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1.
The formative stages of the geosystem mapping methodology are outlined. It is determined that the early stages of geosystem mapping showed a continuity of the ideas of geobotanical mapping: concerning the hierarchical structure of the phytosphere, and the invariant and the variable states of plant communities. It was found that geosystem mapping involves integrating the facies according to structural and structural-dynamic indicators differing from a traditional typization. Data were generalized having regard to the assignment of the facies to a particular landscape area. Use was made of the facies categories of optimal, limited and reduced development caused by a difference in their structure and biotic productivity. It was determined that a next mapping stage implied identifying the dynamic categories and geosystem state variables associated with one primary geomer regarded as the parent core. The map legend was based on the characteristics of the relief and vegetation. The absence of other indicators has limited the possibilities of using the map to solve forecasting problems. It was established that at present, given a significant body of landscape data, there is almost no research devoted to the cartographic solution of the problem of assessing changes in the natural environment. There is a need for mapping of the structural, dynamic and genetic uniqueness of geosystems and to explain their diagnostic features in all crucial components. We determined that the current stage of mapping should be focused on solving the problem of geographic map-based forecasting. For solving the forecast issues, we identified the features of structural-dynamic and evolutionary transformations of geosystems, their stability, and the direction of transformation under the influence of various factors. The methodology and stages of geosystem mapping are suggested. 相似文献
2.
Guiming Zhang A-Xing Zhu 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(9):1873-1893
Volunteered geographic information (VGI) contains valuable field observations that represent the spatial distribution of geographic phenomena. As such, it has the potential to provide regularly updated low-cost field samples for predictively mapping the spatial variations of geographic phenomena. The predictive mapping of geographic phenomena often requires representative samples for high mapping accuracy, but samples consisting of VGI observations are often not representative as they concentrate on specific geographic areas (i.e. spatial bias) due to the opportunistic nature of voluntary observation efforts. In this article, we propose a representativeness-directed approach to mitigate spatial bias in VGI for predictive mapping. The proposed approach defines and quantifies sample representativeness by comparing the probability distributions of sample locations and the mapping area in the environmental covariate space. Spatial bias is mitigated by weighting the sample locations to maximize their representativeness. The approach is evaluated using species habit suitability mapping as a case study. The results show that the accuracy of predictive mapping using weighted sample locations is higher than using unweighted sample locations. A positive relationship between sample representativeness and mapping accuracy is also observed, suggesting that sample representativeness is a valid indicator of predictive mapping accuracy. This approach mitigates spatial bias in VGI to improve predictive mapping accuracy. 相似文献
3.
中国西部干旱区生态景观制图的若干问题 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
制图方法是认识和揭示客观现象与过程的重要途径。生态景观制图作为专题制图学的一个重要方向,通过建立分类体系,制定分类方法,编制专题图件,可以反映自然要素和人为作用的特点,揭示生态景观要素的耦合关系。生态景观制图中专题要素的表现方式,制图过程的数据采集,制图单元的划分,制图的模式选择,以及遥感、GIS与数字制图手段的应用,是十旱Ⅸ景观生态制图的关键问题。生态景观制图巾的地图信息理论、地图模式论、地图分析理论、地图要素综合理论、制冈工艺学等的发展,对于开拓资源环境制图学的新领域具有理论价值,并对生态规划与生态建设具有重要促进作用。 相似文献
4.
《Geography and Natural Resources》2008,29(1):84-87
We suggest a new approach to mapping of nature management, reflecting the process of interaction of the blocks of the socio-natural system. Our mapping used the algorithm of fuzzy classification to show the spatial position of natural-economic boundaries of nature management in relation to its socio-cultural type. 相似文献
5.
