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1.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2014,87(1-2):569-574
Thirteen samples of seawater were collected from Yellow Sea and East China Sea near Qingdao, Lianyungang, and Xiamen, China. They were analyzed for halogenated organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). The compounds selected for detection were Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), and Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP). The total concentrations ranged from 91.87 to 1392 ng/L and the mean concentrations of these four chemicals were 134.44, 84.12, 109.28, and 96.70 ng/L, respectively. TCEP exhibited the highest concentrations, although concentrations of TCPP and TDCPP were also fairly high in Lianyungang and Xiamen. Generally, Lianyungang was the most heavily polluted district, with very high concentrations of TCEP at LYG-2 (550.54 ng/L) and LYG-4 (617.92 ng/L). The main sources of halogenated OPFRs were municipal and industrial effluents of wastewater treatment plants in the nearby economic and industrial zones. 相似文献
2.
Polycyclic musks and nitro musks were found as environmental pollutants in screening analyses of 30 representative surface water samples collected from rivers, lakes, and canals in Berlin. These synthetic musks, which are used as fragrances in cosmetics, detergents, and other products, are discharged by the municipal sewage treatment plants into Berlinπs surface waters. In particular, the polycyclic musks 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-(g)-2-benzopyrane (HHCB; Galaxolide®, Abbalide®) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyltetraline (AHTN; Tonalide®, Fixolide®) were found in the receiving surface waters at considerable concentrations up to the μg/L-level. In the Wuhle, a small brook almost totally consisting of sewage effluents, maximum concentrations were 12.5 μg/L for HHCB and 6.8 μg/L for AHTN. Additionally, the polycyclic musk 4-acetyl-1,1-dimethyl-6-tert-butylindane (ADBI; Celestolide®, Crysolide®) and 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-acetylbenzene (musk ketone) were detected at low concentrations in most of the samples. Two other nitro musks, namely 1,1,3,3,5-pentamethyl-4,6-dinitroindene (musk moskene) and 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (musk xylene), were only detected in a single surface water sample. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has proven to be a rapid and reliable tool for the screening of synthetic musks in surface and sewage water samples. Internal calibration with a suitable internal standard enables reproducible quantitation of the analytes down to the low ng/L-level. 相似文献
3.
Polycyclic aromatic musk compounds in sewage treatment plant effluents of Canada and Sweden--first results 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Polycyclic musk fragrances (PMF) are widely used fragrances for cosmetics and other personal and household care products. Quantitative data on PMF (HHCB-Galaxolide, AHTN-Tonalide, ATTI-Traseolide, AHMI-Phantolide, ADBI-Celestolide, and DPMI-Cashmeran) and the most prominent nitro musks (Musk Xylene-MX, and Musk Ketone-MK) in different wastewater treatment effluents in Canada and Sweden are presented to provide preliminary information on the variations within the emission pattern of these compounds. In all samples HHCB and AHTN were detected at concentrations of up to 1300 and 520 ngl(-1), respectively. ADBI, AHMI were also present, but close to the detection limit. The other PMF DPMI, ATTI, and more surprisingly musk ketone and musk xylene were not detected in any sample analysed. In comparison the samples from Canada were contaminated at a higher level than the Swedish samples, by a maximum factor of ca 10 for HHCB and AHTN. 相似文献
4.
Screening level ecological risk assessment for synthetic musks in surface water of Lake Taihu, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guang-Hui Guo Feng-Chang Wu Hong-Ping He Rui-Qing Zhang Hui-Xian Li 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2013,27(1):111-119
A total of thirty-three surface water samples were collected from Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay and Xukou Bay of Lake Taihu, and analyzed for synthetic musks, including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-[γ]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,5-dinitro-4-acetylbenzene (MK) and 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (MX). Ecological risks of these compounds were characterized by hazard quotient (HQ) method due to a lack of sufficient available toxicity data of synthetic musks. HHCB was the main synthetic musk detected in Lake Taihu, followed by AHTN, MK, and MX. The risk assessment results indicate that low ecological risks were posed by HHCB and total synthetic musks, and even lower risks posed by other synthetic musks in the worst case; much lower ecological risks were caused by both individual and total synthetic musks in the general case. The combined ecological risk from total synthetic musks calculation suggests that the combined ecological risk from all four synthetic musks was expected to be slightly higher than for the individual musks due to their joint action. The HQ spatial distribution maps show that several hot-spot areas were mainly around the river inlets to Lake Taihu, indicating that synthetic musks may be transported to Lake Taihu with municipal sewage and industrial wastewater from surrounding areas. However, the ecological risks in hot-spot areas posed by individual and total synthetic musks were still acceptable. 相似文献
5.
