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1.
Middle atmosphere dynamics with gravity wave interactions in the numerical spectral model: Tides and planetary waves 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As Lindzen (1981) had shown, small-scale gravity waves (GW) produce the observed reversals of the zonal-mean circulation and temperature variations in the upper mesosphere. The waves also play a major role in modulating and amplifying the diurnal tides (DT) (e.g., Waltersheid, 1981; Fritts and Vincent, 1987, Fritts, 1995a). We summarize here the modeling studies with the mechanistic numerical spectral model (NSM) with Doppler spread parameterization for GW (Hines, 1997a, Hines, 1997b), which describes in the middle atmosphere: (a) migrating and non-migrating DT, (b) planetary waves (PW), and (c) 10-h global-scale inertio gravity waves. Numerical experiments are discussed, which illuminate the influence of GW filtering and nonlinear interactions between DT, PW, and zonal mean variations. 相似文献
2.
Y. Hayashi D. G. Golder J. D. Mahlman S. Miyahara 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(2-3):421-443
To examine the effects of horizontal resolution on internal gravity waves simulated by the 40-level GFDL SKYHI general circulation model, a comparison is made between the 3° and 1° resolution models during late December. The stratospheric and mesospheric zonal flows in the winter and summer extratropical regions of the 1° model are much weaker and more realistic than the corresponding zonal flows of the 3° model. The weaker flows are consistent with the stronger Eliassen-Palm flux divergence (EPFD).The increase in the magnitude of the EPFD in the winter and summer extratropical mesospheres is due mostly to the increase in the gravity wave vertical momentum flux convergence (VMFC). In the summer extratropical mesosphere, the increase in the resolvable horizontal wavenumbers accounts for most of the increase in the gravity wave VMFC. In the winter extratropical mesosphere, the increase of VMFC associated with large-scale eastward moving components also accounts for part of the increase in the gravity wave VMFC.The gravity waves in the summer and winter mesosphere of the 1° model are associated with a broader frequency-spectral distribution, resulting in a more sporadic time-distribution of their VMFC. This broadening is due not only to the increase in resolvable horizontal wavenumbers but also occurs in the large-scale components owing to wave-wave interactions. It was found that the phase velocity and frequency of resolvable small-scale gravity waves are severely underestimated by finite difference approximations. 相似文献
3.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(13):1135-1154
In this paper we present an extension for the 2D (zonal mean) version of our numerical spectral mode (NSM) that incorporates Hines’ Doppler spread parameterization (DSP) for small-scale gravity waves (GW). This model is applied to describe the seasonal variations and the semi-annual and quasi-biennial oscillations (SAO and QBO). Our earlier model reproduced the salient features of the mean zonal circulation in the middle atmosphere, including the QBO extension into the upper mesosphere inferred from UARS measurements. The model is extended to reproduce the upwelling at equatorial latitudes that is associated with the Brewer–Dobson circulation — which affects significantly the dynamics of the stratosphere as Dunkerton had pointed out. In the presence of GW, this upwelling is produced in our model with tropospheric heating, which generates also zonal jets outside the tropics similar to those observed. The resulting upward vertical winds increase the period of the QBO. To compensate for that, one needs to increase the eddy diffusivity and the GW momentum flux, bringing the latter closer to values recommended in the DSP. The QBO period in the model is 30 months (mo), which is conducive to synchronize this oscillation with the seasonal cycle of solar forcing. Associated with this QBO are interannual and interseasonal variations that become increasingly more important at higher altitudes — and this variability is interpreted in terms of GW filtering that effectively couples the dynamical components of the mesosphere. The computed temperature amplitudes for the SAO and QBO are in substantial agreement with observations at equatorial and extra-tropical latitudes. At high latitudes, however, the observed QBO amplitudes are significantly larger, which may be a signature of propagating planetary waves not included in the present model. The assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium not being imposed, we find that the effects from the vertical Coriolis force associated with the equatorial oscillations are large for the vertical winds and significant for the temperature variations even outside the tropics, but the effects are small for the zonal winds. 相似文献
4.
The annual cycle of the zonally averaged circulation in the middle atmosphere (16–96 km) is simulated using a numerical model based on the primitive equations in log pressure coordinates. The circulation is driven radiatively by heating due to solar ultraviolet absorption by ozone and infrared cooling due to carbon dioxide and ozone (parameterized as a Newtonian cooling). Since eddy fluxes due to planetary waves are neglected in the model, the computed mean meridional circulation must be interpreted as thediabatic circulation, not as the total eulerian mean. Rayleigh friction with a short (2–4 day) time constant above 70 km is included to simulate the strong mechanical dissipation which is hypothesized to exist in the vicinity of the mesopause due to turbulence associated with gravity waves and tides near the mesopause.Computed mean winds and temperatures are in general agreement with observations for both equinox and solstice conditions. In particular, the strong mechanical damping specified near the mesopause makes it possible to simulate the cold summer and warm winter mesopause temperatures without generating excessive mean zonal winds. In addition, the model exhibits a strong semiannual cycle in the mean zonal wind at the equator, with both amplitude and vertical structure in agreement with the easterly phase of the observed equatorial semiannual oscillation.Contribution No. 497, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle. 相似文献
5.
