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1.
WRF模式对青藏高原那曲地区大气边界层模拟适用性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式4种边界层参数化方案对青藏高原那曲地区边界层特征进行了数值模拟,并利用"第三次青藏高原大气科学试验"在青藏高原那曲地区5个站点的观测资料对模拟结果进行验证,分析不同参数化方案在那曲地区的适用性。研究表明,YSU、MYJ、ACM2和BouLac方案对2 m气温和地表温度的模拟偏低。BouLac方案模拟的地表温度偏差较小。通过对能量平衡各分量的对比分析发现,温度模拟偏低可能是向下长波辐射模拟偏低以及感热通量和潜热通量交换过强导致的。对于边界层风、位温和相对湿度垂直结构的模拟,局地方案的模拟效果均优于非局地方案。BouLac方案对那曲地区近地层温度、边界层内位温和相对湿度的垂直分布模拟效果较好。 相似文献
2.
基于中尺度数值模式WRF,对比分析了六种大气边界层物理过程参数化方案（BouLac、MYJ、UW、YSU、ACM2、SH）对台风“利奇马”模拟结果的影响。结果表明,不同边界层方案对“利奇马”路径的模拟结果影响较小,但对其强度和结构演变的模拟结果影响显著。其中,局地闭合方案UW方案模拟的结果最强,局地闭合方案BouLac次之,而局地闭合方案MYJ和三种非局地闭合方案YSU、ACM2和SH的模拟强度都较弱。这些方案中,BouLac模拟的海平面最低气压与实况最为接近。通过对比这些边界层方案的模拟结果发现,由于台风强度的差异受到热力和动力的共同影响,边界层方案如模拟得到的地表潜热通量和边界层中湍流扩散系数较大,将导致较大的径向风和低层辐合,从而模拟得到较强的台风强度;反之,则台风强度较弱。 相似文献
3.
利用WRF模式对2017年6月9日重庆合川区一次局地暴雨过程开展对流可分辨尺度的模拟试验,比较三种边界层参数化方案对降水模拟的影响。结果表明,不同试验均能模拟出此次降水的主要分布特征,而不同边界层参数化方案能够显著影响降水落区和强度的模拟。MYJ方案对强降水的模拟最好,能较好地模拟出降水触发的时间和位置;其次为BouLac方案,触发时间偏晚约2 h,降水落区与MYJ方案相近;YSU方案模拟的降水分布偏差较大,降水触发的位置和落区偏北。湍流混合强度是造成落区模拟差异的主要原因,通过影响1.5 km高度以下风场分布改变造成此次局地强降水过程的西南涡位置,进而影响到降水的落区。基于YSU方案的湍流混合减弱试验证明了湍流混合强度与降水落区的关系。 相似文献
4.
利用高分辨率WRF单气柱模式,选取了两种边界层参数化方案(YSU,MYJ),对TWP-ICE(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)试验期间的个例进行数值模拟,比较了两种方案对边界层结构、云和降水模拟的影响。结果表明:季风活跃期,YSU方案模拟的湍流交换系数较小,湍流混合偏弱,边界层内热通量偏小,使地表热量和水汽不易向上输送,水汽含量在近地表明显偏多,而在边界层及其以上大气层具有显著的干偏差,因此该方案模拟的云中液态水和固态水含量偏低,云量偏少,降水率偏小;MYJ方案对于季风活跃期的边界层结构具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的云和降水更为准确。季风抑制期,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层结构存在较大误差,这是因为该方案模拟的夜间湍流交换系数较大,湍流混合偏强,边界层内热通量偏大,模拟的位温和水汽混合比在边界层内随高度变化较小,而观测廓线在边界层内存在较大梯度。季风抑制期两种方案模拟的云和降水均比观测值偏多,方案之间的差异较小。 相似文献
5.
