共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Declared in 1990, the Piatra Craiului is one of Romania's 15 national parks and biosphere reserves. It has exceptional scenic
and biodiversity value but is under threat from unsustainable agricultural, forestry and tourism management. The paper examines
these threats in a historical context, regarding both the growth of the town of Braşov and areas of dispersed rural settlement
on the mountain edge, and argues that a sustainable future will require negotiation between the park authorities and all stakeholders,
including the local communities and private woodland owners who have benefited or will benefit from restitution. The way forward
is explored with forest management in a central role. First, the certification of woodlands, along with the establishment
of forest user groups and community woodlands, should help to reconcile the conflicting interests in the woodlands and in
wood processing in support of sustainability. Second, the overgrazing of the meadows which is degrading the pastures, restricting
forest regeneration and conflicting with large carnivore conservation, could be moderated by the growth of ecotourism linked
with bears and wolves which would generate a new source of income to compensate farmers for reducing their flocks – given
the importance of the biodiversity resources and the socio-economic pressures – and the paper therefore considers how new
approaches to forest management might provide a basis for conservation and sustainable development. It will be for the recently-established
national park management system – developed with World Bank Global Environment Facility funding – to take these ideas forward
in due course.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians
and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist
industry and the industrial base (established through the processing of local raw materials: agricultural commodities, timber
and salt) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. The tourist industry has also expanded with reference to the
mineral waters. But agriculture still plays an important role. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems
have increased over the years and under the transition conservation measures should include national park designations to
provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance
of national and ‘natural’ parks for the development of tourism in the area, with particular reference to Buila-Vanturarita
area of the Capatina Mountains.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Environmental studies require multivariate data such as chemical concentrations with space-time coordinates. There are two
general conditions related to such data: the existence of correlations among the coregionalized variables and the differences
in numbers of data which occur because of insufficient data caused by measurement error or bad weather conditions. This study
proposes geostatistical techniques for space-time multivariate modeling that take into consideration these correlations and
data absences. These techniques consist of suitable modeling of semivariograms and cross-semivariograms for quantifying correlation
structures among multivariables and of extending standardized ordinary cokriging. The tensor product cubic smoothing surface
method is used for space-time semivariogram modeling. These methods are applied to the chemical component data of the Ariake
Sea, a typical closed sea in southwest Japan. In order to clarify environmental changes in the Ariake Sea, the concentration
data of four nutritive salts (NO2–N, NO3–N, NH4–N, and PO4–P) at 38 stations over 25 years are used as environmental indicators. For each of the kinds of data, there are spaces and
times for which there is no data available. The effectiveness of the modeling of space-time semivariograms and the high estimation
capability of the extended cokriging are demonstrated by cross-validation. Compared with ordinary kriging for a single variable,
multivariate space-time standardized ordinary cokriging can provide a more detailed concentration map of nutritive salts and
while elucidating their temporal changes over sparsely spaced data areas. In the space-time models by ordinary kriging, on
the other hand, smooth trends are obvious. 相似文献
4.
Industrial archaeology has developed as an important aspect of conservation during the second half of the twentieth century
in the Western world and there have been great opportunities in transition countries since 1989 on account of economic restructuring
and the importance given to 'niche' tourism. While the core interest lies with machines and industrial buildings, attention
is also given to transport systems and the social context, with respect to relations between owners, managers and workers.
Moreover, the desirability of maintaining old industrial installations within their traditional landscape settings enables
industrial archaeology to make a contribution to sustainable development. This paper considers the prospects for Romania,
with particular reference to the Reşiţa area of the Banat Carpathians. The mineral resources of this region gave rise to a
metallurgical industry which was established under Habsburg administration in the eighteenth century and continues today.
In addition to the principal factories in Anina and Reşiţa, the mining installations, transport systems and power stations
contribute to a diverse industrial region in a distinctive physical and cultural setting. The development of the complex is
summarised and the opportunities for conservation are evaluated. The tourist infrastructure of the area is also examined with
regard to the range of accommodation available.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Gheorghe Ploaie 《GeoJournal》1996,38(2):219-227
Valcea is one of Romania's Wallachian counties with landscapes which grade from the Carpathians through the Subcarpathians and Piedmont zone towards the plain. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy but there is also a long-established tourist industry and the industrial base (largely bound up originally with wood processing) has been enlarged and diversified under communism. Environmental pressures on sensitive Carpathian ecosystems have increased over the years through agricultural, industrial and tourist pressures. Under the transition conservation measures will have to include national park designation to provide a buffer for clusters of nature reserves which already exist. The paper discusses the nature of the environmental problems and the significance of national parks for the agriculture of the area, with particular reference to the Parang Mountains. 相似文献
6.
