共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
Extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves have a remarkable ability to propagate with very little attenuation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. The resulting fields are also able to propagate to moderately great depths in the ocean in spite of the higher conductivity of seawater. The principal drawback in the use of ELF for communication is the inherent inefficiency of the transmitting antenna. Indeed the waves do, however, penetrate to deeply submerged submarines when all other methods fail. This paper presents a tutorial overview on ELF propagation in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. Simple form approximate expressions (relating ELF propagation constants to realistic ionospheric conductivity profiles) are compared with experimentally derived results for both daytime and nighttime propagation conditions. Some anomalous ELF propagation results, along with their probable causes, are also discussed. 相似文献
2.
Yan-Shek Hoh 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1984,9(3):164-178
This paper examines the extremely low frequency (ELF) radiation from a horizontal antenna in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. Attention is focused on the application to field predictions in the Navy's ELF program. The field expressions in the presence of an anisotropic ground are obtained by a heuristic approach based upon a linear relationship between the horizontal electric and magnetic field components. Phasing anomalies at the Wisconsin Test Facility (WTF) have been observed since 1974. A theoretical model of this phenomenon is derived on the basis of a mutual coupling mechanism between the two WTF antenna elements and characteristics observed in measured field strength data. The diurnal variation of the radiated field is studied in terms of the attenuation rate, phase velocity, and height of the ionospheric reflecting layers. The diffusivity characteristics of realistic ionosphere are analytically modeled. A comparison of the predicted field strength/phase with the measured data yields excellent agreement. 相似文献
3.
Electromagnetic waves at extremely low frequency (ELF) have a remarkable ability to propagate with very low attenuation in the space between the earth's surface and the ionosphere. The resulting fields also are able to propagate to moderately great depths in the ocean in spite of the high conductivity of sea water. The principal drawback in the use of such signals for communication is the inherent inefficiency of the transmitting antenna. But indeed the waves do penetrate to deeply submerged submarines when all other methods fail. This has been the principal motivation of the U.S. Navy's controversial Project Sanguine that envisages a huge antenna facility that could cover an area of 100 by 100 km. This project, now called Seafarer, has stimulated a great deal of research on how ELF waves (in the range from about 1- 1000 Hz) propagate. We review here some of the fascinating developments in this field. Actually, the early investigations of Nicola Tesla have a striking similarity to Project Sanguine. Tesla's prophetic lectures and articles provide an interesting historical perspective to the later developments that have spanned over 70 years. After sketching some of the early history of the subject, we outline the theoretical and physical bases of the propagation phenomena. While the basic concept of the earth-ionosphere waveguide is relatively simple, the physics of the interaction with the ionospheric plasma is complicated, particularly during disturbed conditions. 相似文献
4.
In this article, tsunamis represented as solitary waves was simulated using the fully nonlinear free surface waves based on Finite Element method developed by Sriram et al. (2006). The split up of solitary wave while it propagates over the uneven bottom topography is successfully established. Wave transmission and reflection over a vertical step introduced in the bottom topography is in good agreement with the experimental results from Seabra-Santos et al. (1987). The wave transformation over a continental shelf with different smooth slopes reveals that the solitary wave reflection increases while the continental slope varies from flat to steep. The interaction of the solitary wave with a vertical wall for different wave steepness has been analysed. The reflected shape of the profile is in good agreement with the observation made by Fenton and Rienecker (1982) and an increase in wave celerity is observed. 相似文献
5.
The moment generating function and the probability function for non-deterministic wave forces on a small diameter fixed vertical pile are derived for linear, Gaussian waves. The dimensionless force covariance function is obtained by taking the expectation of the dimensionless force. An indefinite integral is obtained which may be conveniently solved using Laplace transforms. These results are compared with previously published covariance expressions. 相似文献
6.