A number of open questions remain regarding the role of low-level jets (LLJs) and nocturnal mixing processes in the buildup of tropospheric ozone. The prevalence of southerly winds and LLJs in the U.S. Southern Great Plains during summer makes this region an ideal site for investigating the structure of the nocturnal boundary layer and its impacts on urban air quality. Ozone $(\mathrm{O}_{3})$ and nitrogen oxide concentrations measured at regulatory monitoring sites in the Oklahoma City (OKC) area and simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model were analyzed to show how the nocturnal LLJ moderates boundary-layer mixing processes and air quality. Datasets collected during the Joint Urban 2003 campaign, which took place in July 2003 in OKC, provided detailed information about nocturnal boundary-layer structure and dynamics. In general, ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ time series show the expected behavior that urban ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ concentrations decrease at night due to nitrogen oxide titration reactions, but elevated ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ concentrations and secondary ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ peaks are also seen quite frequently after sunset. LLJs developed on most nights during the study period and were associated with strong vertical wind shear, which affected the boundary-layer stability and structure. Near-surface ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ concentrations are higher during less stable nights when active mixing persists throughout the night. The WRF/Chem model results agree well with the observations and further demonstrate the role of LLJs in moderating nocturnal mixing processes and air quality. The highest nocturnal ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ concentrations are linked to a strong LLJ that promotes both nocturnal long-range transport and persistent downward mixing of ${\mathrm{O}_{3}}$ from the residual layer to the surface. 相似文献
6.
Evaluation of the Weather Research and Forecasting Mesoscale Model for GABLS3: Impact of Boundary-Layer Schemes,Boundary Conditions and Spin-Up 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
Michal A. Kleczek Gert-Jan Steeneveld Albert A. M. Holtslag 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(2):213-243
We evaluated the performance of the three-dimensional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model, specifically the performance of the planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations. For this purpose, Cabauw tower observations were used, with the study extending beyond the third GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Study (GABLS3) one-dimensional model intercomparison. The WRF model (version 3.4.1) contains 12 different PBL parametrizations, most of which have been only partially evaluated. The GABLS3 case offers a clear opportunity to evaluate model performance, focusing on time series of near-surface weather variables, radiation and surface flux budgets, vertical structure and the nighttime inertial oscillation. The model results revealed substantial differences between the PBL schemes. Generally, non-local schemes tend to produce higher temperatures and higher wind speeds than local schemes, in particular, for nighttime. The WRF model underestimates the 2-m temperature during daytime (about \(2\) K) and substantially underestimates it at night (about \(4\) K), in contrast to the previous studies where modelled 2-m temperature was overestimated. Considering the 10-m wind speed, during the night turbulent kinetic energy based schemes tend to produce lower wind speeds than other schemes. In all simulations the sensible and latent heat fluxes were well reproduced. For the net radiation and the soil heat flux we found good agreement with daytime observations but underestimations at night. Concerning the vertical profiles, the selected non-local PBL schemes underestimate the PBL depth and the low-level jet altitude at night by about 50 m, although with the correct wind speed. The latter contradicts most previous studies and can be attributed to the revised stability function in the Yonsei University PBL scheme. The local, turbulent kinetic energy based PBL schemes estimated the low-level jet altitude and strength more accurately. Compared to the observations, all model simulations show a similar structure for the potential temperature, with a consistent cold bias ( \(\approx \) 2 K) in the upper PBL. In addition to the sensitivity to the PBL schemes, we studied the sensitivity to technical features such as horizontal resolution and domain size. We found a substantial difference in the model performance for a range of 12, 18 and 24 h spin-up times, longer spin-up time decreased the modelled wind speed bias, but it strengthened the negative temperature bias. The sensitivity of the model to the vertical resolution of the input and boundary conditions on the model performance is confirmed, and its influence appeared most significant for the non-local PBL parametrizations. 相似文献
7.
Intercomparison of Planetary Boundary-Layer Parametrizations in the WRF Model for a Single Day from CASES-99 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：5
This study compares five planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parametrizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) numerical
model for a single day from the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) field program. The five schemes include
two first-order closure schemes—the Yonsei University (YSU) PBL and Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2), and three
turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure schemes—the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ), quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE), and
Bougeault–Lacarrére (BouLac) PBL. The comparison results reveal that discrepancies among thermodynamic surface variables from
different schemes are large at daytime, while the variables converge at nighttime with large deviations from those observed.