It is generally accepted that small-scale gravity waves (GW) produce the observed reversals in the zonal circulation and temperature variations of the upper mesosphere (e.g., Lindzen, 1981). There is evidence that GW also play an important role in the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of the lower stratosphere, which can be generated by planetary waves (Lindzen and Holton, 1968). In the present paper, we summarize the modeling studies with the mechanistic numerical spectral model (NSM), which incorporates the Doppler spread parameterization for GW (Hines, 1997a, Hines, 1997b). Our studies illuminate the importance of GW filtering and momentum deposition associated with critical level absorption and wave braking. Numerical results from the 2D and 3D versions of the NSM show how these wave interactions generate in the zonal-mean: (a) annual and semi-annual oscillations, (b) QBO with related semi-decadal oscillation and solar cycle effects, and (c) monthly intra-seasonal oscillations. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, the definition of latitudinal density and density flattening of the level ellipsoid is given, and integral
formulas of latitudinal density for pole gravity and equator gravity are derived. According to the pole gravity condition
and equator gravity condition for the level ellipsoid, latitudinal density distribution function of the level ellipsoid is
obtained. It is proved mathematically that latitudinal density of the earth’s equator is larger than that of the pole, the
earth’s density flattening calculated preliminarily is 1/322, and hypothesis of the earth’s latitudinal normal density is
further proposed, so that theoretical preparation for studying the forming cause of the earth gravity in problems such as
continent drift, mantle convection, and submarine extension is made well. 相似文献
7.
In the present paper zonal mean flow excitation by inertial waves is studied in analogy to mean flow excitation by gravity waves that plays an important role for the quasi-biennial oscillation in the equatorial atmosphere. In geophysical flows that are stratified and rotating, pure gravity and inertial waves correspond to the two limiting cases: gravity waves neglect rotation, inertial waves neglect stratification. The former are more relevant for fluids like the atmosphere, where stratification is dominant, the latter for the deep oceans or planet cores, where rotation dominates. In the present study a hierarchy of simple analytical and numerical models of zonally symmetric inertial wave-mean flow interactions is considered and the results are compared with data from a laboratory experiment. The main findings can be summarised as follows: (i) when the waves are decoupled from the mean flow they just drive a retrograde (eastward) zonal mean flow, independent of the sign of the meridional phase speed; (ii) when coupling is present and the zonal mean flow is assumed to be steady, the waves can drive vertically alternating jets, but still, in contrast to the gravity wave case, the structure is independent of the sign of the meridional phase speed; (iii) when coupling is present and time-dependent zonal mean flows are considered the waves can drive vertically and temporarily oscillating mean flows. The comparison with laboratory data from a rotating annulus experiment shows a qualitative agreement. It appears that the experiment captures the basic elements of the inertial wave mean flow coupling. The results might be relevant to understand how the Equatorial Deep Jets can be maintained against dissipation, a process currently discussed controversially. 相似文献
8.
We show a mechanism whereby the jets result during the development of β-plumes (i.e., low-frequency Rossby waves that establish gyre circulations) in a model of ocean-basin circulation. The energy originates in baroclinic meanders of circulation at the eastern boundary of the ocean. Eddies are intimately related and occur as a result of the instability of this process. This mechanism does not rely on the existence of the small-scale turbulence to establish zonal flows. Zonal jets can then be amplified by eddies arranged in certain order in the flow. The underlying dynamics include the propagation of linear and nonlinear basin scale Rossby waves. The related barotropic theory for these waves is developed here. We demonstrate the radiative development of jets and β-plumes in a laboratory experiment using a rotating fluid with a paraboloidal free surface. The dynamical fields are measured by the laboratory analog of the satellite altimetry. 相似文献
9.
The specific features of the generation and intensification of internal gravity wave structures in different atmospheric-ionospheric regions, caused by zonal local nonuniform winds (shear flows), are studied. The model of the medium has been explained and an initial closed system of equations has been obtained in order to study the linear and nonlinear dynamics of internal gravity waves (IGWs) when they interact with the geomagnetic field in a dissipative ionosphere (for the D, E, and F regions). 相似文献
10.