Measurements of the natural extremely low-frequency (ELF) radio noise (known as Schumann resonances) in the period 1988-1989 have enabled average atmospheric noise levels and Schumann resonance parameters to be deduced. At 45 Hz, the average measured electric field was 41.6 dB·μV/m·√(Hz). It is assumed that the Schumann resonance noise field in the air-space in the vicinity of the observation point can be considered to be represented as the sum of four components, one arising from propagation over a short great-circle path, and a second representing a long great-circle path contribution, each of these having an upgoing and a downgoing part. The noise fields can then be estimated at any given depth below the ground (or sea) surface from the measured values in the air. The authors present results showing the computed fields produced in the sea from submerged horizontal electric quadrupole and vertical electric dipole man-made sources, and compare these with the subsurface atmospheric noise fields deduced from the experimental measurements 相似文献
7.
A two-dimensional analytical solution is presented to study the reflection and transmission of linear water waves propagating past a submerged horizontal plate and through a vertical porous wall. The velocity potential in each fluid domain is formulated using three sets of orthogonal eigenfunctions and the unknown coefficients are determined from the matching conditions. Wave elevations and hydrodynamic forces acting on the porous wall are computed. Reflection and transmission coefficients are presented to examine the performance of the breakwater system. The present analytical solutions are found in fairly good agreement with the available laboratory data. The results indicate that the plate length, the porous-effect, the gap between plate and porous wall, and the submerged depth of the plate all show a significant influence on the reflected and transmitted wave fields. It is also interesting to note that the submerged plate plays an important role in reducing the transmitted wave height, especially for long incident waves. 相似文献
8.
Kern E. Kenyon 《Journal of Oceanography》1997,53(1):89-92
The effects of the gravity torques acting on the angular momentum of surface gravity waves are calculated theoretically. For
short crested waves the gravity torque is caused by the force of gravity on the orbiting fluid particles acting down the slopes
of the crests and troughs and in the direction parallel to the crests and troughs. The gravity torque tries to rotate the
angular momentum vectors, and thus the waves themselves, counterclockwise in the horizontal plane, as viewed from above, in
both hemispheres. The amount of rotation per unit time is computed to be significant assuming reasonable values for the along-crest
and trough slopes for waves in a storm area. The gravity torque has a frequency which is double the frequency of the waves.
For long crested waves the gravity torque acts in the vertical plane of the orbit and tries to decelerate the particles when
they rise and accelerate them when they fall. By disrupting the horizontal cyclostrophic balance of forces on the fluid particles
(centrifugal force versus pressure force) the gravity torque accounts qualitatively for the three characteristics of breaking
waves: that they break at the surface, that they break at the crest, and that the crest breaks in the direction of wave propagation. 相似文献
9.
Dai Yishan He Wuzhou Professor Harbin Shipbuilding Engineering Institute Harbin
Associate Professor Harbin Shipbuilding Engineering Institute Harbin 《中国海洋工程》1993,(3)
- Generated by an ideal sinusoidal motion of the vertical plate, the simplest linear solution in time domain for two-dimensional regular waves is derived. The solution describes the propagation process of the plane progressive wave with a front, and will approach the linear steady- state solution as the oscillation time of the plate approaches infinity. The solution presented in this paper can be used to provide an incident wave model with analytical expression for solving the problems of diffraction and response of floating bodies in time domain. 相似文献
10.
A one-dimensional high-resolution finite volume model capable of simulating storm waves propagating in the coastal surf zone and overtopping a sea wall is presented. The model (AMAZON) is based on solving the non-linear shallow water (NLSW) equations. A modern upwind scheme of the Godunov-type using an HLL approximate Riemann solver is described which captures bore waves in both transcritical and supercritical flows. By employing a finite volume formulation, the method can be implemented on an irregular, structured, boundary-fitted computational mesh. The use of the NLSW equations to model wave overtopping is computationally efficient and practically flexible, though the detailed structure of wave breaking is of course ignored. It is shown that wave overtopping at a vertical wall may also be approximately modelled by representing the wall as a steep bed slope. The AMAZON model solutions have been compared with analytical solutions and laboratory data for wave overtopping at sloping and vertical seawalls and good agreement has been found. The model requires more verification tests for irregular waves before its application as a generic design tool. 相似文献
11.