On the other hand, wind components are more divergent at nighttime with significant biases. Regarding PBL structures, a non-local
scheme with the entrainment flux proportional to the surface flux is favourable in unstable conditions. In stable conditions,
the local TKE closure schemes show better performance. The sensitivity of simulated variables to surface-layer parametrizations
is also investigated to assess relative contributions of the surface-layer parametrizations to typical features of each PBL
scheme. In the surface layer, temperature and moisture are more strongly influenced by surface-layer formulations than by
PBL mixing algorithms in both convective and stable regimes, while wind speed depends on vertical diffusion formulations in
the convective regime. Regarding PBL structures, surface-layer formulations only contribute to near-surface variability and
then PBL mean properties, whereas shapes of the profiles are determined by PBL mixing algorithms. 相似文献
8.
9.
利用CM1数值模式,以2017年8月7日发生在长江三角洲地区的一次夜间飑线过程为例,开展弱切变背景下中层相对湿度、低层风切变和对流有效位能的敏感性试验。结果表明:中层相对湿度升高,有利于夜间飑线雷达回波面积、回波强度和地面降温幅度增大。湿度降低,虽导致夜间飑线的雷达回波宽度变窄,但有利于夜间飑线结构和强度的维持。中层相对湿度的改变对夜间飑线成熟阶段的地面最大风速的影响并不十分明显,但是中层相对湿度的降低会增大地面最大风速的波动;低层风切变的增大使夜间飑线雷达回波强度增强、面积增大、移速变慢,也使飑线冷池强度增强,而对成熟飑线的冷池厚度和地面最大风速影响不大,但是更弱的环境风垂直切变更容易出现脉冲风暴地面强风。低层风切变的减小不利于夜间飑线的发展以及成熟夜间飑线结构和强度的维持;对流有效位能越大,越有利于夜间飑线雷达回波强度和回波面积以及冷池强度和厚度的增大,也有利于夜间飑线地面降温幅度和地面最大风速的增大。中等大小的对流有效位能更有利于成熟夜间飑线强度和结构的维持。低对流有效位能不利于夜间飑线发展,但在中层湿环境条件下依然能发展成为成熟的夜间飑线。该研究揭示了中层相对湿度、低层风切变和对流有效位能等大气环境条件对夜间飑线发生、发展的影响机制,为夜间飑线的预报提供了参考依据。 相似文献
10.
An improved non-stationary two-layer model is presented for the simulation of wind speed maxima in the nocturnal boundary
layer. The model is based on the idea of Blackadar (1957), who proposed as forcing mechanism an inertial oscillation of the
ageostrophic component of the wind vector in the levels above the top of the nocturnal radiation inversion. First, the time-dependent
variation of the nocturnal boundary-layer height is studied by means of prognostic equations; there is a good agreement between
observed and calculated height data for three days of the Wangara experiment. Furthermore, a diurnal variation of the drag
coefficient is considered in the lower layer by decreasing the coefficient by a factor of 10–20 due to stabilization of this
layer during the night. The marked temporal decrease (increase) of the drag coefficient in the first hours after sunset (sunrise)
is described by a function
. The incorporation of these two effects into the model gives results which are in good agreement with observed wind data
for Wangara days 13/14, 30/31, and 33/34. 相似文献
11.
为了进一步评估和提高区域模式对西南地区东部高分辨率气候的模拟能力,利用 WRF模式,采用 多种边界层参数化方案（下称“不同方案”）对西南地区东部 1998—2019年夏季降水和气温进行双重嵌套模拟 （外层为D01,内层为D02）。对比不同方案模拟结果表明：多年平均降水量在D01中基本为湿偏差;D02中在四 川盆地和重庆低海拔地区为干偏差,湿偏差主要位于贵州和重庆的城口、石柱和武隆一带的地形复杂区;总体 上D01中ACM2方案误差最小,D02中MYJ方案误差最小。对多年平均气温的模拟在D01中除了四川盆地一 带为暖偏差外其余大部地区基本为冷偏差,D02 中大部地区为暖偏差;总体上 D01 和 D02 中 MYJ方案误差最 小,YSU方案最大。对于降水量和平均气温年际变化的模拟技巧在D01和D02中相对较高的地区均集中在重 庆中西部和湖北大部地区;降水量总体为 YSU 方案最高,MYJ 方案最低;平均气温总体为 MYJ 方案最高, ACM2方案最低。因此,提升模式分辨率至对流尺度后对不同气象要素模拟技巧最优的方案存在差异,需根据 业务情况选择适合本地的参数化方案。 相似文献
12.
