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1.
Karst rocky desertification (KRD), as a process of soil degradation, is a limiting factor on enhancing the life condition of people in Southwest China. Fortunately, Chinese governments at different levels had taken it seriously, and the ‘Green for Grain’ program was initiated to treat and protect the fragile environment. In order to assess the dynamic change of KRD and improve the treatment of it in the future, Pingguo County, one of the ‘one hundred typical counties for karst rocky desertification control in China,’ was chosen as the study area. The results indicated that the evolution process of KRD landforms in the county might be divided into two phases: degradation phase (1994–2001) and ecological reconstruction phase (2001–2009). In the degradation phase, the area of non-KRD landform decreased from 1,132.02 km2 in 1994 to 1,056.42 km2 in 2001. In this phase, the area of non-KRD landform lost 5.51 % to KRD landforms, which mainly transferred to slight KRD landform with an area of 35.55 km2 counting for 3.14 %. In another hand, the area of non-KRD gained 27.85 km2, mainly from the slight KRD landform. As a result the area of non-KRD was reduced, meaning that the evolution of KRD became serious. In this phrase, the dynamic change degree of the slight KRD landform was the minimum, and the area of it was the largest among the three KRD landforms. Therefore, transition of slight KRD landform was the main transition type in this phase. The area of slight KRD landforms increased 38.77 km2 in the county, which mostly took place in the middle and southwest karst regions. In ecological reconstruction phase, the area of non-KRD landform increased to 1,091.90 km2 in 2009. In this phase, non-KRD landform gained an area of 22.82 km2 and lost an area of 26.73 km2, major of which from or to the slight KRD landform. Therefore, the area of non-KRD landform was increased, implying that the evolution of KRD became alleviated. In this phase, transition of slight KRD landform was also the dominant transition type. The decreased area of slight KRD landform was the largest among severe, moderate and slight KRD cases in the southwest karst region, where the ecological reconstruction projects were initiated. The efficient degrees of KRD landforms in southwest karst region were the largest in the four karst regions in this county. This study results may provide a consultant for rocky desertification control and ecological restoration in the future.  相似文献   

2.
依据《岩溶地区水土流失综合治理技术标准》(SL461-2009),以蚂蝗田岩溶小流域为研究对象,实地测量了22组典型地物光谱,发现岩石和土壤在红光-近红外二维光谱特征空间具有线性分布规律,由此推导出土壤—岩石指数方程,并构建了岩溶区土壤侵蚀与石漠化强度分析技术流程。在此基础上,利用研究区RapidEye卫星遥感影像,通过提取土地利用、植被覆盖度、基岩裸露率和坡度等指标因子信息,实现了土壤侵蚀与岩溶石漠化强度的分析评价。研究发现:岩溶区土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖度呈负相关性,与坡度和基岩裸露率无单向相关性;岩溶石漠化与植被覆盖度呈负相关性,与坡度呈正相关性,与基岩裸露率呈线性相关。   相似文献   

3.
Geocell is a three-dimensional geosynthetic product that was originally developed to confine granular bases and minimize permanent deformation of unpaved roads. Many laboratory and field tests have demonstrated the effectiveness of geocell reinforcement in roadway constructions. However, the lack of a well-established design method that can quantify the benefit of geocell reinforcement has greatly limited the application of geocell in roadways. This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional mechanistic-empirical (M-E) model for geocell-reinforced unpaved roads. The constitutive equation for the tangential resilient modulus of the base material was derived under a general three-dimensional condition. Two analytical models were introduced to estimate the compaction- and repeated load-induced residual stresses in the base layer. These analytical models consider the material properties and construction effects in a rational way thus can be used for various situations. Finally, the proposed M-E model was validated against the test results from four unpaved road sections. Comparisons between the calculated results and the test data show that the three-dimensional M-E model effectively simulated the permanent deformation behavior of geocell-reinforced unpaved roads under a large number of load repetitions, given that the unpaved road was stable under a repeated load.  相似文献   