A concern has developed in recent years that extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields may be harmful to public health. This concern is evident from opposition to new high voltage transmission lines, opposition to the Department of the Navy's plans to build and operate an ELF Communications System, and anxiety about electromagnetic fields produced in work places and by power distribution lines and house wiring. Measurements made near the Navy's ELF Facility at Clam Lake, WI, and its planned new facility near Republic, MI, presented in this paper, suggest there is a need for substantive date to settle the controversy. 相似文献
12.
In this work, a theoretical analysis of the dynamic response of a poro-elastic soil to the action of long water waves is conducted. For some combinations of the physical parameters of the soil and the water waves, the vertical stress tends towards zero at a certain unknown depth in the soil, as measured from the top of that medium. Under this condition, the liquefaction of the soil is imminent, at which time the excess pore pressure is essentially equal to the overburden soil pressure. Physical problems of this type have been widely studied in the specialized literature. However, most major studies have focused on solving the governing equations together with a liquefaction criterion. Here, the maximum momentary liquefaction depth induced by long water waves is considered as part of the problem, which is treated as an eigenvalue problem. To solve this problem, the governing equations are written in dimensionless form. The theoretical results show that for long waves, the horizontal displacements are smaller in magnitude than the vertical displacements, and when the wavelength or wave period increases, the maximum liquefaction also increases. Analytical solutions for the excess pore pressure and the horizontal and vertical displacements are obtained. The analytical results for the pore pressure are found to be very close to the analytical results reported in the specialized literature. 相似文献
13.
This study presents an analytical solution for the problem of waves passing a submerged porous structure, using a multi-region method in the solution scheme considering the characteristics of geometry and composing materials of the porous structure. Using the flux and pressure conditions on horizontal boundaries and interfaces, the orthogonal property of wave motion within the porous layers through water depth is derived, and applied in the solution process. The flux and pressure conditions on vertical boundaries and interfaces are integrated to give a set of linear matrix equations, through which the unknown coefficients are solved. Comparisons of the present method with previous studies are preceded in verification, which suggests the validity and practicability of the present study, with a further expectation of extending our work to build a mild-slope equation over multiple-layer porous medium in the future. 相似文献
14.
H. T. Teo 《Ocean Engineering》2003,30(16):2157-2166
Non-linear wave pressure induced by short-crested waves on a vertical wall is an important factor to be considered in the design of coastal structures. The existing models to estimate the wave pressure in engineering design are limited to the third-order solution ([Hsu et al., 1979]). In this paper, an analytical solution up to the fifth-order is derived through perturbation approximation. This analytical closed-form solution is used to investigate the contributions of the higher-order components in short-crested waves. It is found that fifth-order components significantly affect the change of pressure, especially in shallow water and larger waves. 相似文献
15.
New formulas for the electric and magnetic fields produced by the four elementary dipole antennas have been developed for the subsurface-to-subsurface propagation case. The formulas are of rather simple, but useful, form and are completely general (i.e., the air can easily be replaced by the sea bottom). They are valid at any frequency and at any range beyond a certain minimum distance for the flat-earth case. They are especially applicable at extremely low frequency (ELF) for the air/sea and sea/ seabed propagatipn cases. The main restrictions on these formulas are 1) the square of the index of refraction is greater than or equal to 10 and 2) the horizontal separation is greater than or equal to 3 times the sum of the depths of burial of the transmitting and receiving point sources. With these new formulas, computer evaluation can be reduced to fractions of a minute, compared with hours for the complete numerical evaluation of the exact Sommerfeld integrals. The formulas also exhibit an interference pattern set up under certain close-range conditions. The three waves (direct, modified mirror image, and lateral) may interfere, either constructively or destructively, with each other. 相似文献
16.
