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1.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban atmosphere. An investigation on seasonal variation of PAHs in the urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China was conducted in this study. 112 PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) samples were collected at two sites between June 2002 and June 2003. PAHs were analyzed with GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The result showed that PAHs exhibit distinct seasonal variation. The seasonal concentration for the ∑PAHs ranged from 8.11 to 106.26 ng m− 3. The average ∑PAHs measured were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The PAHs distribution patterns were similar within each season at two sites. 5–6 ring PAHs were the abundant compounds, which accounted for 65–90% of ∑PAHs and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in four seasons. The PAHs concentration and distribution pattern fluctuated greatly in winter for the cold air current. Based on the different temperature in winter, the samples were split into two groups. PM10 and the abundance of the PAHs in winter-1 (temperature, 12–22 °C) were much greater than in winter-2 (temperature, 8–12 °C). In winter-1 benzo [b + k] fluoranthene and Indeno [1, 2, 3] pyrene dominated while chrysene and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in winter-2. Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and temperature had a strong influence on the seasonal variation. Potential sources of PAHs were identified using the molecular diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Results showed fossil fuel combustion may be the major source of PAHs at the two sites.  相似文献   

2.
Individual aerosol particles collected in the Negev desert in Israel during a summer and winter campaign in 1996–1997 were analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to interpret the data on the basis of particle diameter and composition. Eleven particle classes (groups) provided clues on sources and/or particle formation. The summer samples were enriched in sulphates and mineral dusts; the winter samples contained more sea salts, aged sea salts, and industrial particles. The fine size fraction below 1 m diameter was enriched in secondary particles and showed evidence of atmospheric processing. The secondary sulphate particles were mainly attributed to long-range transport. A regional conversion from calcite to calcium sulphate occurred during summer. Industrial particles originating from local pollution appeared during winter.  相似文献   

3.
Chemical characteristics of haze during summer and winter in Guangzhou   总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33  
Airborne particles were collected with a 10-stage MOUDI and a PM10 sampler in Guangzhou, China, during both haze and normal days in the summer of 2002 and 2003, and winter 2002. The characteristics of PAHs, organic carbon, elemental carbon and water-soluble inorganic ions were studied under four periods (summer normal, summer haze, winter normal and winter haze). In this study, secondary pollutants (OC, SO42−, NO3− and NH4+) were the major chemical components and appeared to show a remarkably rapid increase from normal to haze days. The particle mass size distributions were bimodal and dominated by fine particles in haze days. A significantly higher OC/EC ratio was found in haze days (3.2–4.7) compared to normal days (1.8–2.8), indicating secondary organic aerosol formation might be significant during haze days. Correlation analysis between visibility and chemical species showed that the major scattering species were TC (total carbon) and sulfate in normal days and nitrate and TC in haze days, respectively. Simultaneously, correlation analysis between visibility and meteorological factors demonstrated that visibility increased with both temperature and wind speed, while it decreased with relative humidity. Furthermore, the relatively higher value of IcdP/(BghiP + IcdP) and the low value of Cmax, CPI, and BghiP/BeP in winter haze could be due to the growth of motor vehicle usage and energy consumption in winter.  相似文献   

4.
Condensation nucleus (CN) concentrations have been measured at Mawson (67.6°S, 62.9°E) since mid 1981. Weekly median concentrations have an annual cycle with a maximum of around 300 to 400 cm-3 in summer and a minimum of a few tens of particles per cm-3 in winter. In this respect Mawson behaves very much like an Antarctic continental location. Preliminary measurements of the size distribution of CN particles taken over a nine month period suggest a seasonal change in typical particle radius from around 0.01 m in winter to around 0.04 m in summer. Diurnal variation in the CN concentration is generally very weak and does not show any systematic relation to the pronounced diurnal variation in wind-speed at Mawson.Department of Science, Antarctic Division  相似文献   