The opportunity to engage university students in authentic, open humanitarian mapping raises important questions about how to guide the quality and productivity of volunteer spatial contributions while providing a valuable learning experience. It presents the unique chance to pique new mappers’ interest, satisfaction, and confidence in spatial technologies in particular, and technology in general, as well as pique their interest in the people and places that are served by the humanitarian mapping projects. This article shares the findings of a study that explores the importance of sharing authentic contextual information about the purpose of the humanitarian mapping task. Two groups of beginner mappers were given mapping tasks, with only one group being provided details on the purpose. Comparisons were made on their respective performance and changes in affective response to a series of questions about technology, education, good citizenship, and empathy. Measures of the quantity and quality of spatial data produced; their respective levels of interest, satisfaction, and confidence in technology; and affective responses before and after mapping show the relative effects of contextual information. Results provide insights about the potential effectiveness of authentic instruction on the performance of mapping as well as the potential effect on mappers themselves. Key Words: citizenship, data quality, empathy, humanitarian mapping, volunteered geographic information. 相似文献
6.
A. L. O'Neill 《The Australian geographer》1989,20(1):26-36
Satellite imagery provides a cost effective method of mapping distinctive assemblages of landforms, soils and vegetation over large areas, especially where access is poor. This study reports on an evaluation of supervised and unsupervised techniques of classifying Landsat reflectance information in the Wiilandra Lakes World Heritage region. The accuracy of mapping derived from Landsat information compares very favourably with land systems mapping on the ground. 相似文献
7.
R H WILDE 《New Zealand geographer》1996,52(1):12-20
This paper describes four methods of rapidly mapping vegetation using satellite imagery, for use in updating the vegetation layer of the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI). The visual interpretation method was tested in a 500 km2 study area on the North Island west coast where 3 6 NZLRI vegetation classes occurred. Sixteen distinct groups of NZLRI vegetation classes were identified on Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, and named “image classes”. Classes were identified by correlating ground data with image colour and texture and by using recognisable landform and cultural features. A limited number of vegetation changes have occurred since NZLRI mapping was first carried out. Updating the vegetation layer of the NZLRI requires recognising and mapping changes and modifying the database. Identifying distinctive groups of NZLRI vegetation classes on satellite imagery will facilitate this. 相似文献
8.
The increased ease for individuals to create, share and map geographic information combined with the need for timely, relevant and diverse information has resulted in a new disaster management context. Volunteered geographic information (VGI), or geographic information voluntarily created by private citizens enabled through technologies like social media and web-based mapping, has changed the ways people create and use information for crisis events. Research has focussed on disaster response while largely ignoring prevention and preparedness. Preparing for disasters can reduce negative impacts on life and property, but despite strategies to educate communities, preparation remains low. This study assesses the application and value of VGI in bushfire risk reduction through a participatory mapping approach. It examines VGI as a social practice and not simply a data source by considering the user experience of contributing VGI and the potential for these activities to increase community connectedness for building disaster resilience. Participatory mapping workshops were held in bushfire-risk communities in Tasmania. Workshop activities included a paper-mapping exercise and web-based digital mapping. Survey results from 31 participants at three workshops indicated the process of mapping and contributing local information for bushfire preparation with other community members can contribute to increased social connectedness, understanding of local bushfire risk, and engagement in risk reduction. Local knowledge exchange was seen as valuable, but the social dimension appeared even more engaging than the specific information shared. Participants reported collaborative maps as effective for collating and sharing community bushfire information with a preference for digital mapping. Some limitations of online sharing of information were also reported by participants, however, including potential issues of privacy, data quality and source trustworthiness. Further work is needed to extrapolate findings from the study sample to the broader population. 相似文献
9.
Participatory mapping in social research is characterized by methodological pluralism, with two common methods being qualitative mapping using stakeholder interviews and quantitative methods that engage larger public samples through digital, internet mapping. To date, there has been no systematic evaluation of the extent to which mixed methods in participatory mapping yield valid results when applied to the same research setting and research questions. A mixed methods research design (combined exploratory sequential and convergent parallel) was implemented in a large research project to identify marine and coastal values in the Kimberley region of Australia. Qualitative interviews (n = 167) were completed with stakeholders to identify place-based values using polygon mapping methods and internet-based public participation GIS (PPGIS) methods (n = 578). We defined and operationalized the concepts of concurrent, commensurate, and convergent validity to assess mixed methods research outcomes. We found that qualitative and quantitative methods resulted in moderate to high concurrent validity when assessing the importance of place values in the study area. Convergent validity (spatial) was highly variable by place value, with stronger convergent validity found with mapped aesthetic, recreational fishing, tourism, biodiversity, and Aboriginal culture values, and weakest with existence, therapeutic, and commercial fishing values. Convergent validity was influenced by weak commensurate validity through the use of different geometric features (polygons versus points) for mapping values across a large study area. The utility of mixed methods for planning decision support in a convergent parallel design depends on demonstrating convergence in construct meaning, spatial location, and consistency in values in the sampling populations. 相似文献
10.
