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1.
Allen M. Shapiro 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2002,22(3):151-164
Collecting water samples for geochemical analyses in open bedrock boreholes or in discrete intervals of boreholes intersected by multiple fractures is likely to yield ambiguous results for ground water chemistry because of the variability in the transmissivity, storativity, and hydraulic head of fractures intersecting the borehole. Interpreting chemical analyses of water samples collected in bedrock boreholes requires an understanding of the hydraulic conditions in the borehole under the ambient flow regime in the aquifer as well as during sampling. Pumping in open boreholes, regardless of the pumping rate and the location of the pump intake, first draws water from the borehole and then from fractures intersecting the borehole. The time at which the volumetric rate of water entering the borehole from fractures is approximately equal to the pumping rate can be identified by monitoring the logarithm of drawdown in the borehole as a function of the logarithm of time. Mixing of water entering the borehole from fractures with water in the borehole must be considered in estimating the time at which the pump discharge is representative of aquifer water. In boreholes intersected by multiple fractures, after the contribution from the borehole volume has diminished, the contribution of fractures to the pump discharge will be weighted according to their transmissivity, regardless of the location of the pump intake. This results in a flux-averaged concentration in the pump discharge that is biased by the chemical signature of those fractures with the highest transmissivity. Under conditions where the hydraulic head of fractures varies over the length of the borehole, open boreholes will be subject to ambient flow in the water column in the borehole. In some instances, the magnitude of the ambient flow may be similar to the designated pumping rate for collecting water samples for geochemical analyses. Under such conditions, the contributions to the pump discharge from individual fractures will be a function not only of the transmissivity of the fractures, but also of the distribution of hydraulic head in fractures intersecting the borehole. To reduce or eliminate the deleterious effects of conducting geochemical sampling in open boreholes, a straddle-packer apparatus that isolates a single fracture or a series of closely spaced fractures is recommended. It is also recommended that open boreholes be permanently outfitted with borehole packers or borehole liners in instances where maintaining the hydraulic and chemical stratification in the aquifer is of importance. In a field example, a comparison of results from sampling in an open borehole and in discrete intervals of the same borehole showed dramatic differences in the concentrations of chemical constituents in the water samples, even though chemical field parameters stabilized prior to both open borehole and discrete interval sampling. 相似文献
2.
Evaporation involves the change in state of a liquid to a vapour. The evaporation rate from salt‐water resources depends mostly on saturated vapour pressure above its surface. On the other hand, the saturated vapour pressure is affected by the ion activity coefficient, which stems from the chemical salt concentration of water. Thus, an increase in concentration of water results in a reduction of saturated vapour pressure. In order to acquire the actual rate of evaporation from salt‐water resources, a uniform set of evaporation pans with different but specified salt concentrations were used, in a meteorological station under the same conditions. The difference in evaporation rate of each pan can only stem from the difference in chemical salt concentration and, indeed, the molar fraction of water in each saline solution. Therefore, by applying the water molar fraction in the pressure term of fresh‐water evaporation measurement formulas, these equations were developed further for determination of evaporation rate from salt‐water resources. The proposed formulas using very simple terms seem to be suitable for determination of evaporation rate from any water (typically saline, semi‐saline and fresh water) with a satisfactory precision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) commits European Union member states to achieving good ecological status in all water bodies by 2015. For sediments the definition of good chemical status is based on numerical sediment quality guidelines. The aqua regia fraction is thus used for the evaluation of heavy metal concentrations in sediments. The chemical constituents in sediments responsible for mobility and toxicity are not considered generally. This article presents the combining of the sequential BCR procedure, for determining the chemical species of relevant elements, with the geoaccumulation index principle a numerical classification method for sediment quality guidelines. Using the BCR method it can be demonstrated that changes in element speciation can lead to more highly mobile species of trace elements which may affect the hazardous potential of sediments despite the “good chemical status” classification for aqua regia digestions. The Klinke stream is an urban surface water body located in Magdeburg, the state capital of Saxony‐Anhalt, Germany. Using this stream as an example it is shown that this additional information helps to describe the dynamics and discharge of the trace elements Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Pd, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Bi, and U into the Elbe River from urban water bodies. 相似文献
4.
