共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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边界层对流对示踪物抬升和传输影响的大涡模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用"西北干旱区陆气相互作用野外观测实验"加密观测期间敦煌站的实测资料以及大涡模式, 通过一系列改变地表热通量和风切变的敏感性数值试验, 分析了地表热通量和风切变对边界层对流的强度、形式, 以及对对流边界层结构和发展的影响。模拟结果显示风切变一定, 增大地表热通量时, 由于近地层湍流运动增强, 向上输送的热量也较多, 使对流边界层变暖增厚, 而且边界层对流的强度明显增强, 对流泡发展的高度也较高。当地表热通量一定, 增大风切变时, 由于风切变使夹卷作用增强, 将逆温层中的暖空气向下卷入混合层中, 使对流边界层增暖增厚, 但是对流泡容易破碎, 对流的强度也较弱。另外通过在模式近地层释放绝对浓度为100的被动示踪物方法, 用最小二乘法定量地分析了地表热通量和风切变分别与示踪物抬升效率和传输高度的关系。分析结果表明, 风切变小于10.5×10-3 s-1时, 增大地表热通量加强了上层动量的下传, 使示踪物的抬升效率也线性增大;地表热通量小于462.5 W m-2时, 增大风切变减弱了边界层对流的强度, 从而使示踪物的抬升效率减弱。当风切变一定时, 示踪物的平均传输高度随地表热通量增加而增大, 而地表热通量一定, 只有风切变大于临界值时, 示踪物平均传输高度才随风切变的增加而增大, 而临界风速的大小由地表热通量决定。 相似文献
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大涡模式水平分辨率对边界层夹卷过程及示踪物垂直传输的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用敦煌干旱区野外加密观测资料,结合大涡模式模拟研究模式水平分辨率对边界层对流、夹卷过程及示踪物垂直传输的影响。结果表明:模式水平分辨率越高,模拟的边界层对流泡个数越多,尺度越小,且对流强度越强;提高模式水平分辨率,夹卷层位温方差增大,水平速度方差减小,垂直速度方差增大,且上升冷气流对夹卷层热通量的贡献最大。模式水平分辨率越高,垂直速度、位温及示踪物绝对质量浓度概率密度函数分布变化范围相对越广,且模拟的细微变化特征越清晰。另外,提高模式水平分辨率,模拟的示踪物空间分布特征更加细致,示踪物传输高度也较高。综合考虑到分辨率越高在模拟过程中产生的噪音越大且计算时间越久等问题,认为采用200 m水平分辨率时,模式既能较好地模拟出边界层对流的平均结构,又能模拟出边界层湍流的较细微分布特征,是较为理想的选择。 相似文献
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大涡模式垂直分辨率在夹卷及示踪物垂直传输模拟结果分析中的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于敦煌野外观测资料和大涡模式,研究了垂直方向不同尺度湍涡对夹卷及示踪物垂直传输的影响,明确了模式垂直分辨率在模拟结果分析中的作用。结果表明:垂直方向上小尺度湍涡对夹卷作用贡献更大,小尺度湍涡较多时夹卷层相对更暖,而夹卷层厚度、夹卷强度和风速变化受垂直方向湍涡尺度影响较小。当垂直分辨率为50 m时,越往夹卷层上部,上升气流和下沉气流分布较多且强度较大;分辨率为10、20和30 m时,夹卷层各高度垂直速度、位温和示踪物浓度分布较接近。另外,垂直方向湍涡尺度对示踪物垂直传输高度影响不大,而对示踪物的空间分布有一定作用。当大尺度湍涡较多且强度较强时,越有利于将高浓度的示踪物向上传输。综合考虑到模式采用较高分辨率模拟时产生的噪音及计算时间等问题,认为模式采用30 m的垂直分辨率,既能较好地模拟出夹卷层平均结构特征,又能模拟出夹卷层湍流的精细分布,是较为理想的选择。 相似文献
4.