On the mean zonal and meridional circulations and the flux of moisture in the northern hemisphere during the summer season 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Summary The mean zonal and meridional wind components of the northern hemisphere at different pressure levels for the summer season June–August have been determined and the mean meridional mass circulation has been computed as a function of latitude. From the mass circulation the meridional flux of moisture is computed for the latitudinal belt 0°–45° N. Using the horizontal divergence of this flux the average difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration from the earth's surface is evaluated. 相似文献
11.
R. A. Clarke 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1):343-354
Abstract A class of long planetary waves in a zonal channel analogous to the solitary and cnoidal waves of surface and internal gravity wave theory is discussed. On a mid-latitude β-plane, such waves exist as the result of divergence, non-uniform zonal velocity fields or bottom topography. In all cases studied the wave profile along the channel was found to satisfy the Korteweg-de Vries equation. 相似文献
12.
激光雷达观测得到的密度、温度等数据被广泛应用于大气重力波研究.瑞利激光雷达可以获取激光路径上的大气密度、温度数据.对于大气中的三维波动而言,单条路径上的观测参量能提取得到的波动信息有限.本文首先以单色重力波为例,分析了利用激光雷达直接观测三维波动结构的可行性.激光雷达垂直观测即可得到重力波的垂直波长,当激光雷达以一定的天顶角斜向测量时,所得到的波长包含了重力波的垂直波长以及水平波长信息.因此,利用激光雷达同时以三个方向(垂直、向南(天顶角30°)以及向西(天顶角30°))测量,可以提取得到重力波的垂直波长和水平波长.本文利用中国科学院国家空间科学中心研制的车载532nm瑞利激光雷达的经向系统和纬向系统同时以不同的指向角观测大气重力波,对利用激光雷达获取三维波动结构的方法进行了分析研究.本文给出了北京地区激光雷达观测重力波的诸多案例,分析了30~60km高度范围内北京地区大气重力波的垂直及水平波长信息.并以2017年11月7日观测的准单色重力波为例,结合再分析资料的风场数据,分析了该重力波的水平波长,垂直波长及传播方向等信息. 相似文献
13.
W. Lawrence Gates 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1972,96(1):217-227
Summary From numerical solutions of a wind-driven homogeneous ocean model, anegative lateral eddy viscosity of the order 104 cm2 sec–1 is inferred from the large-scale time-dependent currents in the interior of an enclosed shallow basin. The transient Rossby waves in this region produce a systematic convergence of eddy momentum at the latitude of the maximum average eastward current, and thus effect a transfer of zonal momentum from the large-scale eddies to the mean flow. In this sense they are analogous to the Rossby waves in the atmospheric general circulation, and it is speculated that such waves may help to maintain the mean zonal ocean currents. Although this negative viscosity induced by the large-scale transients is relatively small compared with the prescribed lateral viscosity of 108 cm2 sec–1 and should be given a quite different physical interpretation, it is evidently an important viscous effect for the mean flow in the interior of the basin. The prescribed viscosity, on the other hand, is effective in controlling the model's simulated sub-grid scale dissipation, which occurs almost entirely in the nearby steady boundary currents. 相似文献
14.
The characteristics of different-scale acoustic gravity waves (wavelengths of 100–1200 km, periods of 10–50 min) under different geophysical conditions have been studied using a numerical model for calculating the vertical structure of these waves in a nonisothermal atmosphere in the presence of an altitudedependent background wind and in a situation when molecular dissipation is taken into account. It has been established that all considered acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) effectively reach altitudes of the thermosphere. The character of the amplitude vertical profile depends on the AGW scales. The seasonal and latitudinal differences in the AGW vertical structure depend on the background wind and temperature. A strong thermospheric wind causes the rapid damping of medium-scale AGWs propagating along the wind. Waves with long periods to a lesser degree depend on dissipation in the thermosphere and can penetrate to high altitudes. A change in the geomagnetic activity level affects the background wind vertical distribution at high latitudes, as a result of which the AGW vertical structure varies. 相似文献
15.
D.O. ReVelle 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(2-3):241-261
We have incorporated horizontal winds into ray-mode theory including the full spectrum of acoustic–gravity waves for a perfectly stratified, range-independent, steady-state model atmosphere for frequencies from 10?4 to ～10 Hz. This approach has also been applied to a specific atmospheric propagation problem that has long defied a solution, namely counter-wind propagation arrivals at a location ～300 km up-wind of the source. Our modified ray-mode theory predicts reliable up-wind solutions, but only if small-scale sound speed fluctuations were added to the mean seasonal sound speed profiles. Since full-waveguide theory and modified ray-mode mode theory incorporate diffraction and scattering propagation effects, we have performed additional analyses to determine the mechanism through which these fluctuations produce the up-wind signals. We have concluded that the dominant mechanism is through diffraction due to the presence of semi-permanent turbulence and internal gravity waves located near the stratopause. 相似文献
16.