5.
In order to understand the seasonal variation of aerosol optical properties in the Yangtze River Delta,5 years of measurements were conducted during September 2005 to December 2009 at Taihu,China.The monthly averages of aerosol optical depth were commonly >0.6;the maximum seasonal average(0.93) occurred in summer.The magnitude of the Angstr¨om exponent was found to be high throughout the year;the highest values occurred in autumn(1.33) and were the lowest in spring(1.08).The fine modes of volume size distribution showed the maxima(peaks) at a radius of ～0.15 μm in spring,autumn,and winter;at a radius of ～0.22 μm in summer.The coarse modes showed the maxima(peaks) at a radius of 2.9 μm in spring,summer,and autumn and at a radius of 3.8 μm in winter.The averages of single-scattering albedo were 0.92(spring),0.92(summer),0.91(autumn),and 0.88(winter).The averages of asymmetry factor were found to be larger in summer than during other seasons;they were taken as 0.66 at 440-1020 nm over Taihu.The real part of the refractive index showed a weak seasonal variation,with averages of 1.48(spring),1.43(summer),1.45(autumn),and 1.48(winter).The imaginary parts of the refractive index were higher in winter(0.013) than in spring(0.0076),summer(0.0092),and autumn(0.0091),indicating that the atmosphere in the winter had higher absorbtivity.  相似文献   

6.
Fine aerosol samples were collected throughout spring, summer, and winter in 2004∼2005 at a major urban traffic junction (BNU) and a suburban location (MY) in Beijing and at a downtown site (SH) in Shanghai, China. Ten of the 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), seven fatty acids, levoglucosan, and cholesterol were identified and quantified. PAHs detected in Beijing and Shanghai were up to one order of magnitude higher than those reported in the developed countries either in urban or suburban areas, while levoglucosan was one order of magnitude lower than that in other countries for no biomass combustion in domestic heating in the mega-cities in China. PAHs showed the same seasonal trend in all sampling sites as the highest in winter and the lowest in summer, while fatty acids no pronounced seasonal variation. A significant fraction of levoglucosan from cooking with higher concentrations in urban than in suburban area contributed to the ambient atmosphere, indicating that the main source of levoglucosan in urban environment would be cooking rather than biomass burning. The relative contributions of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources to PAHs in fine aerosols were preliminarily estimated to be 1:2 in Beijing and 1:1 in Shanghai, revealing that the air pollution in these mega-cities in China was mainly the mixing of coal combustion with vehicle exhaust. Cooking was one of the major sources of organic aerosols in both Beijing and Shanghai.  相似文献   

7.
A high-volume cascade impactor, equipped with a PM10 inlet, was used to collect size-segregated aerosol samples during the summer of 2004 at two Portuguese locations: a coastal-rural area (Moitinhos) and an urban area (Oporto). Concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined for the following particle size ranges: < 0.49, 0.49–0.95, 0.95–3.0, and 3.0–10 µm. The total PM mass concentrations at the urban and coastal-rural sites ranged from 22.8 to 79.6 μg m− 3 and 19.9 to 28.2 μg m− 3, respectively, and more than 56% of the total aerosol mass was found in the fractions below 3.0 μm. At both locations the highest concentrations of OC and EC were found in the submicrometer size range. The regional variability for the OC and EC concentrations, with the highest concentrations being found in the urban area, was related to the contribution of local primary sources (mostly traffic emissions). It was also verified an enrichment of the small size particles in WSOC, representing on average 37.3(± 12.4)% and 59.7(± 18.0)% of OC in the very fine aerosol at the coastal-rural and urban areas, respectively. The amount of secondary OC calculated by the minimum OC/EC ratio method indicates that secondary organic aerosol formation was important throughout the study at both sites. The obtained results suggest that long-range transport and favourable summer conditions for photochemical oxidation are key factors determining secondary OC formation in the coastal-rural and urban areas. The ultraviolet absorption properties of the chromophoric constituents of the WSOC fractions were also different among the different particle size ranges and also between the two sampling locations, thus suggesting the strong impact of the diverse emission sources into the composition of the size-segregated organic aerosol.  相似文献   