城市建筑动力学效应对对流边界层影响的敏感性试验 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文将大涡模拟应用于城市对流边界层(CBL)湍流结构和流场特征的研究,在大涡模式中,拖曳系数取与建筑物高度及建筑物高度标准差有关的表达式以考虑次网格建筑物对风速和湍流动能(TKE)的面积平均影响.模拟结果表明,由于城市建筑物对气流的拖曳作用,使建筑物冠层及整个CBL内风速大幅度减小,城市冠层内部风速减小尤为明显,在夹卷层内,风速有一明显的跃变.在边界层中部对流运动已经发展成为较强的热泡,城市建筑物的动力学效应使热泡的水平尺度增大,CBL内平均上升气流速度和下沉气流速度减小,同时使CBL中上升气流所占比例比平坦地面增大.城市建筑物使CBL低层热通量、动量通量、速度方差和位温方差明显增大,但对近地层高度以上的湍流量影响不大. 相似文献
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2019年7月3日辽宁开原EF4级强龙卷形成条件、演变特征和机理 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
综合应用高时空分辨率多源观测资料,分析了2019年7月3日下午辽宁开原EF4级强龙卷的天气形势、环境条件、对流触发、对流风暴演变特征和龙卷的形成与消亡机制。开原龙卷发生在东北冷涡西南侧500 hPa西北气流、850 hPa切变线、地面强西南暖湿气流中;除了对流层中下层相对湿度低、抬升凝结高度较高是开原龙卷的不利环境条件外,其他有利于强中气旋龙卷的环境条件都具备。但风廓线雷达观测和天气雷达观测的径向速度场显示0～1 km垂直风切变的增强具有中尺度特征,表明边界层强风与中层急流相耦合形成了非常有利于龙卷的垂直风切变条件。形成开原龙卷的直接系统是一孤立超级单体,具有典型的超级单体雷达回波特征、强中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征等;其由地面干线辐合线与东侧的阵风锋辐合线共同作用触发。该对流风暴前部产生的降水先使得开原及周边地区大气快速饱和、显著改善了大气低层湿度条件,当对流风暴后部钩状回波部分移动到该区域时,有利于其不太强的下沉气流产生强度适宜的冷池,加之边界层强暖湿气流入流、强低层和中层垂直风切变与强烈上升气流的共同作用,从而产生了该次开原龙卷。地面自动站观测温度分布表明,开原龙卷超级单体的冷池与环境大气温度差异在2~4℃时有利于龙卷形成,而当对流风暴的强下沉气流使冷池温差加大到7℃时,不利于近地面垂直涡度维持,导致龙卷消亡。 相似文献
7.
大气边界层结构影响地气间物质能量交换、污染物扩散及人类健康。边界层结构受地表加热和动力作用影响显著,但实际观测中难以分离每种因素的影响,造成边界层结构和大气湍流参数化的困难。为此,利用中尺度天气模式WRF中的大涡模块WRF-LES,设置控制试验（Test1）,地表热通量试验（Test2）、低层风切变试验（Test3）、地表粗糙度试验（Test4）及同时改变上述变量的试验（Test5）,研究地表加热、低层风切变和地表粗糙度对平坦下垫面条件下的边界层结构的影响。模拟结果表明：（1）地表加热增强5倍使边界层升温,对流增强,夹卷层厚度增加120.8%,全边界层湍流动能增加45.7%,热力和动力边界层高度分别增大28.3%和29.9%。强烈的垂直混合作用有利于动量向下传递,使风速在边界层低层增大、中上层减小。（2）低层风切变增大0.5倍,使得热力和动力边界层高度分别增大11.9%和降低6%,夹卷层厚度增大31.2%,全边界层湍流动能增大25.7%。（3）粗糙度增加4倍,对湍流动能的影响主要集中在低层,动力边界层高度变化较小,但摩擦损耗作用使动力边界层内风速减小;同时,增加了边界层顶附近的夹卷作用... 相似文献
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1.引言经典的飑线模型把飑线看成为与风切变垂直,排列成带状的由对流性上升和下沉气流形成的系统(Ludlam,1963).一般地理解,飑线的演变结果取决于上升气流的倾斜方向.压向垂直风切变的倾斜(逆切变倾斜)上升气流,把降水倾泻到下沉气流区,由于蒸发增强了地表冷空气堆;另一方面,顺切变倾斜的上升气流把雨水直接注入低层流入气 相似文献
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通常认为局地浮力与对流活动息息相关。本文统计分析了不同强度垂直风切变影响下热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的浮力特征。研究发现,弱至中等强度的垂直风切变环境下,顺切变象限的浮力大于逆切变象限的浮力,顺切变象限的总浮力随风切变的增大而减小。而在极端强度的风切变影响下,大部分总浮力为负值。热力浮力、动力浮力与上升运动垂直质量输送没有明显相关性,因此总浮力和垂直质量输送也无显著相关性。上述结果加深了我们对热带气旋外核区对流发生发展过程的物理认识。 相似文献
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Parameterization of Entrainment in a Sheared Convective Boundary Layer Using a First-order Jump Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Si-Wan Kim Soon-Ung Park David Pino Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,120(3):455-475
Basic entrainment equations applicable to the sheared convective boundary layer (CBL) are derived by assuming an inversion layer with a finite depth, i.e., the first-order jump model. Large-eddy simulation data are used to determine the constants involved in the parameterizations of the entrainment equations. Based on the integrated turbulent kinetic energy budget from surface to the top of the CBL, the resulting entrainment heat flux normalized by surface heat flux is a function of the inversion layer depth, the velocity jumps across the inversion layer, the friction velocity, and the convection velocity. The developed first-order jump model is tested against large-eddy simulation data of two independent cases with different inversion strengths. In both cases, the model reproduces quite reasonably the evolution of the CBL height, virtual potential temperature, and velocity components in the mixed layer and in the inversion layer.The part of this work was done when the first author visited at NCAR. 相似文献
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Large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed to investigate the entrainment andthe structure of the inversion layer of the convective boundary layer (CBL) withvarying wind shears. Three CBLs are generated with the constant surface kinematicheat flux of 0.05 K m s-1 and varying geostrophic wind speeds from 5 to 15m s-1. Heat flux profiles show that the maximum entrainment heat flux as afraction of the surface heat flux increases from 0.13 to 0.30 in magnitude withincreasing wind shear. The thickness of the entrainment layer, relative to the depthof the well-mixed layer, increases substantially from 0.36 to 0.73 with increasingwind shear. The identification of vortices and extensive flow visualizations nearthe entrainment layer show that concentrated vortices perpendicular to the meanboundary-layer wind direction are identified in the capping inversion layer for thecase of strong wind shear. These vortices are found to develop along the mean winddirections over strong updrafts, which are generated by convective rolls and to appearas large-scale wavy motions similar to billows generated by the Kelvin–Helmholtzinstability. Quadrant analysis of the heat flux shows that in the case of strong windshear, large fluctuations of temperature and vertical velocity generated by largeamplitude wavy motions result in greater heat flux at each quadrant than that inthe weak wind shear case. 相似文献