Development of marine water quality criteria for the USA 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Russo RC 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):84-91
The US Environmental Protection Agency has developed guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. These guidelines provide the method for deriving water quality criteria, including minimum data base requirements, data evaluation procedures, and calculations. The guidelines have been in place for a long time, and states have used them to derive water quality standards for their water bodies. More recent efforts have been directed towards the development of technical guidance based on the concept that bioassessment and biocriteria programs for estuaries and near coastal waters are interrelated and are critical components of comprehensive water resource protection and management. This is a holistic approach to protection and management, integrating biological assessments into traditional chemical and physical evaluations and augmenting the established water quality criteria. The method for deriving water quality criteria and the approach for biocriteria development for marine systems are described. 相似文献
5.
The presented results were obtained by studying the effect of the rates of application of phosphogypsum and sulphuric acid and their simultaneous introduction into the irrigation water on the concentrations of ions, alkalinity, chemical composition, TDS, and irrigation characteristics of the irrigation water as a function of the water initial composition and the time of saturation. 相似文献
6.
艾比湖水化学演化的初步研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本文通过野外地质调查和大量样品的分析测试结果,从以下三个方面对艾比湖湖水的水化学特征进行论述:(1)湖水的矿化度和pH;(2)湖水的化学组成;(3)湖水化学组分的侧向分布。初步揭示了湖水水化学变化和主要化学元素迁移和富集的规律。艾比湖沉积物中碳酸盐矿物组成及其地球化学性质反映湖水化学组成的变动。这种变动明显受气候环境变化的影响。因此,CK4孔和湖底沉积物中的碳酸盐沉积,提供了许多信息作为湖水化学演化和古气候波动的标志,根据其碳酸盐含量、方解石含量、方解石格架中MgCO_3mol.％、Sr含量和Sr×1000/Ca比值,最后结合碳酸盐的沉积特征、地球化学演化和古沙嘴的演变,进一步阐明了湖水化学演化的趋势。 相似文献
7.
Within the context of risk evaluation of chemical spillages into the marine environment, this paper reports on an offshore experiment to study the behaviour of styrene spilled into sea under natural conditions and discusses theoretical approaches. Floating structures were used to enclose the spillage and the gaseous cloud formation, and dissolution processes were in situ monitored. The identification of spill risks for man and marine environment through GESAMP's hazard profile is described for styrene: Styrene is rated as a chemical with a significant health hazard that will float but also evaporate. However, monitoring of the water column in the experiments showed that the concentration of styrene in water during the first hour represents 50% of the product spilled. For the potentially exposed public, the GESAMP hazard rating recommends the closure of beaches and evacuation. The risk assessment developed from experimental data confirms this safety advice. 相似文献
8.
The chemical composition and toxicity of a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil versus the underlying water after in situ burning (ISB), has been studied in a laboratory experiment. A system for allowing water sampling after ISB was developed. Seawater samples and oil were collected prior to and immediately after ISB, and chemical analysis was conducted. The chemical characterization of the water showed that the disappearance of water soluble oil components during ISB was insignificant. Acute toxicity tests with the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus and Microtox® bioassay was performed to establish LC50/EC50 values of the water. The results were compared with regular WAF systems with unburned weathered oil, and indicated no increase in toxicity in the underlying water after ISB. 相似文献
9.
