共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 359 毫秒
1.
中国的贫困地区主要分布在山区,山地灾害的多发,易发在某种程度上成为制约贫困地区经济发展的因素之一.目前,山地灾害的研究集中于动力学研究,缺乏风险尤其是灾害致使贫困风险的研究.本文对山地灾害特有灾害与一般地质灾害的概念进行了区分;根据贫困的内涵与可量测性,定义了山地灾害的贫困脆弱性及山地灾害致贫风险;以贫困脆弱性分布和灾害危险性分布,构建区域山地灾害致贫风险评价模型,并基于此模型对少数民族特困地区--湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州(简称恩施州)进行应用研究.在示例分析中,首先利用确定性系数模型和频率比例法对山地灾害的危险性进行了评价;然后,从暴露性和应对能力2个方面选取了经济,社会及自然指标,以进行脆弱性评价;最后,利用通用灾害风险评价公式对研究区由于山地灾害导致的贫困风险在空间的分布进行评价,得到了研究区的山地灾害致贫风险分布与分级图. 相似文献
2.
蒙阴县位于山东省东南部,岱崮地貌分布范围较广。近年来,随着人类工程活动的增强,崩塌滑坡泥石流灾害进一步加剧。本文在山东省蒙阴县1∶5万地质灾害风险普查的基础上,结合最新的遥感信息,选取坡度、起伏度、工程地质岩组、地质构造、地貌类型5个影响因子作为研究区地质灾害易发性的评价指标,采用信息量模型法对各评价因子进行信息量计算,通过GIS空间分析平台,建立了蒙阴县地质灾害易发性评价体系,为蒙阴县有效开展防灾减灾救灾工作,切实保障经济社会可持续发展提供有效的科学决策依据。研究区划分为地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区、非易发区４个等级,特征曲线（ROC）的线下面积（AUC）精度检验值为0.833,表明评价精度较高。 相似文献
3.
4.
在战争中,地质灾害可作为战争武器打击敌军.但目前对于地质灾害的研究主要侧重于如何防灾减灾,关于地质灾害利用的研究还较少.某中低山地貌地区,历来为兵家必争之地.以该地区为研究区,基于利用 ArcGIS对其进行地质灾害易发性评价的结果,以道路为研究对象,结合地形、道路绕行情况、诱发灾害对通行能力影响以及道路等级等因素,制定了地质灾害利用区域选划原则,确定了地质灾害的重点利用区、次重点利用区和一般利用区.最后,以研究区内某一省道为例,将沿线地质灾害利用区域作为战争武器,根据地质灾害不同的诱发时机和次序,提出了３种利用地质灾害的阻击与攻防方案. 相似文献
5.
以往我们划分并一直在使用的地质灾害易发区严格意义上讲,其实应该是崩滑流或地面塌陷、地面沉降、地裂缝等不良地质现象容易发生的区域,在此不妨统称为不良地质现象易发区。 相似文献
6.
以滇东北地区某拟建公路沿线的地质灾害为例 ,分析研究该地区地质灾害的影响因素、影响机制、分布规律以及对公路工程的影响。区内地质灾害的发育受地层岩性、岩体结构、地质构造、地震、水文条件、气候条件、人类活动等因素的控制和影响。地质灾害类型主要有崩滑塌、滑坡、泥石流、岩溶塌陷等 ,另外还存在软土、膨胀土及可液化的砂土等特殊岩土灾害。不同类型的灾害对公路工程的影响和破坏机制不同 相似文献
7.
黄土区滑坡研究中地形因子的选取与适宜性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄土高原是中国生态较为脆弱的地区,也是滑坡发育的地层之一。黄土滑坡发育是孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体等多种因素联合作用的结果,其中作为重要孕灾环境因素的地形因子的选取是黄土滑坡风险研究的基础。本文选取黄土滑坡灾害多发的甘谷县作为研究区,综合利用敏感性指数、确定性系数和相关系数方法进行地形因子在滑坡灾害研究中的适宜性分析,得出以下结论：基于确定性系数法、敏感性分析模型和相关系数法,最终筛选出适宜于本区域滑坡灾害评价的地形因子为：坡度、坡度变率、坡形和地表粗糙度;确定性系数法、敏感性分析模型都基于分析单一因子与滑坡之间的关系进行致灾因子选取,忽视地形因子之间的相关性。实验结果表明,研究区稳定性较差的区域与已发生滑坡灾害分布数量具有较好的对应关系,并深入分析了滑坡与地形因子分级范围的关系,发现地形因子分级范围对地质灾害风险研究具有重要的影响,是导致部分区域的差异性主要原因之一。实地调查发现,河网切割密度及人类工程活动也对研究区危险性具有重要的控制作用,是重要的地形因素。 相似文献
8.