The viability of wind-energy generation is dependent on highly accurate numerical wind forecasts, which are impeded by inaccuracies in model representation of boundary-layer processes. This study revisits the basic theory of the Mellor, Yamada, Nakanishi, and Niino (MYNN) planetary boundary-layer parametrization scheme, focusing on the onset of wind-ramp events related to nocturnal low-level jets. Modifications to the MYNN scheme include: (1) calculation of new closure parameters that determine the relative effects of turbulent energy production, dissipation, and redistribution; (2) enhanced mixing in the stable boundary layer when the mean wind speed exceeds a specified threshold; (3) explicit accounting of turbulent potential energy in the energy budget. A mesoscale model is used to generate short-term (24 h) wind forecasts for a set of 15 cases from both the U.S.A. and Germany. Results show that the new set of closure parameters provides a marked forecast improvement only when used in conjunction with the new mixing length formulation and only for cases that are originally under- or over-forecast (10 of the 15 cases). For these cases, the mean absolute error (MAE) of wind forecasts at turbine-hub height is reduced on average by 17%. A reduction in MAE values on average by 26% is realized for these same cases when accounting for the turbulent potential energy together with the new mixing length. This last method results in an average reduction by at least 13% in MAE values across all 15 cases. 相似文献
13.
Alkyl nitrate yields from the NO x photooxidations of neopentane, 2-methylbutane and 3-methylpentane have been determined over the temperature and pressure ranges 281–323 K and 54–740 torr, respectively. The formation of the alkyl nitrates is attributed to the reaction pathway (1b) $${\text{RO}}_{\text{2}} + {\text{NO}}^{{\text{ }}\underrightarrow {\text{M}}} {\text{ RONO}}_{\text{2}}$$ and rate constant ratios k 1b/(k 1a+k 1b) are estimated, where (1a) is the reaction pathway (1a) $${\text{RO}}_{\text{2}} + {\text{NO}} \to {\text{RONO}}_{\text{2}} .$$ A method for estimating this rate constant ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl peroxy radicals is presented. 相似文献
14.
J. R. Garratt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,26(1):69-80
Near-surface wind profiles in the nocturnal boundary layer, depth h, above relatively flat, tree-covered terrain are described in the context of the analysis of Garratt (1980) for the unstable atmospheric boundary layer. The observations at two sites imply a surface-based transition layer, of depth z *, within which the observed non-dimensional profiles Φ M 0 are a modified form of the inertial sub-layer relation \(\Phi _M \left( {{z \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {z L}} \right. \kern-0em} L}} \right) = \left( {{{1 + 5_Z } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 + 5_Z } L}} \right. \kern-0em} L}} \right)\) according to $$\Phi _M^{\text{0}} \simeq \left( {{{1 + 5z} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 + 5z} L}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} L}} \right)\exp \left[ { - 0.7\left( {{{1 - z} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 - z} z}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} z}_ * } \right)} \right]$$ , where z is height above the zero-plane displacement and L is the Monin-Obukhov length. At both sites the depth z * is significantly smaller than the appropriate neutral value (z *N ) found from the previous analysis, as might be expected in the presence of a buoyant sink for turbulent kinetic energy. 相似文献
15.
The average dispersion of a plume in the atmospheric boundary layer is strongly influenced by atmospheric turbulence. Atmospheric turbulence determines also concentration fluctuations due to turbulent meandering by large scale turbulent eddies and in-plume fluctuations, due to smaller scale eddies. Conversion of NO to NO2 in a plume is influenced by micro-scale mixing, due to the concentration fluctuation correlation % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaa0aaaeaaca% qGobGaae4tamaaCaaaleqabaGaaeymaaaakiaab+eadaqhaaWcbaGa% ae4maaqaaiaabgdaaaaaaaaa!3AF4!\[\overline {{\rm{NO}}^{\rm{1}} {\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{1}} } \] and macro-scale mixing, the mixing in of ambient air containing O3 into the plume.The study of turbulent meandering, in-plume fluctuations, microscale and macro-scale mixing will contribute to a better understanding of concentration fluctuations in general. 相似文献
16.