Jacek Andrzej Urbanski 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):723-730
This paper advocates the use of GIS for the evaluation of the vulnerability of coastal waters and presents a method for mapping their vulnerability to algal blooms. The method incorporates probability mapping of parameters used to describe coastal waters and fuzzy sets. To allow the modelling of processes where some components cannot substitute for other components the 'no trade off' convex combination formula is proposed. The maps of vulnerability for the Gulf of Gdansk, which were created using this method, may be used to find out which rivers and water discharges play a dominant role in eutrophication. 相似文献
11.
中国电子地图发展中的可视化问题 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1IntroductionSpatial data can be visualized and explored in various ways. Developments in hardware and software have led to and will surely continue to stimulate novel methods for visualizing spatial data and creation of electronic atlas information syste… 相似文献
12.
In this paper, we discuss the development of electronic atlas in China, with focus on the issues of visualization. We particularly categorise this development into four periods, and then analyse the characters in each period and discuss the visualization issues. The four periods are highlighted: 1) Infant period (<1990) characterized as computer assisted mapping with products of screen maps; 2) Starting period (1991-1995) characterized as object-oriented mapping with products of interactive maps/atlases; 3) Advancing period (1996-2000) characterized as integrated mapping with products of multimedia cartographic maps; 4) New era (> 2001) characterized as web mapping and adaptive map design with products of Internet maps and atlas as well as adaptive maps. It is obvious that the development follows the logical way from static to dynamic, and even real time visualization, from single user to multiple users, from presentation to exploration for effective communication and knowledge construction. Current research and development projects are focused on customisation of atlas information systems for real-time tasks, Internet operability, small displays and mobile environments. The major challenges involved in each of such customisation processes are identified and commented in relation to the further development of visualization. 相似文献
13.
Large amounts of digital data must be analyzed and integrated to generate mineral potential maps, which can be used for exploration targeting. The quality of the mineral potential maps is dependent on the quality of the data used as inputs, with higher quality inputs producing higher quality outputs. In mineral exploration, particularly in regions with little to no exploration history, datasets are often incomplete at the scale of investigation with data missing due to incomplete mapping or the unavailability of data over certain areas. It is not always clear that datasets are incomplete, and this study examines how mineral potential mapping results may differ in this context. Different methods of mineral potential mapping provide different ways of dealing with analyzing and integrating incomplete data. This study examines the weights of evidence (WofE), evidential belief function and fuzzy logic methods of mineral potential mapping using incomplete data from the Carajás mineral province, Brazil to target for orogenic gold mineralization. Results demonstrate that WofE is the best one able to predict the location of known mineralization within the study area when either complete or unacknowledged incomplete data are used. It is suggested that this is due to the use of Bayes’ rule, which can account for “missing data.” The results indicate the effectiveness of WofE for mineral potential mapping with incomplete data. 相似文献
14.
Scale and resolution have long been key issues in geography. The rapid development of analytical cartography, GIS, and remote sensing (the mapping sciences) in the last decade has forced the issues of scale and resolution to be treated formally and better defined. This paper addresses the problem of scale and resolution in geographical studies, with special reference to the mapping sciences. The fractal concept is introduced, and its use in identifying the scale and resolution problem is discussed. The implications of the scale and resolution problem on studies of global change and modeling are also explored. 相似文献
15.
