probably be recognised internationally as a ‘Global Heritage Stone Resource’, as it has had intensive monumental use around Australia, utilisation as cladding in modern buildings, as well as paving and walling in Australia’s National Parliament in Canberra. It has also been exported, notably used for the Australian Embassy in Japan and for a major War Memorial at Le Hamel, France. South Australian slate quarries also provide significant heritage stone. For example, the Willunga Slate quarry south of Adelaide has been sourced for roofing slate and walling since 1840 and is arguably the longest continuous mining operation in Australia; this resource has obvious national significance given a period of quarrying extending to the present, coupled with national distribution of its products. Probably the most widespread stone sourced in South Australia is the surface limestone or calcrete, quarried in the Adelaide area until the 1850s and used for general construction. The stone continues to be used in rural areas. While arguably only of local significance, it could be considered to have national importance because of its extensive use in churches, public building, hotels, houses and simple walling across a vast area of South Australia. Additional research is needed to clarify the heritage status of many building stones used in South Australia. 相似文献
15.
新疆地处欧亚大陆中心,自然环境复杂,生业经济形式多样,东西方文化交流频繁,是了解欧亚大陆古代人类活动和文化发展的重要区域.从新石器时代至青铜时代在该区域出土了丰富的石制品,但对其功能的研究较少,尤其是一些中国内地不常见,而与中亚、欧亚草原类型相似的石器.本文对新疆伊犁地区青铜时代吉仁台沟口遗址(82.77°E,43.84°N;3600~3000 cal.a B.P.)出土的具有安德罗诺沃文化特征的长条形石磨盘、石杵和饼形石器的表层残留物进行了淀粉粒和植硅体分析,为这些石器的功能研究提供了直接证据.分析结果显示,石器表面的淀粉粒来自禾本科小麦族(the tribe Triticeae)和某些块根块茎类植物,而石器表面发现的775粒植硅体中,粟类作物稃片植硅体占9%,其他类型的植硅体以早熟禾亚科(Pooideae)型和棒型为主,另在石杵上发现栝楼属(Trichosanthes)植物果皮植硅体及植物组织.结合遗址中大植物遗存证据,研究结果表明:石磨盘曾用于研磨麦类作物种子和某些块根块茎类植物,石杵亦用于麦类作物研磨,但也对粟类作物进行脱壳以及加工栝楼属植物果实.用于分析的饼形石器有两种类型,第一类为打制饼形石器,残留物中的植物遗存显示可能与石磨盘组合用于加工植物的块根块茎;第二类为磨制饼形石器,其表面发现极少量粟类稃片植硅体,推测其可能用于粟类作物脱粒.研究结果为新疆伊犁地区考古遗址出土安德罗诺沃文化石器的功能、农作物加工过程,以及古代社会生计模式的认识提供了依据;石器残留物中块根块茎类淀粉粒以及农作物植硅体的发现,是对已有大植物遗存分析结果的进一步补充. 相似文献
16.
Irfan Celal Engin 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(12):5043-5054
The process of giving an antique look, a worn and “old” appearance, to natural stone surfaces, which can be observed by abrasion in natural ways through a long time, is called artificial aging. Natural stone processing facilities that involve mass production usually prefer vibration aging machines. This study examines the utilization of various rock aggregates and abrasive residuals instead of synthetic abrasives used in aging machines. Natural stone samples with different properties were aged in a vibration aging machine using andesite, granite, sandstone, pebble stone, abrasive stone residuals, and ceramic abrasives. At the end of the study, the aging performance of different rocks was determined; granite was found to be the most effective. Rock aggregates were ranked in terms of their abrasiveness (aging) performance, from the most effective to the least effective as: granite, ceramic abrasive, sandstone, andesite, pebble stone, and abrasive stone residuals. It was observed that rock aggregates can be used in the aging process instead of synthetic ceramic abrasives, with desired performance. 相似文献
17.
Biogenic weathering is caused by the action of lithobiontic organisms. Homogeneous carbonates are predominantly colonized by endolithic species that actively penetrate the rock substratum independent of already existing pores or fissures. The organisms construct a system of ducts and cavities by active dissolution of the substratum. A fresh, noncolonized surface is penetrated by algae and ascomycetes in the first and second year after exposure to the environment. The establishment of complex colonization patterns on and in the substratum by lichens takes several years. In spite of the primary deteriorative effect on their substratum by the organisms, long-term endolithic growth also involves mechanisms that stabilize and preserve the rock surface morphology. A tightly woven cellular network may strengthen the colonized stone. This feature is of importance when natural and building stone are affected by biogenic weathering phenomena.Special issue: Stone decay hazards 相似文献
18.
透明矿物绝大多数属于造岩矿物.本方法是从透明矿物中选取色泽纯正、易采集、便于加工的矿物作原材应用于玉板画工艺中,将其加工后与粘合胶液混合调配出能适应石板填充作画的填料,随之进行画面刻绘、填充、打磨、抛光等工序.工艺中采用雕刻深浅变化使画面显现出似透非透的,与石板背景色形成交相辉映、约隐约现如出天然之韵味的效果.这种透明... 相似文献
19.
石器生产是一个动态的生产系统,而石料是石器生产和研究的前提。通过对大辛庄遗址周围考古与地质调查和对出土商代石器标本的细致分析表明,该遗址商代石器原料使用种类丰富,石料的利用率与遗址周围石质类型分布有着极为密切的关系。原料分布广泛,具有高含量、低质量的特点,明显影响着当地石器工业的面貌和开发与利用自然的策略。大辛庄石料应当来源于当地,主要有两种途径:一种是就地取材;另一种主要来源于南部山区和鲍山一带,主要通过水路运输,陆路运输条件具备。在利用与开发石料的战略上,大辛庄人充分认识到石料特性,尤其对沉积岩的认识与利用,重视选材,考虑石器功能和使用方式,并很好地实施到石器制作过程中,制定相应的应对策略。通过对大辛庄商代石料来源地和开发策略的考察,有利于认识当时人地关系和大辛庄人认识自然、开发自然的认知水平。 相似文献