Chemical Considerations for an Updated National Assessment of Brackish Groundwater Resources 
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下载免费PDF全文 P.B. McMahon J.K. Böhlke K.G. Dahm D.L. Parkhurst D.W. Anning J.S. Stanton 《Ground water》2016,54(4):464-475
Brackish groundwater (BGW) is increasingly used for water supplies where fresh water is scarce, but the distribution and availability of such resources have not been characterized at the national scale in the United States since the 1960s. Apart from its distribution and accessibility, BGW usability is a function of the chemical requirements of the intended use, chemical characteristics of the resource, and treatment options to make the resource compatible with the use. Here, we discuss relations between these three chemical factors using national‐scale examples and local case studies. In a preliminary compilation of BGW data in the United States, five water types accounted for the major‐ion composition of 70% of samples. PHREEQC calculations indicate that 57–77% of samples were oversaturated with respect to barite, calcite, or chalcedony. In the study, 5–14% of samples had concentrations of arsenic, fluoride, nitrate, or uranium that exceeded drinking‐water standards. In case studies of the potential use of BGW for drinking water, irrigation, and hydraulic fracturing, PHREEQC simulations of a hypothetical treatment process resembling reverse osmosis (RO) showed that BGW had the potential to form various assemblages of mineral deposits (scale) during treatment that could adversely affect RO membranes. Speciation calculations showed that most boron in the irrigation example occurred as boric acid, which has relatively low removal efficiency by RO. Results of this preliminary study indicate that effective national or regional assessments of BGW resources should include geochemical characterizations that are guided in part by specific use and treatment requirements. 相似文献
10.
基于PSR模型的福建山仔水库生态安全评价 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
东营凹陷古近系水化学场分布与湖盆演化有着良好的对应关系,以CaCl2水型为主的高矿化度地层水是东营凹陷古近系咸化湖盆的典型响应特征,矿化度从深到逐渐降低,体现出从咸化湖盆向微咸化湖盆及淡水湖盆演化的地球化学响应．剖面上可以划分为四种水文环境：强开放性水文流畅带（地表到1．1km）、弱开放性水文流畅带（1．1—2．0km）、水文阻滞过渡带（2．0-2．5km）和封闭性水文迟缓带（25km以下）,水化学剖面的分带性与压力分布有着良好的对应关系．东营凹陷古近系水化学场经历了早期的沉积与淋滤的交替和新生代的埋藏封闭作用期,其中在东营运动时期古近系水化学场表现最为活跃,是深层卤水咸化地表浅层淡水从而使浅层出现高矿化度地层水的关键怍用期,断裂的沟通起了重要作用,显示出断陷湖盆的典型特征． 相似文献
11.
Inexact quadratic joint-probabilistic programming for water quality management under uncertainty in the Xiangxi River, China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ming Hu Guo H. Huang Wei Sun Yongping P. Li 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2013,27(5):1115-1132
An inexact quadratic joint-probabilistic programming model for water quality management (IQJWQ) is developed and applied to supporting multiple-point-source waste reduction in the Xiangxi River, China. The IQJWQ is a hybrid of interval quadratic programming, joint probabilistic programming and multi-segment water quality simulation. It has advantages in reflecting uncertainties expressed as joint probabilities of system risk, probability distributions of water quality standards, interval parameters and nonlinearities in the objective function. An interactive and derivative algorithm is employed for solving the IQJWQ model. The results indicate that the Pingyikou chemical plant and Liucaopo chemical plant contribute more to pollution of the main stream in the Xiangxi River, which should be the prior plants to reduce the wastewater discharge and enhance the wastewater treatment efficiencies. Meanwhile, the environmental agencies should choose the joint probability carefully to balance the tradeoff between production development and pollution control. Compared with the conventional chance-constrained programming method, the IQJWQ exhibits an increased robustness in handling the overall system risk in the optimization process. Although this study is the first application of the IQJWQ to water quality management, the proposed methods in the IQJWQ can also be applicable to many other environmental management problems under uncertainty. 相似文献
12.
13.
Salve R 《Ground water》2005,43(1):133-137
This paper presents the design of the passive-discrete water sampler (PDWS) which has been developed to facilitate investigations of flow partitioning in fractured rocks. The PDWS continuously isolates seeping water into discrete samples while monitoring the seepage rate. The PDWS was used in a flow and transport experiment that investigated fracture-matrix interactions. During the experiment, a mix of conservative tracers with significantly different diffusion coefficients (lithium bromide [LiBr] and pentafluorobenzoic acid [PFBA]) was introduced along a fault located in fractured tuffs, and water seeping through the lower end of the fault was collected by the PDWS and analyzed for tracer concentrations. Preliminary results from this investigation show that samples of effluent captured by the PDWS effectively retained temporal changes in the chemical signature, while providing seepage rates. 相似文献
14.