Osman Parlak 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(4):609-627
In southeast Anatolia, there are number of tectonomagmatic units in the Kahramanmaraş–Malatya–Elazığ region that are important in understanding the geological evolution of the southeast Anatolian orogenic belt during the Late Cretaceous. These are (a) metamorphic massifs, (b) ophiolites, (c) ophiolite-related metamorphics and (d) granitoids. The granitoids (i.e. Göksun–Afşin in Kahramanmaraş, Doğanşehir in Malatya and Baskil in Elazığ) intrude all the former units in a NE–SW trending direction. The granitoid in Göksun–Afşin (Kahramanmaraş) region is mainly composed of granodioritic and granitic in composition. The granodiorite contains a number of amphibole-bearing mafic microgranular enclaves of different sizes, whereas the granite is intruded by numerous aplitic dikes. The granitoid rocks have typical calcalkaline geochemical features. The REE- and Ocean ridge granite-normalized multi-element patterns and tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams, as well as biotite geochemistry suggest that the granitoids were formed in a volcanic arc setting. The K–Ar geochronology of the granitoid rocks yielded ages ranging from 85.76±3.17 to 77.49±1.91 Ma. The field, geochemical and geochronological data suggest the following Late Cretaceous tectonomagmatic scenario for southeast Anatolia. The ophiolites were formed in a suprasubduction zone tectonic setting whereas the ophiolite-related metamorphic rocks formed either during the initiation of intraoceanic subduction or late-thrusting (∼90 Ma). These units were then overthrust by the Malatya–Keban platform during the progressive elimination of the southern Neotethys. Thrusting of the Malatya–Keban platform over the ophiolites and related metamorphic rocks was followed by the intrusion of the granitoids (88–85 Ma) along the Tauride active continental margin in the southern Neotethys. 相似文献
7.
8.
Ángel Fernández-Cortés José María Calaforra Javier García-Guinea 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(5):707-716
The discovery of the giant Geode of Pulpí (Almería, Spain) was considered as an important highlight in the geological heritage of Spain. Projects developed for their conservation were immediately initiated with legal figures of protection and tourist projects. The Geode has a tourist interest, which must be tempered by environmental restrictions limiting the public visits. First results demonstrate that a continuous visit of two or three people for more than 10 min provokes the appearance of condensation and risks corrosion of the gypsum crystals. In addition, the electron microprobe analyses confirms (1) the hydrothermal phases of iron–manganese in carbonated host rock; (2) the presence of sulphides with Fe–Zn–Pb–Ag–Sb–Cu–Hg–As–Te–Se; and (3) Ba, Ca, and Sr sulphates with mercury traces. The present proposal to label the geode and the mining environment as geological-natural heritage is feasible, although any tourist adaptation must not permit visits to the geode indoor and Hg levels must be controlled. 相似文献
9.
Abhay Kumar Singh 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,62(7):1447-1459
Road dust collected from India’s richest and oldest coal mining belt of Dhanbad and Bokaro regions was analysed for particle
size characteristics and elemental composition. The particle size distribution pattern shows dominance of 500–250 μm and 250–125 μm
size fractions, constituting 45–58% of the mass size spectrum. Si is the most dominant element and its concentration varied
between 29.3 and 36.4% with the average value 34.3%. Fe, Ti and Mn are the dominant heavy metals followed by Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu,
Ni and Co. No significant differences concentration of metals between sampling sites was apparent; however, some sites tend
to accommodate relatively higher metals due to its proximity to industrial and mining sites. In general, finer fraction (<63 μm)
tend to contain 1–3 times higher metals as compared with the bulk composition. Except Pb and Mn all the measured metals are
generally lie below grade zero, suggesting that there is no pollution threat with respect to these metals in roadway dust
from the studied sites. Geochemical speciation study shows that the lithogenic phase is the major sink for heavy metals. Fe–Mn
oxide and organic are the major non-lithogenic phases and Pb and Zn are the major elements of the non-lithogenic phase. 相似文献
10.