4.
为了快速准确获取小区域高精度、大比例尺岩溶石漠化的演变趋势,为小区域岩溶石漠化的定量评价和精准治理提供科学依据和基础数据,本文选择岩溶石漠化典型地区——蒙自东山生态治理研究区为例,基于2006年11月SPOT5和2015年1月Pleiades两期高分辨率遥感影像,通过研究区归一化植被指数（NDVI）与植被覆盖度（FVC）进行岩溶石漠化遥感信息提取,得到生态治理区2006年与2015年岩溶石漠化空间分布特征,并对两期FVC数据进行叠加,分析生态治理区石漠化的演变趋势。遥感调查表明,研究区内石漠化十分严重,重度石漠化面积占比73.55%,中度石漠化5.36%,轻度石漠化0.53%,无石漠化14.86%,阴影及水域面积5.71%。不同等级石漠化面积的变化情况显示,2006-2015年,重度石漠化和无石漠化面积比例增加,重度石漠化由72.37%增加到73.55%,无石漠化从6.06%增加到14.86%,而中度、轻度石漠化面积比例减少,中度石漠化面积从11.58%减小到5.36%,轻度石漠化面积从4.35%减小到0.53%。轻度、中度和无石漠化区变幅明显。研究区石漠化发生率从88.27%降低到79.43%,总体呈降低趋势。   相似文献   

5.
本文以1974年MSS、1999年TM、2007年TM影像为基本数据源,辅以实地踏勘,考虑一个完整的峰丛洼地等,扣除其平坝部分后作为评价单元,获得了贵州省盘县3个时期的石漠化数据并计算了石漠化和无石漠化土地的演变轨迹。相应于1974年、1999年、2007年3个时段,研究区土地退化演变轨迹可分为8种,并可进一步归纳为不变型、逆转减弱型、反复型和加重型4种演变过程类型,从1974年、1999年到2007年未发生过变化的不变型轨迹面积占较高的比例。研究区的喀斯特土地可分为石漠化土地、无石漠化土地、石漠化已恢复土地和潜在可恢复石漠化土地。  相似文献   

6.
The construction of roads has direct and indirect impacts on soil erosion, with spatio-temporal variations existing among different levels of road zones. Aiming to quantitatively analyze the soil loss, this paper explored the relationship between the erosion of soil and its distance from the road in Fengqing county, Southwest China in 1987 and 2004, respectively. The average soil erosion was calculated and expressed with grid map using universal soil loss equation (USLE) model based on GIS and RS. Along the different levels of roads classified as trunk, county, town, village and unpaved road, the buffer zones were subdivided into five stripes, each of which was 200 meters wide. The average soil erosion modulus of each buffer zone was also counted. Results show that the soil loss decreases with increasing distance to the road except rare trunk roads in the region. In addition, the declined intensity varies with the different levels of roads. Soil erosion was more serious along the lower level road than the higher ones. And soil erosion was more severe for all levels of roads in 1987 than those in 2004 because much more rainfalls affected the situation of soil erosion in 1987.  相似文献   

7.
Soil erosion is the dominating factor of damaging roads in Iran. Roads are a critical component of civilization. Developing and maintaining the economic activity that is vital for the quality of modern life would be difficult without roads. Accelerated erosion and increased sediment yields resulting from changes in land use are critical environmental problems, and one of the important changes is road construction. Construction and condition of roadways are associated with direct and indirect impacts on soil erosion. This paper presents the relationship between soil erosion and some characteristics such as distance to roadway, slope, and parent material in Latian Watershed, Tehran Province, Iran. Soil erosion map was interpreted using aerial photos and GIS technology. Buffer zones, subdivided into 12 strips, each 0.2 km wide, which were located alongside roadway. The distribution patterns of various types of erosion were also identified by GIS by overlaying road buffer strips and soil erosion map. The results show that soil erosion landform such as land slide, badland, bank erosion, channel erosion, etc. found in buffer zones along both sides of roads.  相似文献   