A mesoscale boundary-layer model (BLM) is used for running 12-h low-level wind forecasts for the La Plata River region. Several
experiments are performed with different boundary conditions that include operational forecasts of the Eta/CPTEC model, local
observations, as well as a combination of both. The BLM wind forecasts are compared to the surface wind observations of five
weather stations during the period November 2003–April 2004. Two accuracy measures are used: the hit rate or percentage of
cases with agreement in the wind direction sector, and the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the horizontal wind components.
The BLM surface wind forecasts are always more accurate, since its averaged hit rate is three times greater and its averaged
RMSE is one half smaller than the Eta forecasts. Despite the large errors in the surface winds displayed by the Eta forecasts,
its 850 hPa winds and surface temperature forecasts are able to drive the BLM model to obtain surface winds forecasts with
smaller errors than the Eta model. An additional experiment demonstrates that the advantage of using the BLM model for forecasting
low-level winds over the La Plata River region is the result of a more appropriate definition of the land–river surface temperature
contrast. The particular formulation that the BLM model has for the geometry of the river coasts is fundamental for resolving
the smaller scale details of the low-level local circulation. The main conclusion of the study is that operational low-level
wind forecasts for the La Plata River region can be improved by running the BLM model forced by the Eta operational forecasts.
L. Sraibman and G. J. Berri—Members of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) of Argentina.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
17.
Hao Liu Renmin Yuan Jie Mei Jianning Sun Qi Liu Yu Wang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(2):277-294
The scale properties of anisotropic and isotropic turbulence in the urban surface layer are investigated. A dimensionless anisotropic tensor is introduced and the turbulent tensor anisotropic coefficient, defined as C, where \(C = 3d_{3}\,+\,1 (d_{3}\) is the minimum eigenvalue of the tensor) is used to characterize the turbulence anisotropy or isotropy. Turbulence is isotropic when \(C \approx 1\), and anisotropic when \(C \ll 1\). Three-dimensional velocity data collected using a sonic anemometer are analyzed to obtain the anisotropic characteristics of atmospheric turbulence in the urban surface layer, and the tensor anisotropic coefficient of turbulent eddies at different spatial scales calculated. The analysis shows that C is strongly dependent on atmospheric stability \(\xi = (z-z_{\mathrm{d}})/L_{{\textit{MO}}}\), where z is the measurement height, \(z_{\mathrm{d}}\) is the displacement height, and \(L_{{\textit{MO}}}\) is the Obukhov length. The turbulence at a specific scale in unstable conditions (i.e., \(\xi < 0\)) is closer to isotropic than that at the same scale under stable conditions. The maximum isotropic scale of turbulence is determined based on the characteristics of the power spectrum in three directions. Turbulence does not behave isotropically when the eddy scale is greater than the maximum isotropic scale, whereas it is horizontally isotropic at relatively large scales. The maximum isotropic scale of turbulence is compared to the outer scale of temperature, which is obtained by fitting the temperature fluctuation spectrum using the von Karman turbulent model. The results show that the outer scale of temperature is greater than the maximum isotropic scale of turbulence. 相似文献
18.
中尺度气象模式对风场的预报效果与参数化方案的适应性紧密相关.以内蒙古高原丘陵地形、江苏平缓的海陆交界地形2种典型下垫面试验风电场为模拟区域,分别用WRFV3.2 （Weather Research and Forecast Model）模式自带的6种物理过程参数化组合方案预报了2010年1月和7月两个风电场区域的风速和风向,对比分析了参数化组合方案差异对风场预报的影响.结果表明：①内蒙古试验区,边界层MRF方案描述的边界层结构较MYJ方案合理;微物理方案WSM3在夏季的风速预报能力优于WSM6,而冬季相反;复杂地形区域的风场预报需考虑陆面过程参数化方案,尤其是夏季降水发生后,陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大,选用Noah优于无陆面过程.②江苏试验区,边界层MRF方案描述的边界层结构较MYJ方案合理;1月陆面过程RUC方案优于陆面热量扩散和Noah;7月陆面热量扩散方案优于RUC和Noah.③风向预报6个方案的预报风向统计与实际记录风向统计有较好的一致性,风向概率分布相似,盛行风向一致且稳定. 相似文献
19.