辽宁省阜新地区地下水水质特征及污染防治措施 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地下水水质特征和污染程度直接反映地下水环境质量的好坏。由于受工业“三废”、地表水体以及矿山固体废弃物排放等因素的影响,阜新地区地下水水质受到严重的污染,部分地下水化学指标已超出国家饮用水标准。文章综合分析该地区水文地质概况及水质特征,其中包括自然环境下地下水化学特征和人为环境下地下水化学特征,初步探讨了影响地下水污染的主要因素,并提出地下水污染的防治措施和对策,对该地区地下水资源合理开发、保护和可持续利用具有重要意义。 相似文献
11.
Seepage from a tailings dam is the major source of groundwater pollution in the Selebi-Phikwe area, where mining of sulphidic
nickel–copper–cobalt ore started in 1973 and will continue until 2014. The seepage water has a pH in the range of 1.7–2.8
and is strongly enriched in SO4
2− (5,680 g/L) and heavy metals (6,230 μg/L Ni, 1,860 μg/L Cu and 410 μg/L Co). The fracture aquifer affected by pollution from
the dam exhibits a remarkable capacity of heavy-metal sorption. Most of the Ni, Cu and Co is scavenged at less than 500 m
distance downgradient from the polluting source, whereas SO4
2− is not immobilized significantly. The heavy-metal sorption process is assumed to be due to surface complexation, which is
supported by a relatively high groundwater pH (in the range of 6.2–7.8 at >200 m distance from the tailings dam). The objective
of this study is to demonstrate that the sorption process can be incorporated into a realistic three-dimensional reactive-transport
groundwater model that is implicitly charge-balanced. The simulations are performed with the PHAST1.2 program, which is based
on the HST3D flow and transport code and the hydrochemical PHREEQC2.12 code. 相似文献
12.
本文在梳理前人研究成果的基础上,结合野外实地调查和样品分析数据,分析了四川成都龙泉山城市森林公园的主要环境问题。研究表明,龙泉山城市森林公园总体地质环境条件较好,其总体规划和地质环境相适宜,在建设过程中需要关注局部地区的地质灾害发育、浅层地下空间瓦斯赋存和地下水污染等环境地质问题。区内主要地质灾害发育类型为小型滑坡,其次为崩塌和不稳定斜坡,多发生于龙泉山复背斜核部及断裂带区域,建设旅游道路和游憩设施时,要加强防范。区内局部浅层地下空间瓦斯赋存,建议在园区内进行地下工程建设时,进行超前地质预报,在施工过程中要加强瓦斯浓度监测与通风,注意火源管控。区内浅层地下水类型主要为HCO_3-Ca·Mg和HCO_3-Ca型,局部地区浅层地下水因人类活动而受到污染,其中总硬度、氨氮、氯化物等超标,建议加强公园内重点规划建设区域的地下水用途管控和生态环境保护。 相似文献
13.
Characterisation of mine waste rock with respect to acid generation potential is a necessary part of routine mine operations,
so that environmentally benign waste rock stacks can be constructed for permanent storage. Standard static characterisation
techniques, such as acid neutralisation capacity (ANC), maximum potential acidity, and associated acid–base accounting, require
laboratory tests that can be difficult to obtain rapidly at remote mine sites. We show that a combination of paste pH and
a simple portable carbonate dissolution test, both techniques that can be done in the field in a 15 min time-frame, is useful
for distinguishing rocks that are potentially acid-forming from those that are acid-neutralising. Use of these techniques
could allow characterisation of mine wastes at the metre scale during mine excavation operations. Our application of these
techniques to pyrite-bearing (total S = 1–4 wt%) but variably calcareous coal mine overburden shows that there is a strong
correlation between the portable carbonate dissolution technique and laboratory-determined ANC measurements (range of 0–10 wt%
calcite equivalent). Paste pH measurements on the same rocks are bimodal, with high-sulphur, low-calcite rocks yielding pH
near 3 after 10 min, whereas high-ANC rocks yield paste pH of 7–8. In our coal mine example, the field tests were most effective
when used in conjunction with stratigraphy. However, the same field tests have potential for routine use in any mine in which
distinction of acid-generating rocks from acid-neutralising rocks is required. Calibration of field-based acid–base accounting
characteristics of the rocks with laboratory-based static and/or kinetic tests is still necessary. 相似文献
14.
F. Ruiz J. Borrego M. L. González-Regalado N. López-González B. Carro M. Abad 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(4):779-783
The analysis of a short core collected in the Tinto Estuary (SW Spain) permits to delimitate the influence of historical mining
activities on sediments and microfauna (Foraminifera and Ostracoda). In very shallow palaeochannels of the middle estuary,
a first mining period (~3,600 cal years BP) caused high sediment pollution by Cu, with a significant diminution of the palaeontological
record due to continuous acid mining drainage processes. In this core, the polluted levels derived from both Roman extractions
(2,000–1,900 years BP) and the extensive mining activities between 1870 and 1935 have been eroded. The 1,800–200 years BP
period is characterized by a limited mining activity and an important improvement of this ecosystem. In addition, the effects
of recent industrial wastes have been limited in this area. 相似文献
15.