8.
To minimize costs in conventional roadway design, as much low or valley areas as possible are utilized. In many areas of the eastern United States, these valleys are filled with carbonate rocks. Excavation is used to minimize grades—this removes protective overburden or rock cover over cavities; fill also is used to minimize grades—this can increase loads on marginally stable soil arches or rock cavity roofs. Surface water runoff is directed toward low areas—the low areas are likely zones of weakness or solutioning, thereby increasing the potential for sinkhole development and providing an opportunity for ground—water contamination, and remediation usually consists of blindly filling rock cavities, thus either channeling the still-contaminated surface flows someplace else or perhaps eliminating useful ground water recharge conduits. The authors suggest that the key to proper design, construction, and remediation for roadways planned in karst is to understand the geologic and hydrogeologic setting of the route(s) or locale, perform true geotechnical engineering design, and remediate with an understanding of the overall engineering geologic, hydrogeologic, and environmental picture.  相似文献   

9.
In karst-rich regions, it is inevitable that roadways cross karst landscapes. Road building across such terranes faces environmental and engineering challenges because of impacts on water quality from stormwater runoff and concerns of sinkhole collapse under or near roadways. When highway runoff drains rapidly into subsurface conduit networks through open sinkholes and/or sinking streams, the impact of the runoff on the karst aquifer can be qualitatively evaluated by mixing cell models. Formulation of a comprehensive stormwater runoff management plan prior to roadway construction can minimize the associated adverse impacts. The commonly used best management practices help manage the stormwater runoff effectively in some sites. Site-specific management plans are preferable for other sites because of concerns of flooding and land stability. Proactive measures should be taken to identify areas of the greatest sinkhole collapse risk along the proposed route and the associated groundwater drainage patterns.  相似文献   

10.
高分辨率遥感图像是大比例尺石漠化遥感解译工作的重要信息源。文章以云南省鹤庆县为研究区,采用2011年RapidEye多光谱遥感影像,在对灰岩与针叶林—草体混合标准光谱曲线及不同裸岩率亮度值剖面曲线分析的基础上,运用波段比值法和密度分割法,结合野外现场踏勘和地理底图,开展大比例尺石漠化遥感解译,获得如下调查结果:全县石漠化面积为188.82 km2,占全县总面积的8.13%,占岩溶面积的25.48%,其中重度面积有10.31 km2,占石漠化总面积的5.46%,中度面积有42.28 km2,占石漠化总面积的22.39%,轻度面积有136.23 km2,占石漠化总面积的71.15%。野外验证石漠化等级判对率为84%,达到技术规范要求,这表明文章采用的方法可有效运用于大比例尺岩溶石漠化信息的提取。   相似文献   

11.
Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is one major type of desertification which is under irrational human impact on the vulnerable eco-geo-environment. In this study, Zhudong fengcong rocky desertification landscape was selected to investigate the land use types distribution law in different rock types and the KRD land in different land use types. KRD data was determined by user–computer interactive interpreting method from Aster images in 2004, according to the exposed ratio of rock, the coverage of vegetation and soil in 0.2 km2 unit, integrating with land utilizing present situation map, hydrogeology map, relief map, vegetation map, soil distribution map, as well as the practical investigation and the population census datum in 2002. Results showed that the occurrence ratio of KRD land is different in land use types and rocky assemblages obviously; land cover has a strong impact upon KRD. The sloping cropland distributed in homogenous limestone has a higher occurrence ratio of light KRD, secondly, is in the limestone interbedded with clastic rock. Light KRD land was dominated by shrubland, and sloping cropland accounts for 11.67% of it, moderate KRD land was dominated by moderate coverage grass slopes, strong and extremely strong KRD was dominated by rocky dry land which is difficult to use.  相似文献   

12.
Tsunami-induced scour at coastal roadways: a laboratory study   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Coastal roads are lifelines for bringing emergency personnel and equipment into affected areas after tsunamis, thus careful thought should be given to how to make roadways safer from tsunamis. Scouring at roadways is the primary damage caused by tsunamis; however, tsunami-induced scouring and beach erosion are less understood compared to tsunami runup and tsunami inundation. A set of laboratory experiments are reported in this study on tsunami-induced scour at a road model situated on a sandy beach. Our experiments showed that the distance between the shoreline and a roadway, which varies with tides, was a key factor affecting the scour depth at the road. Having the coastal road at about half of the inundation distance is not the most ideal location. The depth of road embedment did not affect the scour depth in our experiments. It was also found that for typical tsunamis, the scour depth is unlikely to reach its equilibrium stage. The information reported in this study is useful for local authorities to assess potential tsunami damage of roads and to have a better plan for tsunami disaster relief.  相似文献   