地质灾害威胁着山区人民生命财产安全, 进行地质灾害易发性评价有助于山区城镇进行规划与建设时规避灾害风险。以川东南古蔺县为例, 基于ArcGIS空间分析获取了研究区高程、坡度、岩性、斜坡结构、植被指数、距断层距离和距道路距离7个评价因子, 采用信息量模型分别对滑坡和崩塌灾害进行易发性评价后, 进一步利用ArcGIS单元统计功能对比了滑坡和崩塌易发性的信息量值, 选取相对更大的信息量值作为该栅格的最终信息量值, 绘制了研究区综合地质灾害易发性图, 利用自然断点法将古蔺县按信息量值的大小划分为极低、低、中、高和极高易发区。结果表明: 地质灾害主要分布在断层和道路附近, 断层和人类工程活动是造成研究区地质灾害频发的主要原因; 高易发区与极高易发区面积之和为1 315.62 km2, 占全区总面积的41.32%;预测模型性能经ROC曲线检验, AUC值为0.812 5, 说明栅格最大值法预测的古蔺县综合地灾易发性效果良好。 相似文献
9.
基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,采用多层次分析(AHP)法,以北京密云水库上游部分库区为研究对象,根据库区实际情况,选取植被覆盖率、土壤类型、坡度、高程、降雨量、土地利用六种影响滑坡灾害发生的因素作为评价因子,对区域滑坡风险进行分析。同时,在ArcGIS的空间分析环境中运行权重叠加,将研究区域划分成无危险区、低危险区、中危险区、高危险区和极危险区。结果表明,研究区域内大部分地区比较稳定,最易发生滑坡的区域主要集中在密云水库东北部的河谷、山谷地带,呈零星状分布。 相似文献
10.
基于信息量模型和数据标准化的滑坡易发性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以北川曲山-擂鼓片区为研究区,将坡度、坡向、高程、地层、距断层的距离、距水系的距离和距道路的距离作为该区域滑坡易发性评价因子。采用信息量模型计算了各项评价因子的信息量值,并运用4种标准化模型对信息量值进行标准化处理。各评价因子的权重由层次分析法（AHP）确定。在GIS中将权重值和各评价因子的标准化信息量值,进行叠加计算得到区域滑坡总信息量值,并基于自然断点法对其进行重分类,将研究区划分为极高易发区、高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和极低易发区5级易发区。将基于4种标准化模型和信息量模型得到的滑坡易发性评价结果进行了对比分析,结果表明：基于最值标准化信息量模型的滑坡易发性评价结果的ROC曲线下面积AUC值为0.807,高于其余模型的AUC值,说明最值标准化信息量模型的滑坡易发性评价效果最好。极高易发区面积占研究区面积的20.03%,离断层和水系较近,主要分布地层为寒武系、志留系和三迭系。研究结果可为区内滑坡风险评价和灾害防治提供参考。 相似文献
11.
With the rapid development and expansion of the cities in China, the carrying capacity of resource and environment has become a huge concern for local governments. From the perspective of geological environment, geological disasters are the main restraining factor of the development in mountain cities. This study was conducted in Suide County of Shaanxi Province with a risk-based approach as followed: a hazard analysis on geological disasters based on a slope geological survey at a scale of 1:10,000; a consequence analysis based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial survey data; integrating the results of hazard analysis and consequence analysis, a risk zonation and analysis of geological disasters in urban areas were completed considering urban planning, land use planning and the safety of infrastructure and major engineering. Subsequently, taking the acceptable levels of human life and property risks incurred by landslides as the criteria of the evaluation of geological environment carrying capacity, a comprehensive assessment of current and future urban carrying capacity was conducted based on the results of the risk analyses. Accordingly, the prior development zone, the restricted development zone and the prohibited zone were delineated, with corresponding suggestions for future urban development. The technological and methodological system used in the study can be applied to geological environment carrying capacity evaluation of other important mountain cities, which can provide scientific basis for the optimization of land and space. 相似文献
12.
The Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake occurred on April 14,2010 in Qinghai Province,China.It induced a mass of secondary geological disasters,such as collapses,landslides,and debris flows.Risk assessment maps are important for geological disaster prevention and mitigation,and also can serve as a guide for post-earthquake reconstruction.Firstly,a hazard assessment index system of secondary geological disasters in the earthquake region was built in this paper,which was based on detailed analysis of environmental and triggering factors closely related to geological disasters in the study area.GIS technology was utilized to extract and analyze the assessment index.Hazard assessment maps of secondary geological disasters were obtained by spatial modeling and overlaying analysis.Secondly,an analysis of the vulnerability of hazard bearing bodies in the area was conducted,important information,such as, population density,percentage of arable land, industrial and agricultural outputs per unit area were regarded as assessment indices to evaluate socioeconomic vulnerability.Thirdly,the risk level of secondary geological disasters of the area was obtained by the formula:Risk=Hazard×Vulnerability. Risk assessment maps were categorized into four levels,including"low","moderate","high"and"very high".These results show that some urban areas are at very high risk,including Jiegu,Chengwen,Xiaxiula and Sahuteng towns.This research can provide some references and suggestions to improve decisionmaking support for emergency relief and post- earthquake reconstruction in the study area. 相似文献
13.