Water and bed sediment samples collected from the Damodar River and its tributaries were analysed to study elemental chemistry
and suspended load characteristics of the river basin. Na and Ca are the dominant cations and HCO3 is the dominant anion. The water chemistry of the Damodar River basin strongly reflects the dominance of continental weathering
aided by atmospheric and anthropogenic activities in the catchment area. High concentrations of SO4 and PO4 at some sites indicate the mining and anthropogenic impact on water quality. The high concentration of dissolved silica,
relatively high (Na+K)/TZ+ ratio (0.2–0.4) and low equivalent ratio of (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) indicate that dissolved ions contribute significantly to the weathering
of aluminosilicate minerals of crystalline rocks. The seasonal data show a minimum ionic concentration in the monsoon season,
reflecting the influence of atmospheric precipitation on total dissolved solids contents. The suspended sediments show a positive
correlation with discharge and both discharge and suspended load reach their maximum value during the monsoon season. Kaolinite
is the mineral that is possibly in equilibrium with the water. This implies that the chemistry of the Damodar River water
favours kaolinite formation. The concentration of heavy metals in the finer size fraction (<37 μ m) is significantly higher
than the bulk composition. The geoaccumulation index values calculated for Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cr are well below zero, suggesting
that there is no pollution from these metals in Damodar River sediments.
Received: 21 January 1998 · Accepted: 4 May 1998 相似文献
16.
申报建立林州国家地质公园的地质环境综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
林州市2046km^2的面积内分布有太古代、元古代、古生代、中生代和新生代四个地质时代的地层，三大类30种岩性的岩石，丰富的古生物化石，以及极富观赏价值的地质地貌景观，这些具有科学意义的多种地质旅游资源，通过建立国家地质公园可以更好地得到保护，促进旅游业的可持续发展。 相似文献
17.
The San Antonio-El Triunfo mining district, located at a mountainous region 45 km south-east of La Paz, Baja California,
has been worked since the late 1700s. Mine waste material produced during 200 years of mineral extraction area poses a risk
of local groundwater pollution and eventually, regional pollution to the Carrizal (west basin) and the Los Planes (east basin)
aquifers. There are different types of deposits in the mining area. These are dominated by epithermal veins, in which arsenopyrite
is an important component. Carrillo and Drever (1998a) concluded that, even though the amount of mine waste is relatively
small in comparison to the large scale area, significant As in groundwater derived from the mine waste piles is found locally
in the groundwater. This paper shows the results of geochemical analyses of groundwater samples from the San Antonio-El Triunfo
area and the Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers during several years of monitoring (1993–1997). The highest values of total
dissolved solids (TDS) and As are in the mineralized area where the mining operations occurred (∼1500 ppm TDS and 0.41 ppm
As). The lowest concentrations of TDS and As are, in general, away from the mineralized area (∼500 ppm TDS and 0.01 ppm As).
Sulfate and bicarbonate (alkalinity) are, in general, high near the mineralized area and low away from it. The arsenic concentrations
vary seasonally, especially after the heavy summer thunderstorms. Geochemical modeling (MINTEQA2 and NETPATH) and analysis
of the regional geochemical evolution of the groundwater from the mining area towards the aquifer of Los Planes shows that
the most likely hydrochemical processes include: dilution, precipitation of calcite, and adsorption of As onto surfaces of
iron oxyhydroxides (ferrihydrite). These processes act as natural controls to the extent and amount of As pollution in the
Carrizal and Los Planes aquifers.
Received: 4 May 1999 · Accepted: 22 February 2000 相似文献
18.