DAVID RHIND 《The Geographical journal》2000,166(4):295-305
The vast bulk of topographic mapping - the geographical framework used to underpin many activities of the state and of business - has been created and is maintained to national standards. As a consequence, what is available differs greatly from country to country. Yet there is a range of needs for globally-consistent map information. Such needs have long been recognized: the International Map of the World was an attempt to meet them. A multiplicity of factors has constrained the National Mapping Organizations from meeting this aim. However, new technologies have enhanced our capacity to create a geographical framework almost anywhere in the world. Using such technologies, commercial and other non-commercial bodies (e.g. the US military and its counterparts within NATO) have begun to produce wide-area geographical information. This paper describes the nature of the need for global mapping, the players involved and the drivers and obstacles to progress. It proposes a rapid way to enhance the current situation through public/private sector partnerships based on a combination of skills, information assets and resources. If implemented, this could lead to global coverage of a framework derived from 1:25000 scale mapping within about two years. 相似文献
16.
地球信息综合制图的基本原则和方法 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
论述地球信息综合制图的内涵与意义、理论依据、基本环节;阐述了单幅综合地图、综合系列地图与综合地图集的不同表现形式、设计原则与制图方法;论述了综合制图的统一协调的原则与方法,重点阐明了分类分级与图例和轮廓界线等科学内容方面的统一协调,以及其他统一协调的方法与措施,最后分析了在计算机制图与ＧＩＳ环境下综合制图在科学与技术方面的新发展。 相似文献
17.
地理信息科学的迅速发展为矿集区预测提供了新的理论依据,使地理信息理论、相应的技术方法组合及应用的整体研究成为可能。在大量理论和实验研究的基础上提出了基于地理信息元组的分类预测理论体系,该理论体系由六个概念、一个空间信息本质、两个空间信息特性以及六个空间信息相关方法和约定的构成。并在该理论体系基础上结合空间数据分析方法和探索式空间数据分析方法,建立了基于地理信息元组的分类预测模型。应用该模型在中亚区域实现了Au矿集区预测目标。为中亚成矿域中其它区域(如新疆)的矿集区预测研究奠定了理论与方法论基础。 相似文献
18.
Presented are the technique and results of studying the landscape structure of the north-west of Western Siberia on the basis of the Hansen mosaic dataset consisting of elements covering the entire territory of the Earth. To study this area used a synthesis of classical methods of thematic system mapping as described in the doctrine of geosystems of V. B. Sochava, and automated interpretation of remote sensing data and mapping using GIS technologies. The method of geoinformational mapping of the landscape structure with the use of MultiSpec and Quantum GIS software programs for the purpose of drawing up real-time raster landscape maps is shown. In drawing up the map and the legend, the principle of geomic system-hierarchical representation of the territory as a complex multi-level “bottom-up” structure from topological-level geosystems (groups and classes of landscape facies) to regional-level geosystems (geoms, groups and classes of geoms) was used. Compilation of operational raster landscape maps of the north-west of Western Siberia involved multilevel automated interpretation of the Hansen mosaic dataset and mapping of areas (clusters) on images with different brightness characteristics, with the landscape structure of key areas and stationary physical and geographical profiles. A characteristic of this approach also implies using a dynamic classification of geosystems based on the study of their variable states. Such an approach permits a monitoring of changes in landscape structure and its areas and the intensity of anthropogenic impacts on forest and marsh landscapes, and determination of permissible pressure on geosystems in areas with high technogenic pressure of the oil and gas complex represented by the north-west of Siberia. An automated processing of data based on a supervised classification of territorial objects allows for the elimination of inaccuracies arising in visual image interpretation. Raster landscape maps can be used both for a further generation of vector maps and as a real-time information base for purposes of environmental management and protection. 相似文献
19.
20.
Angela M. Gurnell 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》1981,1(3):167-183
The criteria which may be employed when selecting an approach to a particular evapotranspiration mapping problem are discussed in the light of previous attempts at mapping evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration mapping involves two main stages: firstly the derivation of point evapotranspiration estimates, and secondly the interpolation of isolines around these estimates. Many studies have emphasized the first stage, frequently applying estimation formulae to data from climate stations, and have given substantially less attention to the interpolation of isolines. In the present study, where potential evapotranspiration estimates were derived for only 70 stations over the area of the European Economic Community and where maps showing the general trends in potential evapotranspiration were required, the technique of isoline interpolation was of great importance. Two forms of polynomial trend surface analysis were applied to the point estimates and a technique employing a restricted use of all three dimensions of location was found to be appropriate for denning the position of the smoothed evapotranspiration isolines. 相似文献