Cristina Liñán José Benavente Yolanda del Rosal Iñaki Vadillo Lucía Ojeda Francisco Carrasco 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14083
Condensation water is a major factor in the conservation of heritage caves. It can cause dissolution of the rock substrate (and the pigments of rock art drawn on it) or covering thereof with mineral components, depending on the chemical saturation degree of the condensation water. In show caves, visitors act as a source of CO2 and thus modify the microclimate, favouring negative processes that affect the conservation of the caves. In spite of their interest, studies of the chemical composition of this type of water are scarce and not very detailed. In this work we present research on the condensation water in the Nerja Cave, one of the main heritage and tourist caves in Europe. The joint analysis of isotopic, hydrochemical, mineralogical and microbiological data and the use of image analysis have allowed us to advance in the knowledge of this risk factor for the conservation of heritage caves, and to demonstrate the usefulness of image analysis to quantify the scope of the possible corrosion condensation process that the condensation water could be producing on the bedrock, speleothem and rock art. To our knowledge, this application of image analysis (relative to the condensation water in caves) is the first one of this type that has been documented. 相似文献
15.
Kevin Hall 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(1):43-57
Discussions regarding weathering in cold environments generally centre on mechanical processes and on the freeze–thaw mechanism in particular. Despite the almost ubiquitous assumption of freeze–thaw weathering, unequivocal proof of interstitial rock water actually freezing and thawing is singularly lacking. Equally, many studies have used the crossing of 0 °C, or values close to that, as the basis for determining the number of ‘freeze–thaw events’. In order to assess the weathering regime at a site in northern Canada, temperatures were collected at the surface, 1 cm and 3 cm depth for sets of paving bricks, with exposures both vertical and at 45°, orientated to the four cardinal directions. Temperature data were collected at 1 min intervals for 1 year. These data provide unequivocal proof for the occurrence of the freezing and thawing of water on and within the rock (freeze–thaw events). The freeze event is evidenced by the exotherm associated with the release of latent heat as the water actually freezes. This is thought to be the ?rst record of such events from a ?eld situation. More signi?cantly, it was found that the temperature at which freezing occurred varied signi?cantly through the year and that on occasion the 1 cm depth froze prior to the rock surface. The change in freeze temperature is thought to be due to the chemical weathering of the material (coupled with on‐going salt inputs via the melting of snowfall), which, it is shown, could occur throughout the winter despite air temperatures down to ?30 °C. This ?nding regarding chemical weathering is also considered to be highly signi?cant. A number of thermal stress events were also recorded, suggesting that rock weathering in cold regions is a synergistic combination of various chemical and mechanical weathering mechanisms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
To evaluate climate and atmospheric deposition induced physical and water chemical changes and their effects on phytoplankton
communities, we used complete time series (14 years, monthly measurements during the growing season) of 18 physical and chemical
variables and phytoplankton data from 13 nutrient-poor Swedish reference lakes along a latitudinal gradient. We found numerous
strong significant changes over time that were most coherent among lakes for sulfate concentrations, conductivity, calcium,
magnesium, chloride, potassium, water color, surface water temperature and the intensity of thermal stratification. Despite
these pronounced coherent physical and water chemical changes over Sweden, the phytoplankton biomass and species richness
of six phytoplankton groups, measured at the same time as the water chemical variables, showed only few and weak significant
changes over time. The only coherent significant change over Sweden, occurring in seven lakes, was observed in the species
richness of chlorophytes. The number of chlorophyte taxa significantly declined over Sweden. Using a partial least square
model for each lake, we attributed the decline primarily to an increase in water temperatures and water color, which were
among the most important variables for the model performance of each lake. All other taxonomic groups were driven primarily
by non-coherent changes in nutrient concentrations, pH and probably also non-coherent grazing pressure. We concluded that
coherent phytoplankton responses can only be achieved for taxonomic groups that are driven primarily by coherent physical/chemical
changes. According to our study, chlorophytes belong to such a group, making them possible global change indicators. Our findings
give new insights into global change effects on different phytoplankton taxonomic groups in nutrient-poor lakes. 相似文献
17.