13.
基于CiteSpace的喀斯特石漠化国际研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
许尔琪 《中国岩溶》2021,40(4):728-738
喀斯特石漠化蚕食区域土地资源,制约当地经济的可持续发展,受到国内外学者和政府的广泛关注。鉴于石漠化防治的长期性和艰巨性,梳理有关石漠化在国际上发表论文的相关研究进展,分析当前发展态势及研究前沿和热点,可为石漠化的治理与恢复提供支撑。本文以“Web of ScienceTM核心合集”为主要数据库,检索获取关于石漠化的英文发表成果。利用CiteSpace文献分析工具,进行石漠化研究进展的可视化表达和分析。结果显示:①对比全球的碳酸盐岩区域和人口分布发现,尽管石漠化在多国都有分布,但剧烈的人为扰动导致石漠化在中国西南岩溶地区最为突出;②中国在石漠化研究处于领先地位,国际上发文量最大,发文数大致经历了起步-缓增-稳增-快增的发展过程,中国学者研究与政府投入密切相关;③以贵州省为代表的中国西南地区是发文的核心区,石漠化监测与治理及其对生态环境影响是当前研究的热点和难点。文章综述喀斯特自然环境和人类活动及其交互效应对石漠化演替的影响过程,阐明了石漠化正逆演替过程造成的生态环境效应。综合已发表文献,指出未来需要从高精度石漠化自动制图技术、石漠化与人为活动互馈机制和石漠化恢复与生态环境提升协同路径等3个方面深入研究。   相似文献   

14.
Flooding in karst terranes is a commonly occurring geo-hazard. It causes damage to property, businesses, and roadways. It can lead to the formation of cover-collapse sinkholes and groundwater contamination. Generally, three types of flooding or their combinations are related to karst: recharge-related sinkhole flooding, flow-related flooding, and discharge-related flooding. Understanding of the type of flooding is essential for solving the flooding problem. Areas prone to karst flooding should be recognized, and restrictions and laws on land use should be implemented. Runoff and erosion control plans should address the unique characteristics of karst features. Digging out clogged sinkholes, creating retention basins, or installing Class V Injection Wells are possible solutions to improve drainage of storm water. Solutions to flooding problems in karst areas should also be coordinated with the water quality control to prevent groundwater contamination.  相似文献   

15.
岩溶地下水污染风险评价对岩溶地下水的保护、管理和合理利用具有重要意义。文章总结了近年来国内外地下水污染风险评价方面的研究进展,针对目前评价体系存在的不足,构建了适合岩溶区地下水污染风险评价体系。该方法基于欧洲模式,实现地下水防污性能评价;污染负荷评价则考虑污染物在覆盖层中的衰减过程,利用折减系数实现污染负荷量化;最后,基于GIS空间叠加分析耦合防污性能与污染负荷评价,实现区域地下水污染风险评价。文章以地苏地下河系流域为例,开展岩溶区域地下水污染风险评价,结果表明:区域整体地下水污染风险偏低,地下水中等及以上污染风险区域面积424.41 km2,占研究区总面积的39.03%,主要分布在研究区中东部地苏乡、东庙乡、六也乡局部等人类活动频繁与地苏地下河干流中下游段。地下水污染风险空间分布特征不仅显示了岩性、坡度、岩溶网络发育等自然条件对评价结果的影响,同时也反映了人类活动的影响。地势平缓,岩溶发育程度强烈,加之人类活动频繁是导致区域地下水污染风险较高的原因所在。   相似文献   