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日间对流边界层最显著的结构特征是在热力作用下所形成的组织化对流。与小尺度湍涡不同的是，组织化对流具有边界层尺度的垂直相干性，可实现垂直贯穿边界层的非局地物质和能量传输。本文针对对流边界层中的动量混合，探究组织化对流对动量输送的贡献。以高精度大涡模拟数据为研究资料，通过傅里叶变换、本征正交分解和经验模态分解3种滤波方法，分离组织化对流和背景湍涡，计算与两者相关的非局地和局地动量通量，发现与组织化对流相关的非局地动量通量是总通量的重要组成部分，并主导混合层中的垂直动量输送。而后，基于协谱和相位谱分析，探究组织化对流的空间结构对动量传输的影响，发现在热力主导的不稳定环境中，单体型环流结构对动量的传输效率较低。而在风切较强的近中性环境中，滚涡型组织化结构可使垂直和水平流向扰动速度的相位差减小，从而提升动量传输效率。研究结果表明，边界层方案需要包含非局地动量通量项，其参数化应考虑整体稳定度对传输效率的影响。 相似文献
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Buoyancy fluxes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) for the cloud street regime, observed during the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE), have been analyzed using the technique of joint frequency distribution. For the lower half of the MABL, the results suggest that the buoyancy flux is mainly generated by the rising thermals and the sinking compensating ambient air, and is mainly consumed by the entrainment and detrainment of thermals, penetrative convection, and the entrainment from the MABL top.The results are compared to those from previous studies of mesoscale cellular convection (Air-Mass Transformation Experiment, AMTEX), the dry convective boundary layer, and the trade-wind MABL. For the lower MABL, the quadrant buoyancy fluxes, fractional coverages, and flux intensities are in good agreement with those of mesoscale cellular convection (AMTEX) and the dry convective boundary layer. The results suggest that, if the buoyancy flux is primarily driven by the temperature flux, the physical processes for generating buoyancy flux mentioned above are about the same for the lower boundary layers over land and ocean, even with different convective regimes. For the trade-wind MABL, the buoyancy flux is mainly driven by the moisture flux; the quadrant flux intensities are stronger than those of the other three studies except for the buoyant updrafts (thermals). These results suggest that the entrainment and detrainment of thermals are more effective in the trade-wind MABL than in the boundary layers driven by the temperature flux.Scale analysis of the buoyancy flux is in good agreement with that of AMTEX. For the lower half of the MABL, the buoyancy flux is mainly generated by the intermediate scale (200 m to 2 km), which includes the dominant convective thermals in the surface layer and the mixed layer. The scale smaller than 200 m is important only in the surface layer. The scale larger than 2 km, which includes the roll vortices, increases its significance upward. While most of the positive and negative fluxes are associated with the updrafts for the intermediate scale, the downdrafts are as important as updrafts for the larger scale.ST Systems Corporation, Lanham, MD, 20706, U.S.A. 相似文献
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Frequency of Boundary-Layer-Top Fluctuations in Convective and Stable Conditions Using Laser Remote Sensing 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Giovanni Martucci Renaud Matthey Valentin Mitev Hans Richner 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(2):313-331
The planetary boundary-layer (PBL) height is determined with high temporal and altitude resolution from lidar backscatter
profiles. Then, the frequencies of daytime thermal updrafts and downdrafts and of nighttime gravity waves are obtained applying
a fast Fourier transform on the temporal fluctuation of the PBL height. The principal frequency components of each spectrum
are related to the dominant processes occurring at the daytime and nighttime PBL top. Two groups of cases are selected for
the study: one group combines daytime cases, measured in weak horizontal wind conditions and dominated by convection. The
cases show higher updraft and downdraft frequencies for the shallow, convective boundary layer and lower frequencies for a
deep PBL. For cases characterized by strong horizontal winds, the frequencies directly depend on the wind speed. The temporal