8.
This work studied the influence of meteorological conditions on particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Higashi Hiroshima, Japan. The seasonal variation of particulate PAHs was also covered. It was found that ambient temperature, solar intensity and weekly rainfall had significant influence on the particulate PAH concentration based on correlation studies. Correlation of particulate PAHs with ambient temperature, solar intensity, weekly rainfall, wind speed and humidity was studied by using Pearson correlation analysis. Particulate PAHs had a strong negative correlation with ambient temperature and solar intensity. A moderate negative correlation with weekly rainfall was also observed. There was no significant correlation between particulate PAHs with wind speed as well as humidity. Besides, particulate PAHs were found to have significant positive correlation with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide while having a moderate negative correlation with ozone. The particulate PAHs in Higashi Hiroshima exerted distinct seasonal variation with a higher concentration in winter and lower concentration in summer. When compared among PAHs with different numbers of aromatic rings; 5-ring PAHs was found to exert the most distinct seasonal variation. The contribution of carcinogenic PAHs to total particulate PAH concentration was fairly constant at about 50% throughout the year.  相似文献   

9.
中国西北地区气温分区及其变化的初步研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文
姚辉 《应用气象学报》1994,5(2):235-241
用西北五省（区）135个代表站1960—1990年的年、季平均气温资料，进行模糊聚类分区。在0.001信度水平下，年平均气温可以分为四个大区，分别是:新疆北部区、西北主区、柴达木盆地和长江黄河上游区。由此，建立了四个区的全年和冬、夏季气温代表序列，并对近几十年的西北五省（区）气温变化进行了初步分析。  相似文献   

10.
采用安徽省15站近60年来的降水资料,研究了季节和年雨日、降水量及雨强的气候变化特征.结果表明：1）空间分布上,雨日、降水量"南多北少",雨强中北部地区相当,皆小于南部地区;雨日数南北在冬春季相差较大,降水量夏季最多、冬季最少,雨强上南北在春季相差较大;雨日、降水量及雨强在年和季节上基本呈现显著正相关关系.2）时间演变上,雨日在减少,降水量、雨强在增多（大）,且表现为两阶段的变化特征;小波分析显示约10 a的年代际周期变化,雨日上存在、降水量上在衰减、雨强上则不明显,约5 a、3 a的周期变化存在较多;雨日在春秋季减少明显,降水量春秋季减少,夏冬季增加但不明显,雨强尤以夏冬季增大明显;无论是年还是各季节的时间演变上,降水量与雨日、雨强均呈显著正相关,但雨日与雨强之间相关性则差些.  相似文献   

11.
能见度可以直观反映空气污染程度,通过卫星反演获取能见度可以实现大面积同步观测,弥补地面观测在此方面的不足。基于安徽省池州市2015年Terra/MODIS的气溶胶产品(AOD)和池州市一区三县4个国家观测站的能见度观测资料,分析研究MODIS气溶胶产品与能见度的关系。通过拟合池州市四季气溶胶标高,建立不同季节能见度回归模型,并利用标高数据和AOD的季节分布,反演出池州能见度的季节变化,研究了近地层大气气溶胶与地面能见度的关系,最终获取了池州市2015年四季能见度时空分布并对其特征进行分析。结果表明:池州市夏季气溶胶标高最高,冬季的最低;能见度模型估算值与观测值整体较为一致,季节平均值相对误差为18. 15%;池州市2015年四季平均能见度为13. 8 km,整体呈从东南向西北逐渐减小的趋势,空间分布不均;季节平均能见度夏季最高,为19. 3 km,冬季最低,为9. 9 km,其中石台县各季能见度均明显好于其他地区的,且四季变化小而平稳;月平均能见度7月的最好,2月、5月和9月的较差;经济社会发展状况、生态环境和气候状况是影响池州市能见度分布时空变化的主要因素。  相似文献   