与海床不可渗透的情况相比,波浪在可渗透海床上传播时会发生波能衰减。本文将基于可渗透海床上一维修正型缓坡方程,建立方程求解的有限差分模型。将通过与不可渗透海床上矩形Bragg防波堤对波浪反射系数解析解的对比,验证有限差分模型的正确性和适用性。将进一步研究海床可渗透情况下,海床的渗透性参数、坝体的相对宽度、数量、浸没度对波浪反射系数的影响及其与海床不可渗透情况下的差异。本文研究发现,Bragg共振发生时的反射系数随坝体数量的增多而增大,随海床渗透性参数和坝体浸没度的增大而减小,并且存在一个坝体相对宽度值会使Bragg共振反射达到最大。相较于海床不可渗透的情况,发生Bragg共振反射的波浪频率几乎相同,但反射系数减小,而且零反射（或全透射）现象不再存在。 相似文献
17.
Based on the shear effect of internal wave currents in stratified fluid, the necessary condition for the possible existence of an internal wave and the sufficient condition under which there will be no internal wave are deduced starting from the continuity equation of incompressible fluid. The above two conditions are verified by the measured results from vertical current meter arraies at some observation stations in the Bohai Sea and the South Huanghai Sea. In the treatment of measured results, first of all, the tidal period components are separated from the measured currents by Fourier-analysis method, and then the internal wave currents of tidal period from the tidal period components in the light of some considerations. The analytical results of observed currents are well consistent with theoretical analysis. Furthermore, one can also deduce some features of internal waves therefrom. Consequently, it is concluded that the observation from a vertical current meter array is an important means to verif 相似文献
18.
The 60-Hz electromagnetic fields in the Atlantic Ocean off Montauk Point, NY, and from Block Island Sound to the harbor in New London, CT, have been measured to determine the levels of interference to an extremely low frequency (ELF) receiver. Such data are needed to specify how close to the coastline an ELF receiver can come before 60-Hz external interference will degrade system performance. The data indicate that degradation to the ELF receiver from 60-Hz external interference will not occur offshore, but may occur within the confines of New London Harbor. 相似文献
19.
This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of a modified two-layer horizontal-plate breakwater. The breakwater consists of an upper submerged horizontal porous plate and a lower submerged horizontal solid plate. By means of the matched eigenfunction expansion method, a linear analytical solution is developed for the interaction of water waves with the structure. Then the reflection coefficient, the transmission coefficient, the energy-loss coefficient and the wave forces acting on the plates are calculated. The numerical results obtained for limiting cases are exactly the same as previous predictions for a single submerged horizontal solid plate and a single submerged horizontal porous plate. Numerical results show that with a suitable geometrical porosity of the upper plate, the uplift wave forces on both plates can be controlled at a low level. Numerical results also show that the transmission coefficient will be always small if the dimensionless plate length (plate length versus incident wavelength) exceeds a certain moderate value. This is rather significant for practical engineering, as the incident wavelength varies over a wide range in practice. Moreover, it is found that the hydrodynamic performance of the present structure may be further enhanced if the lower plate is also perforated. 相似文献
20.
随着遥感技术的迅猛发展,可用于观测海洋内波的数据源越来越丰富。本文基于静止轨道气象卫星连续观测的优势,开展了FY-4A气象卫星海洋内波观测研究。首先计算得到了FY-4A遥感影像耀斑区位置,并基于遥感影像对结果进行了验证;然后,以此为依据选择了适用于内波观测的FY-4A数据,对比了FY-4A与MODIS遥感影像成像的差异,表明了在一定条件下FY-4A遥感影像可观测到海洋内波;最后本文利用FY-4A遥感影像计算了内波的传播速度。本研究表明随着遥感器空间分辨率的提高,静止轨道气象卫星在海洋内波观测方面越来越体现出其优势,为海洋内波的研究提供跟踪观测数据。 相似文献