variation of the PBL height is determined also in the likely presence of lee waves. For nighttime cases, the main frequency
components in the spectra do not show a real correlation with the nocturnal PBL height. Altitude fluctuations of the top of
the nocturnal boundary layer are observed even though the boundary layer is statically stable. These oscillations are associated
with the wind shear effect and with buoyancy waves at the PBL top. 相似文献
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Over complex terrain, convection and thermally-driven circulations simultaneously occur under fair weather conditions during the day. To investigate these processes on the basis of observations, simultaneous measurements on different scales are necessary. Comprehensive measurements with the mobile observation platform KITcube were performed on the mountainous island of Corsica during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX) field campaign in late summer and autumn 2012. Using a case study, the benefit of integrated measurement systems and coordinated scan strategies was demonstrated, and experimental evidence of, and new insights into, convective and advective transport processes in a valley were obtained. Convection, thermally-driven circulations and topographic and advective venting led to the diurnal cycle of temperature, humidity and wind over complex terrain in the mountain atmospheric boundary layer (mountain ABL), which was deeper than an ABL over homogeneous terrain under equal surface forcing. Due to the combined transport processes on different scales, the mountain ABL in a valley also extended beyond the convection layer, which was characterized by surface-based, buoyancy-driven turbulent mixing. Strong subsidence, with a vertical velocity of about 1 m s \(^{-1}\) , was present within the mountain ABL for several hours around noon and suppressed the convection-layer growth. Above the layer with subsidence, elevated vertical motions, consisting of alternating updrafts and downdrafts, occurred. Once the convection layer grew to the bottom of the layer with elevated vertical motions, surface-based convective cells occasionally coupled to the elevated updrafts, as a result of which the convection layer rapidly deepened. 相似文献
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The entrainment flux ratio A e and the inversion layer (IL) thickness are two key parameters in a mixed layer model. A e is defined as the ratio of the entrainment heat flux at the mixed layer top to the surface heat flux. The IL is the layer between the mixed layer and the free atmosphere. In this study, a parameterization of A e is derived from the TKE budget in the firstorder model for a well-developed CBL under the condition of linearly sheared geostrophic velocity with a zero value at the surface. It is also appropriate for a CBL under the condition of geostrophic velocity remaining constant with height. LESs are conducted under the above two conditions to determine the coefficients in the parameterization scheme. Results suggest that about 43% of the shear-produced TKE in the IL is available for entrainment, while the shear-produced TKE in the mixed layer and surface layer have little effect on entrainment. Based on this scheme, a new scale of convective turbulence velocity is proposed and applied to parameterize the IL thickness. The LES outputs for the CBLs under the condition of linearly sheared geostrophic velocity with a non-zero surface value are used to verify the performance of the parameterization scheme. It is found that the parameterized A e and IL thickness agree well with the LES outputs. 相似文献
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The convective boundary layer (CBL) with a wide range of stability is simulated experimentally using a thermally stratified wind tunnel, and numerically by direct numerical simulation (DNS). The turbulence structures and flow characteristics of various CBL flows, capped by a strong temperature inversion and affected by surface shear, are investigated. The various vertical profiles of turbulence statistics similar to those from the observed CBL in the field are successfully simulated in both the wind-tunnel experiment and in DNS. The comparison of the wind-tunnel data and DNS results with those of atmospheric observations and water-tank studies shows the crucial dependence of the turbulence statistics in the upper part of the layer on the strength of the inversion layer, as well as the modification of the CBL turbulence regime by the surface shear. 相似文献