Thermospheric behavior at high latitudes is well described at large spatial and long temporal scales by current thermospheric general circulation models. On the other hand, many small-scale horizontal and vertical motions observed from space and the ground do not appear in simulations by these models or in versions with a nested grid. This paper reviews small-scale motions which include strong vertical components and small-scale structures in the horizontal wind field. Synthesizing from available data sources, some general patterns of vertical wind disturbance are derived. These suggest that the variability often seen in observations of neutral wind and temperature at high latitudes can frequently be due to waves downstream of strong vertical disturbances. It is also concluded that since the general circulation models do not include the small-scale activity and its expected upward transport of molecular species, they must be underestimating the consequent ionospheric and radiant heat losses at F-region altitudes. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(11):1015-1033
We present a practical method for parameterization of gravity wave drag based on the Medvedev and Klaassen (1995. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 25,841–25,853) theory of gravity wave spectral evolution and saturation. The only tuning necessary for the scheme involves assumptions about the nature of the source spectrum of subgrid-scale gravity waves, i.e. the wavenumbers, launch heights and amplitudes of the spectral components. In this paper we employ a column model with representative distributions of mean wind and temperature to examine the sensitivity of the parameterized wave drag to the source spectra. For the range of anticipated variability of source spectra in the troposphere the scheme produces plausible results consistent with observations and with theoretical estimates. Computationally, the scheme is as efficient as a multiple-wave Lindzen scheme, and suitable for use in general circulation models (GCMs) of the atmosphere. 相似文献
18.
Observations from the Nimbus 6 pressure modulator radiometer (PMR) have been used to estimate monthly mean planetary wave fluxes of heat and momentum in the stratosphere and mesosphere. While the eddy heat fluxes play an important role in the mean meridional circulation of the winter stratosphere they are shown to be less important in the upper mesosphere. Incorporation of the observed momentum fluxes into the Oxford two-dimensional circulation model has shown that they are incapable of providing the momentum transport necessary to balance the zonal flow accelerations induced by the mean meridional motion. Other unspecified transfer processes represented by Rayleigh frictional damping of the zonal fow are shown to dominate. In contrast the observed fluxes in the stratosphere achieve the necessary redistribution of momentum. Moreover their interannual variability profoundly influences the stratospheric circulation, as demonstrated in the model by the use of two different annual sets of observed momentum fluxes. The desirability of calculating the planetary wave behaviour within the model is indicated. 相似文献
19.
The paper presents and analyzes, from the point of view of smooth dynamic systems theory, a two-layer baroclinic model of
the troposphere in geostrophic approximation. The model describes airflow in β-channel within the tropospheric part of the
main Hadley circulation cell. It enables to obtain, after application of the Galerkin method, a fairly simple low-parametric
dynamic system describing the phenomena of non-linear interactions, bifurcations and blocking in the atmosphere. This enables
to take into consideration such basic factors influencing the atmospheric dynamics like the heat exchange within the surface,
orography, vertical variability of zonal wind and hydrostatic stability.
Impact of zonal thermal variability of the surface and vertical shear of zonal wind in the troposphere on the orographic bifurcation
was investigated and the oscillation character in the dynamic system after Hopf bifurcation of the second kind was analyzed.
Additionally, the model dynamics was investigated in conditions including momentum forcing in the upper and lower parts of
the troposphere and excluding orographic interaction, as well as in the conditions of thermal interaction between the troposphere
and the surface for the vertical shear of zonal wind in both tropospheric layers. Impact of the mean zonal wind in the troposphere
on the properties of model dynamics was assessed.
It was proved that zonally varied surface temperature and layered mean zonal wind in the atmosphere are the parameters that
have basic influence on the model dynamics. They cause numerous bifurcations and strongly influence the periods of oscillations
of the model variables. They are often Hopf bifurcations of the second kind during which tropospheric states fairly distant
from the ones before the bifurcations are generated. This significantly influences the model predictability. 相似文献
20.
ZHANG Zizhan & LU Yang . Institute of Geodesy Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China . Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China . Unite Center for Astro-geodymics Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(11):2040-2048
The mean sea surface height (MSSH) refers to the average of the long-term sea height. The quasi-sea surface topography (QSST) is usually defined as the height difference between the MSSH and the geoid. As to 100 years of time yardstick of geodesy, the time that satellite altimetry data sets spanned is relatively shorter, in this paper, the QSST refers to the residual sea surface height (RSSH) that shows the height dif-ference between MSSH derived from altimetry and the geoid[1]. As w… 相似文献