Contamination and potential mobility assessment of heavy metals in urban soils of Hangzhou,China: relationship with different land uses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Concentration and distribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in urban soils of Hangzhou, China, were measured based
on different land uses. The contamination degree of heavy metals was assessed on the basis of pollution index (PI), integrated
pollution index (IPI) and geoaccumulation index (I
geo). The 0.1 mol l−1 HCl extraction procedure and gastric juice simulation test (GJST) were used to evaluate the potential mobility and environmental
risk of heavy metals in urban soils. The average concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in urban soils was measured at 1.2 (with
a range of 0.7–4.6), 52.0 (7.4–177.3), 88.2 (15.0–492.1) and 206.9 (19.3–1,249.2) mg kg−1, respectively. The degree of contamination increased in the order of industrial area (IA) > roadside (RS) > residential and
commercial areas (RC) > public park and green areas (PG). The PIs for heavy metals indicated that there is a considerable
Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn pollution, which originate from traffic and industrial activities. The IPI of these four metals ranged from
1.6 to 11.8 with a mean of 3.5, with the highest IPI in the industrial area. The assessment results of I
geo also supported that urban soil were moderately contaminated with Cd and to a lesser extent also with Cu, Pb and Zn. The IP
and I
geo values reveal the pollution degree of heavy metal was the order of Cd > Pb > Zn ≈ Cu. It was shown that mobility and bioavailability
of the heavy metals in urban soils increased in the order of Cd > Cu > Zn ≈ Pb. Owing to high mobility of Cd and Cu in the
urban soils, further investigations are needed to understand their effect on the urban environment and human health. It is
concluded that industrial activities and emissions from vehicles may be the major source of heavy metals in urban contamination.
Results of this study present a rough guide about the distribution and potential environmental and health risk of heavy metals
in the urban soils. 相似文献
19.
Environmental geochemistry and quality assessment of mine water of Jharia coalfield,India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Abhay Kumar Singh M. K. Mahato B. Neogi B. K. Tewary A. Sinha 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(1):49-65
A long mining history and unscientific exploitation of Jharia coalfield caused many environmental problems including water
resource depletion and contamination. A geochemical study of mine water in the Jharia coalfield has been undertaken to assess
its quality and suitability for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses. For this purpose, 92 mine water samples collected
from different mining areas of Jharia coalfield were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), anions (F−, Cl−, HCO3
−, SO4
2−, NO3
−), dissolved silica (H4SiO4) and trace metals. The pH of the analysed mine water samples varied from 6.2 to 8.6, indicating mildly acidic to alkaline
nature. Concentration of TDS varied from 437 to 1,593 mg L−1 and spatial differences in TDS values reflect the variation in lithology, surface activities and hydrological regime prevailing
in the region. SO4
2− and HCO3
− are dominant in the anion and Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the cation chemistry of mine water. High concentrations of SO4
2− in the mine water of the area are attributed to the oxidative weathering of pyrites. Ca–Mg–SO4 and Ca–Mg–HCO3 are the dominant hydrochemical facies. The drinking water quality assessment indicates that number of mine water samples
have high TDS, total hardness and SO4
2− concentrations and needs treatment before its utilization. Concentrations of some trace metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) were also
found to be above the desirable levels recommended for drinking water. The mine water is good to permissible quality and suitable
for irrigation in most cases. However, higher salinity, residual sodium carbonate and Mg-ratio restrict its suitability for
irrigation at some sites. 相似文献
20.
Trace elements contamination of agricultural soils affected by sulphide exploitation (Iberian Pyrite Belt,Sw Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Agricultural soils of the Riotinto mining area (Iberian Pyrite Belt) have been studied to assess the degree of pollution by
trace elements as a consequence of the extraction and treatment of sulphides. Fifteen soil samples were collected and analysed
by ICP-OES and INAA for 51 elements. Chemical analyses showed an As–Cu–Pb–Zn association related with the mineralisation of
the Iberian Pyrite Belt. Concentrations were 19–994 mg kg−1 for As, 41–4,890 mg kg−1 for Pb, 95–897 mg kg−1 for Zn and of 27–1,160 mg kg−1 for Cu. Most of the samples displayed concentrations of these elements higher than the 90th percentile of the corresponding
geological dominium, which suggests an anthropogenic input besides the bedrock influence. Samples collected from sediments
were more contaminated than leptosols because they were polluted by leachates or by mining spills coming from the waste rock
piles. The weathering of the bedrock is responsible for high concentrations in Co, Cr and Ni, but an anthropogenic input,
such as wind-blown dust, seems to be indicative of the high content of As, Cu, Pb and Zn in leptosols. The metal partitioning
patterns show that most trace elements are associated with Fe amorphous oxy-hydroxides, or take part of the residual fraction.
According to the results obtained, the following mobility sequence is proposed for major and minor elements: Mn, Pb, Cd, > Zn,
Cu > Ni > As > Fe > Cr. The high mobility of Pb, Cu and Zn involve an environmental risk in this area, even in soils where
the concentrations are not so high. 相似文献