12.
This work aims at determining the aerosol particle radii in the atmosphere of Athens. Such a work is carried out in Athens for the first time. For this purpose, solar spectral direct-beam irradiance measurements were used in the spectral range 310–575 nm. To estimate the particle radius from aerosol optical depth retrieval, a minimization technique was employed based on the golden-section search of the difference between experimental and theoretical values of the aerosol optical depth. The necessary Mie computations were performed based on the algorithm LVEC.In this study, the mean particle radius of a given distribution was calculated every 30 min during cloudless days in the period November 1996 to September 1997. The largest particles were observed in the summer and the smallest during winter. The result was verified by the increased values of the aerosol optical depth and the turbidity factors calculated in the summer. The differences in the diurnal variation from season to season are attributed to the prevailing wind regime, pollutant emission and sink rates in the atmosphere of Athens.  相似文献   

13.
1. Introduction South Asian monson is an important weather and climate phenomenon, and it is also an important con- stituent of the global atmospheric circulation, thus people pay more attention to it (Hahn and Manabe, 1975; Zhu and Zhao, 1987; Zhu et al., 1991; Zhou and Yang, 1994; Wu and Huang, 2001; Li et al., 1999). For example, Zhu and Zhao (1987) studied the effects of terrain on South Asian monsoon by the equato- rial atmospheric balance model, indicating that ter- rain effect is …  相似文献   

14.
基于2003~2016年MODIS/Aqua（MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer）云产品资料（MYD08_D3）,分析了中国东部大陆及其邻近海域云量（CF）、云滴有效半径（CER）、和液水路径（LWP）的空间分布以及季节变化,并结合同期ERA-Interim再分析资料的850 hPa垂直速度（ω850hPa）、低对流层稳定度（LTS）、以及MODIS/Aqua水汽产品中的大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了云宏微观物理量与动力、热力及水汽条件之间的关系。从空间分布来看,夏季由日本海至中南半岛存在一个东北西南走向的云量高值区,覆盖我国东部地区,冬季云量高值区位于我国南方地区和东部海域上空;云滴有效半径冬、夏分布类似,均为由东南洋面至西北内陆递减;夏季液水路径分布较为均一,冬季空间差异很大,30°N是明显的高低值分界线,这与冬季水汽的分布密切相关。陆地和海洋上云量均呈冬高夏低的变化趋势,陆地大于海洋,而云滴有效半径和液水路径则为夏高冬低,海洋大于陆地。总体来说,云量与PWV和LTS均表现为正相关、与ω850hPa呈负相关,表明低层的上升运动有利于水汽向上输送、凝结形成云,但稳定的大气层结又会阻碍云进一步向上发展,使其被限制在底层空间,由于本文的研究对象为暖云,多为中低云,因而云量较高;云滴有效半径和液水路径均与LTS、ω850hPa表现为负相关,但是对PWV的变化不是很敏感,表明水汽并不是影响云滴尺度和液水路径的主导因素,其主要受动力、热力抬升作用的影响;以上关系在不同区域、不同季节的表现存在一定差异。  相似文献   

15.
基于1970—2015年青藏高原地区78个站点的观测资料,应用物理方法计算了高原中东部地区的感热通量。利用小波分析、相关性分析等研究了高原中东部感热通量的时空特征和影响因子。结果表明,高原年平均和春夏季节,感热通量周期为3~4 a,而秋冬季节为2~3 a;感热通量的变化趋势为,1970—1980年和2001—2015年感热通量呈增加趋势,而1981—2000年呈减小趋势;高原年平均和各季节的最强感热加热中心均位于高原南坡E区（除冬季外),最弱加热区域位于高原西北部A区（夏季除外);高原春秋季节感热通量的空间分布均匀,冬夏季节有明显的梯度分布且梯度相反,夏季呈现自东到西的梯度;春季、夏季及秋季,高原感热通量和降水呈负相关;高原10 m风速的极值中心随季节北上南撤变化与地气温差的强弱变化共同决定了感热通量的季节变化。  相似文献   