Gas disasters always restrict the tunnel constructions in mountain area, which becomes a major geological barrier against the development of underground engineering. China is rich in coal resources and has a large amount of gas with a wide range of distribution. However, China experienced not only adverse effects on coal mining but also gas disasters in underground engineering construction, such as tunnels and chambers. With the increased number of tunnels passing through coal-bearing strata, the incidence of gas accidents is also rising. Therefore, the significance of preventing and mitigating gas disasters should be emphasized, and an effective risk assessment method for gas disasters should be established. On the basis of research on over 100 gas tunnels in China, a relatively ideal gas disaster risk assessment method and system for tunnels are established through the following measures. Firstly, geo-environmental conditions and gas situations were analyzed during construction. Secondly, qualitative analysis was combined with quantitative analysis. Finally, the influencing factors of gas disasters, including geological conditions, gas,and human factors, were investigated. The gas tunnel risk assessment system includes three levels:(1) the grading assessment of a gas tunnel during the planning stage,(2) the risk assessment of gas tunnel construction during the design and construction stages,(3) the gas tunnel outburst risk assessment during the coal uncovering stage. This system was applied to the dynamic assessment of gas disaster during the construction of the Zipingpu tunnel of Dujiangyan–Wenchuan Highway(in Sichuan, Southwest China). The assessment results were consistent with the actual excavation, which verified the rationality and feasibility of the system. The developed system was believed to be back-up and applied for risk assessment of gas disaster in the underground engineering construction. 相似文献
14.
将该项目区域视为一个小型区域,以此作为一个区域模型,并分为38个评估单元,结合野外调查数据及地质分析法进行评估,针对风电场区域大,地质环境条件多变,考虑了多个影响因素的综合作用,运用基于层次分析法对风电场区域地质环境、地质灾害进行综合评估。将38个单元逐个进行计算后,划分出了危险性中等区和危险性小区,层次分析法的评估结论与地质分析法的结论基本一致,层次分析法确定的危险性中等区涵盖地质分析法确定的危险性中等区。推广到类似区域进行合理、定量地划定区域危险性等级,给城市新区建设选址提供参考依据。 相似文献
15.
随着我国城市化建设进程的加快,城市水系和绿地面积不断缩减,地表硬质化现象持续加重,城市扩张所带来的问题正日益凸显,尤其是汛期强降雨导致的内涝灾害日渐成为亟需解决的城市顽疾。城市内涝灾害模拟及风险评估是推进城市内涝灾害管理,减少内涝灾害损失的有效途径。本文在综合近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,从城市内涝产生机理、模型及风险评估的角度对城市内涝的研究进行了详细阐述。在模型方面重点介绍了两种应用广泛的雨洪模拟模型:SCS和SWMM模型,对两者的优缺点进行了分析,同时简单归纳了其他雨洪模型。在灾情风险评估方法方面,重点介绍了基于历史灾情数理统计、遥感图像和GIS技术耦合分析和基于指标体系评估等的风险评估方法,并对比分析了各自的优缺点及适用范围。最后对城市内涝模型及风险评估的未来发展方向进行了展望,提出集成多模型耦合的城市雨洪模拟模型以及多学科联合的灾害风险评估研究将成为今后的发展趋势。 相似文献
16.
Assessing suitability of rural settlements using an improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Land suitability assessment is a prerequisite phase in land use planning; it guides toward optimal land use by providing information on the opportunities and constraints involved in the use of a given land area. A geographic information system-based procedure, known as rural settlement suitability evaluation (RSSE) using an improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), was adopted to determine the most suitable area for constructing rural settlements in different geographical locations. Given the distribution and independence of rural settlements, a distinctive evaluation criteria system that differed from that of urban suitability was established by considering the level of rural infrastructure services as well as living and working conditions. The unpredictable mutual interference among evaluation factors has been found in practical works. An improved TOPSIS using Mahalanobis distance was applied to solve the unpredictable correlation among the criteria in a suitability evaluation. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses obtained via Monte Carlo simulation were performed to examine the robustness of the model. Daye, a resource-based city with rapid economic development, unsatisfied rural development, and geological environmental problems caused by mining, was used as a case study. Results indicate the following findings: 1) The RSSE model using the improved TOPSIS can assess the suitability of rural settlements, and the suitability maps generated using the improved TOPSIS have higher information density than those generated using traditional TOPSIS. The robustness of the model is improved, and the uncertainty is reduced in the suitability results. 2) Highly suitable land is mainly distributed in the northeast of the study area, and the majority of which is cultivated land, thereby leading to tremendous pressure on the loss of cultivated land. 3) Lastly, 12.54% of the constructive expansion permitted zone and 8.36% of the constructive expansion conditionally permitted zone are situated in an unsuitable area, which indicates that the general planning of Daye lacks the necessary verification of suitability evaluation. Guidance is provided on the development strategy of rural settlement patches to support decision making in general land use planning. 相似文献
17.
湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州(简称恩施州)地处中国14个集中连片特困区之一的武陵山区内,州内少数民族聚居多,贫困人口分布广,地质灾害频发,"因灾致贫,因灾返贫"现象较为突出.本文根据灾害系统学原理和灾害风险分析理论,综合考虑恩施州降雨诱发型地质灾害的致灾因子,孕灾环境和承灾体,构建了降雨诱发型地质灾害风险评价指标体系,基于灾害系统学原理的风险评估模型,对该区的降雨诱发型地质灾害风险进行评估.主要结论如下:(1)降雨诱发型地质灾害的诱发因子为强降雨,恩施州降水丰沛,恩施市中部与鹤峰县东南部属于致灾因子高危险性区域;(2)选取地形地貌,基础地质,水文条件,人类工程活动等孕灾环境要素,耦合信息量法和层次分析法,构建恩施州孕灾环境敏感性评价指标体系,结果表明恩施州孕灾环境敏感性较高,高区域主要分布在巴东县,恩施市和鹤峰县;(3)选取工程建筑,居民人口,社会经济,耕地等承灾体进行脆弱性评估,结果表明承灾体脆弱性较高区域与人口集中地区在空间上重合,利川市和来凤县有更多的高脆弱性区域;(4)综上可知,恩施州的降雨诱发型地质灾害风险总体较高,其较高,高风险区域主要分布在巴东县和恩施市. 相似文献
18.
广州新型智慧城市应用探索:城乡规划的智慧化管理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
新技术尤其是信息技术的快速发展为新型智慧城市的建设提供了条件,城市规划管理作为城市建设的前端环节,在新型智慧城市建设中发挥着重要的作用。规划管理"一张图"平台、多规合一信息联动平台等围绕新技术而形成的规划管理新手段,极大地提高政务效率,也倒逼新型智慧城市的规划管理更加智慧化。本文以广州市为例,分析城乡规划智慧化管理历程,从决策层、管理层、实施层、技术层和数据层5个维度探索城乡规划智慧化应用,构建城乡规划智慧化管理体系,关注智慧化提升城乡规划与管理能力,运用信息系统构建五年空间规划体系、一张图管理和实施评估、多源数据辅助规划决策等城乡规划智慧化方式,为相关城市建设新型智慧城市应用提供支撑。 相似文献
19.
以基础地质数据为数据源,充分研究日照市地质灾害孕灾环境,采用层次分析法,分析选取地貌、构造、地层、岩浆岩、降水量和人类工程活动强度6种评价因子,建立层次结构模型,计算各个影响因子的权重,对各个因子进行分析并进行归一化处理,将各个评价因子与其权重进行加权叠加计算,最终得出日照市地质灾害易发性分区结果,划分出低、中和高易发区3类分区并完成精度检验。日照市地质灾害重点分布于沂沭断裂带的昌邑-大店断裂、安丘-莒县断裂通过的区域和低山、丘陵地貌区以及矿产资源开采引发的采空塌陷等地,此类区域需重点防治。采用层次分析法将地质灾害危险性评价过程层次化、定量化,从一个新的角度对日照市地质灾害危险性进行定量化评价和分区,分区结果较客观地反映实际情况。 相似文献
20.
黄冈市是湖北省汛期地质灾害频发区之一, 地质灾害类型以滑坡为主, 其中75%为降雨型滑坡。通过统计分析黄冈市近10年滑坡与降雨的相关关系, 在考虑黄冈市地质灾害易发性分区基础上, 研究黄冈市降雨型滑坡的降雨阈值, 利用逻辑回归模型建立滑坡发生的概率预测模型, 再针对不同等级易发区提出对应的气象预警判据。最后以历史降雨及其滑坡事件检验预警判据的合理性与可信度。结果表明, 所建立的气象预警判据在时间尺度上由以往依托气象部门的中长期预警精细到了24 h的短临预警, 在空间尺度上确定了不同等级易发区的降雨型滑坡气象预警判据。预警准确率大幅提升, 显著提高了黄冈市降雨型滑坡气象预警精度, 可为临灾转移提供精细化的技术指导, 有效降低降雨型滑坡灾害带来的生命财产损失。 相似文献