16.
Over the past decades, the vast limestone mountain areas in southwestern China have suffered greatly from karst rocky desertification (KRD), which is a unique type of desertification caused by irrational land-use practices and has drawn increasing attention of international academic community. Characterizing soil erosion in this region is the key to understanding the escalating KRD problem and finding solution to it. The authors applied leveling method to study soil erosion process in the Huajiang Karst Canyon area between 1999 and 2003, and tried to relate it to KRD expansion. The monitoring data indicate that soil in the study area was losing at an alarming rate, which is much higher than soil formation rate and has already resulted in severe KRD problem. Soil loss under different land-use conditions varied greatly during the monitoring period. The highest soil erosion rate occurred in bare and newly abandoned cropland, followed by sparse grass land, forest land, and dense grass land. In addition, soil erosion could be significantly different under different micro-topographic conditions. Because soil erosion rate in the studied karst mountain areas is surprisingly high, it is urgent to take quick actions to fight against the ongoing KRD problems in Southwest China before an irreversible situation occurs. However, the traditional way to combat KRD by abandoning current cropland needs to be carefully reconsidered, since a bare newly abandoned cropland may suffer more from rapid soil loss than before.  相似文献   

17.
Environmental and legal aspects of karst areas   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
 Environmental impacts on karst settings are common as they are more sensitive than those of other rock terrains. Regulatory procedures that are effective in other rock terrains are not necessarily applicable to karst settings. Development and exploitation by man that affect the karst hydrology regime can trigger catastrophic events and result in numerous legal actions where the effects of changes go beyond property boundaries. A great variety of regulations and examples of litigation exist for karst areas. Received: 25 October 1994 · Accepted: 17 October 1995  相似文献   

18.
岩溶瓦斯问题已成为影响和制约煤矿安全生产的重要致灾因素。为保障岩溶影响区岩石巷道掘进过程中的施工安全,有效防治岩溶瓦斯灾害,以重庆松藻矿区为研究对象,分析了岩溶瓦斯来源及岩溶瓦斯赋存规律,提出了基于岩溶瓦斯小块段区域预测、梯级渐进式局部探测、近距离局部防治和安全防护措施的"四位一体"防治技术。现场应用表明,严格实施"四位一体"防治技术能够有效防止岩溶瓦斯事故。  相似文献   

19.
Rocky desertification (RD) is a process of land degradation that often results in extensive soil erosion, bedrock exposure and considerable decrease of land productivity. The spatio-temporal evolution of RD not only reflects regional ecological environmental changes but also directly impacts regional economic and social development. The study area, Hechi, is a typical karst peak cluster depression area in southwest China. Remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical techniques were employed to examine the evolution, including the identification of driving forces, of karst RD in the Northwestern Guangxi. The results indicate that RD became most apparent between 1990 and 2005 when areas of various types of RD increased. Within the karst RD landscape, slight RD was identified as the matrix of the landscape while potential RD had the largest patch sizes. Extremely strong RD, with the simplest shape, was the most influenced by human activities. Overall the landscape evolved from fragmented to agglomerate within the 15-year timeframe. Land condition changes were categorized as five types; desertified, recovered, unchanged, worsened, and alleviated land. The largest turnover within the RD landscape was between slight and moderate RD. With regards to the driving forces all RD had been increasingly influenced by human activities (i.e., the stronger the RD, the stronger the intensity of human disturbances). Dominant impact factors of the RD landscape had shifted from town influence and bare rock land in 1990 to bare rock and grassland in 2005. Moreover, the impacts of stony soil, mountainous proportion and river density on RD increased over time, while that of others decreased. The significant factors included human activities, land use, soil types, environmental geology, and topography. However, only anthropogenic factors (human activities and land use) were reported as leading factors whereas the others acted simply as constraining factors.  相似文献   

20.
根据峰丛洼地区石漠化治理碳汇的现有研究文献,系统总结了峰丛洼地区石漠化治理过程中的碳储量空间格局及其动态过程、不同模式下的碳汇评价与定量化等方面的研究进展与不足,提出了峰丛洼地区二期石漠化治理应关注碳汇稳定性、受气候变化制约等问题,从而优化资源配置的思路;展望了峰丛洼地区二期石漠化治理工程中碳汇研究的趋势:一方面,将土壤分布格局、碳汇耦合机理研究和增加当地经济效益相结合,提高当地农民参与石漠化治理的积极性,推广和发展第一期石漠化治理工程的成果和经验; 另一方面,将遥感技术与石漠化治理碳汇研究相结合,构建更多碳汇估算模型,为二期石漠化治理碳汇定量化服务。   相似文献   

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