16.
为了对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）数值预报图的优缺点有比较系统的了解，本文用1984年5月到1985年4月的一年北半球预报图资料，对各月平均误差分布情况及其季节变化特点作了统计分析。ECMWF数值预报图在35°—70°N之间的预报效果最好；在75°N 以北的高纬度地区，都是春、夏、秋三季500百帕高度的预报平均明显偏高，500—1000百帕厚度预报平均明显偏暖，其中又以夏季偏暖最显著，春、秋季次之（冬季则变为偏冷），年变化规律性明显；在30°N 以南地区夏秋两季都是500百帕预报明显偏低，厚度明显偏冷，最强偏冷中心位于青藏高原东南坡，冬春季则预报偏低和偏冷的程度减轻，年变化情况似与低纬度云雨量和热带低压活动的年变化大致相对应。青藏高原上空500百帕预报全年基本上都是负偏差，以夏季负偏差最大，春秋季减小，冬季趋于0，各月之间有近于正弦波型式的年变化规律性。把平均误差值与标准差相比较，可以看出低纬度地带（尤其是高原附近）是最需要也是最有利于进行系统性误差订正的地区。  相似文献   

17.
Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected with a low-pressure impactor (LPI) at urban, roadside and rural sites in winter in Beijing. The size distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were measured and this study focused on their size distributions and relationships of PAH to OC/EC. All PAHs show uni-modal at the accumulation mode (0.1–1.8 μm) and almost all PAHs are associated with fine particles. The absence of PAHs in the nucleus mode contributes to the coagulation under the condition of high concentration of the accumulation mode particles. The absence of PAHs in the coarse mode was probably attributed to the low temperature that restrained the redistribution of PAHs from the accumulation mode to the coarse mode. Flu(fluoranthene) and Pyr(pyrene, 4-ring) were the most abundant particulate PAHs ; however, IcdP(indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) and BghiP(benzo[ghi]perylene, 6-ring) were rather low. Diagnostic ratios show vehicle and coal burning were the major sources of PAHs in winter. Ratios at rural site are obviously different from those found at roadside and urban sites. Lower value of OC/EC in the rural area than that in the urban area was probably resulted from coal burning prevailed in the rural area. OC1 and OC2 exhibit uni-mode distribution similar to their particle surface area distribution indicating their existence on particles by adsorption. OC3 and OC4 show bi-mode distribution. Grinding of biomass debris can be a probable source of OC3 and OC4 in the coarse mode. EC1 is mostly from the pyrolysis of OC; however, both the natural and anthropogenic emissions contribute to EC2. The correlation between size-segregated PAHs and carbonaceous component is also discussed to identify their sources.  相似文献   

18.
A continuous record of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in rainwater was performed at Amsterdam island (37°S 77°E) from December 1995 to February 1997. Eighty one rainwater samples were collected. DMSO, methanesulfonic acid (MSA), the major anions, and cations were analyzed. DMSO concentrations ranged from 7.0 to 369 nM, with a distinct seasonal variation. The mean concentrations during the summer and the winter periods were 90 nM and 25.6 nM respectively. The observed DMSO seasonal cycle is in line with the observations of DMS in the atmosphere and MSA in rainwater, measured simultaneously during the reported period. However, the summer to winter ratio of DMSO is significantly lower than that observed for DMS and MSA. The DMSO to MSA ratio and its observed seasonal variability are also presented. The implications on the biogenic sulfur cycle are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols).  相似文献   

20.
Climatic characteristics of broadband solar radiation （Rs） in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas are reported in this study. The annual average daily Rs in the arid and semi-arid areas is 16.3 ±5.77 and 15.3 ± 5.16 MJ m^-2 d^-1, respectively. The highest value （17.2 ± 5.84 MJ m^-2 d^-1） appears in an arid area at Linze. The lowest value appears in the semi-arid area of Ansai. Pronounced seasonal variation of Rs is observed with the highest value in summer and the lowest in winter. The clearness index showed similar seasonal pattern at most sites, with the minimum observed in the summer and the highest values in winter at both arid and semi-arid areas. The seasonal variation of the ratio of Rs to its extraterrestrial value Kt in the arid area is more significant than that observed in the semi-arid region, and it is caused by the different range of variation of water vapor between arid and semi-arid areas. The seasonal fluctuations in Rs and Kt are mainly controlled by the water vapor content in these areas. The aerosol particles have significant influence on Rs and Kt at stations with higher aerosol burden.  相似文献   

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