The paper presented here describes experiments with a nanofiltration pilot plant treating spring water which contains high amounts of humic substances. With this process, water components such as humic substances, iron, manganese, and aluminum may be very well removed. However, the low pH value of the NF filtrate does not conform with the German standards. This is why the pH value will be increased in a second treatment step by limestone filtration. Prior to limestone filtration, CO2 dosage is required in order to make sure that the pH value stays below the upper limit of the German standards of 9.5. With this treatment, a drinking water results which meets the German standards and has good chemical properties with respect to corrosion. The operation of the nanofiltration pilot plant for the treatment of the very soft spring water did not require the continuous addition of chemicals in order to prevent scaling. Although the spring water entered the NF without chemical pretreatment, there was no decrease in filtrate capacity observed over a period of six months. This is in contrast to other investigations involving colour reduction from very hard surface waters. When treating very hard waters by nanofiltration, the addition of complexing agents or acid is required in order to prevent scaling of the membranes. Such intricate pretreatment procedures cause doubt of the application of nanofiltration for the treatment of hard waters in large plants. However, in the case presented here, the application of NF in combination with the hardening step is quite simple, so that the full-scale plant may be operated mainly automatically and will require only little maintenance. 相似文献
18.
Itziar Tueros ngel Borja Joana Larreta J. Germn Rodríguez Victoriano Valencia Esmeralda Milln 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(9):1389-1400
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection and improvement of estuarine (transitional) and coastal waters, attempting to achieve good water status by 2015; this includes, within the assessment, biological and chemical elements. The European Commission has proposed a list of priority dangerous substances (including metals such as Cd, Hg, Ni and Pb), with the corresponding list of environmental quality standards (EQS), to assess chemical status, but only for waters. In this contribution, a long-term (1995–2007) dataset of transitional and coastal water and sediment trace elements concentrations, from the Basque Country (northern Spain), has been used to investigate the response of these systems to water treatment programmes. Moreover, the approach proposed in the WFD, for assessing water chemical status (the ‘one out, all out’ approach), is compared with the integration of water and sediment data, into a unique assessment. For this exercise, background levels are used as reference conditions, identifying the boundary between high and good chemical status. EQS are used as the boundary between good and moderate chemical status. This contribution reveals that the first approach can lead to misclassification, with the second approach representing the pattern shown by the long-term data trends. Finally, the management implications, using each approach are discussed. 相似文献
19.
腾冲热海温泉群化学特征与形成机理研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文系统研究了腾冲热海温泉群１１个泉点的化学组分特征,并据此探讨了温泉群的形成机理,用回归统计法计算了地下冷热水混合方程,根据这些混合方程进一步估算出混合前原始热水的温度和部分相关化学组分的浓度。用Ｒ型群分析法计算出了温泉群各化学组分之间的相关系数,得出了各化学组分的相关谱系图,并据此探讨了温泉化学组分的来源。 相似文献
20.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the groundwater chemical and bacteriological quality in the Barranquita-Knutzen basin (Córdoba, Argentina). The main purpose was to trace contamination through the examination of bacteriological parameters and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli, relating them to surface water, hydrogeological features and land use. Thus, 40 water samples were collected. The major chemical components and bacterial indicators were determined and antibiotic resistance was analysed using standard methods. Multivariate factorial analysis showed that the first principal component (PC) reveals the process of water mineralization, while the second and the third PCs explain a low percentage of variance, but collect chemical constituents and total and faecal coliform bacteria, respectively, revealing specific contamination situations. The observed antibiotic resistance profiles of E. coli and their relation with the land uses revealed that the source of faecal contamination in water is mainly from animal residues. 相似文献