The present study is conducted to verify the short-range forecasts from mesoscale model version5 (MM5)/weather research and forecasting (WRF) model over the Indian region and to examine the impact of assimilation of quick scatterometer (QSCAT) near surface winds, spectral sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) wind speed and total precipitable water (TPW) on the forecasts by these models using their three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation scheme for a 1-month period during July 2006. The control (without satellite data assimilation) as well as 3D-Var sensitivity experiments (with assimilating satellite data) using MM5/WRF were made for 48 h starting daily at 0000 UTC July 2006. The control run is analyzed for the intercomparison of MM5/WRF short-range forecasts and is also used as a baseline for assessing the MM5/WRF 3D-Var satellite data sensitivity experiments. As compared to the observation, the MM5 (WRF) control simulations strengthened (weakened) the cross equatorial flow over southern Arabian sea near peninsular India. The forecasts from MM5 and WRF showed a warm and moist bias at lower and upper levels with a cold bias at the middle level, which shows that the convective schemes of these models may be too active during the simulation. The forecast errors in predicted wind, temperature and humidity at different levels are lesser in WRF as compared to MM5, except the temperature prediction at lower level. The rainfall pattern and prediction skill from day 1 and day 2 forecasts by WRF is superior to MM5. The spatial distribution of forecast impact for wind, temperature, and humidity from 1-month assimilation experiments during July 2006 demonstrated that on average, for 24 and 48-h forecasts, the satellite data improved the MM5/WRF initial condition, so that model errors in predicted meteorological fields got reduced. Among the experiments, MM5/WRF wind speed prediction is most benefited from QSCAT surface wind and SSM/I TPW assimilation while temperature and humidity prediction is mostly improved due to latter. The largest improvement in MM5/WRF rainfall prediction is due to the assimilation of SSM/I TPW. The assimilation of SSM/I wind speed alone in MM5/WRF degraded the humidity and rainfall prediction. In summary the assimilation of satellite data showed similar impact on MM5/WRF prediction; largest improvement due to SSM/I TPW and degradation due to SSM/I wind speed. 相似文献
20.
Christina M. Patricola Mingkui Li Zhao Xu Ping Chang R. Saravanan Jen-Shan Hsieh 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(9-10):2443-2463
Coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) commonly fail to simulate the eastern equatorial Atlantic boreal summer cold tongue and produce a westerly equatorial trade wind bias. This tropical Atlantic bias problem is investigated with a high-resolution (27-km atmosphere represented by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, 9-km ocean represented by the Regional Ocean Modeling System) coupled regional climate model. Uncoupled atmospheric simulations test climate sensitivity to cumulus, land-surface, planetary boundary layer, microphysics, and radiation parameterizations and reveal that the radiation scheme has a pronounced impact in the tropical Atlantic. The CAM radiation simulates a dry precipitation (up to ?90%) and cold land-surface temperature (up to ?8?K) bias over the Amazon related to an over-representation of low-level clouds and almost basin-wide westerly trade wind bias. The Rapid Radiative Transfer Model and Goddard radiation simulates doubled Amazon and Congo Basin precipitation rates and a weak eastern Atlantic trade wind bias. Season-long high-resolution coupled regional model experiments indicate that the initiation of the warm eastern equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) bias is more sensitive to the local rather than basin-wide trade wind bias and to a wet Congo Basin instead of dry Amazon—which differs from AOGCM simulations. Comparisons between coupled and uncoupled simulations suggest a regional Bjerknes feedback confined to the eastern equatorial Atlantic amplifies the initial SST, wind, and deepened thermocline bias, while barrier layer feedbacks are relatively unimportant. The SST bias in some CRCM simulations resembles the typical AOGCM bias indicating that increasing resolution is unlikely a simple solution to this problem. 相似文献