Solid-phase extraction of 20 L seawater samples enabled the enrichment and determination of a wide array of organic substances, including compounds of medium to high polarity, in the pg/L-range. A number of contaminants was detected and quantified throughout the North Sea, among them the pesticides dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile), metolachlor and terbuthylazine as well as the industrial chemicals dichloropyridines (DCPy, 4 isomers) and nitrobenzene. Concentrations attained values up to 1.4 ng/L for dichlobenil, 0.83 ng/L for terbuthylazine, 0.61 ng/L for metolachlor, 0.13 ng/L for 2,6-DCPy, 4.37 ng/L for nitrobenzene and 1-8 ng/L for tris(chloropropyl)phosphates (TCPP). A number of North Sea water samples was screened for non-target compounds, revealing the presence of further contaminants, e.g., lindane and TCPP, as well as several biogenic and/or anthropogenic organobromine substances, among which bromoindols, -phenols and -anisoles were identified. 相似文献
6.
Six polycyclic musk compounds [Cashmeran (DPMI), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI), Traseolide (ATII), Tonalide (AHTN), and Galaxolide (HHCB)] were analysed in marine green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) from Hong Kong. ADBI, HHCB and AHTN were detected in almost all samples, while AHMI, ATII and DPMI were not detected. Concentrations of ADBI, HHCB and AHTN in mussels ranged from below detection limit-0.0743 (mean: 0.0246), 0.247-6.08 (mean: 1.15) and 0.0591-0.738 (mean: 0.190)mg/kg lipid weight, respectively. Mussels from two sampling sites in central Victoria Harbour contained the highest total polycyclic musk levels, suggesting that these waters are heavily influenced by domestic sewage. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN detected in the mussel samples were the second highest and the highest levels, respectively, compared to global concentrations. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that HHCB and AHTN in mussels pose little or no threat to the health of shellfish consumers. Nevertheless, more comprehensive studies are required to further assess the ecological and human health risks associated with polycyclic musks. 相似文献
7.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):373-380
Six polycyclic musk compounds [Cashmeran (DPMI), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI), Traseolide (ATII), Tonalide (AHTN), and Galaxolide (HHCB)] were analysed in marine green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) from Hong Kong. ADBI, HHCB and AHTN were detected in almost all samples, while AHMI, ATII and DPMI were not detected. Concentrations of ADBI, HHCB and AHTN in mussels ranged from below detection limit–0.0743 (mean: 0.0246), 0.247–6.08 (mean: 1.15) and 0.0591–0.738 (mean: 0.190) mg/kg lipid weight, respectively. Mussels from two sampling sites in central Victoria Harbour contained the highest total polycyclic musk levels, suggesting that these waters are heavily influenced by domestic sewage. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN detected in the mussel samples were the second highest and the highest levels, respectively, compared to global concentrations. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that HHCB and AHTN in mussels pose little or no threat to the health of shellfish consumers. Nevertheless, more comprehensive studies are required to further assess the ecological and human health risks associated with polycyclic musks. 相似文献
8.
Six polycyclic musk compounds [Cashmeran (DPMI), Celestolide (ADBI), Phantolide (AHMI), Traseolide (ATII), Tonalide (AHTN), and Galaxolide (HHCB)] were analysed in marine green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) from Hong Kong. ADBI, HHCB and AHTN were detected in almost all samples, while AHMI, ATII and DPMI were not detected. Concentrations of ADBI, HHCB and AHTN in mussels ranged from below detection limit–0.0743 (mean: 0.0246), 0.247–6.08 (mean: 1.15) and 0.0591–0.738 (mean: 0.190) mg/kg lipid weight, respectively. Mussels from two sampling sites in central Victoria Harbour contained the highest total polycyclic musk levels, suggesting that these waters are heavily influenced by domestic sewage. Concentrations of HHCB and AHTN detected in the mussel samples were the second highest and the highest levels, respectively, compared to global concentrations. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that HHCB and AHTN in mussels pose little or no threat to the health of shellfish consumers. Nevertheless, more comprehensive studies are required to further assess the ecological and human health risks associated with polycyclic musks. 相似文献
9.
Distribution of Natural and Synthetic Estrogenic Steroid Hormones in Water Samples from Southern and Middle Germany Natural and synthetic hormones can reach surface waters via domestic sewage effluents. For drinking water production, bank filtration of river waters is a common procedure and hormone contaminations can potentially reach groundwater levels and drinking water sources. In order to analyse steroid hormones in the different aquatic compartments (raw sewage and effluent, surface water, groundwater, raw and drinking water) of South and Middle Germany, a sensitive analytical method was developed and employed to detect the natural steroid hormones estradiol (E2) and estrone and the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2). Samples which were taken in two subsequent series were subjected to clean‐up and enrichment procedure and subsequently analysed by HPLC‐MS. The limit of quantitation for the method was determined to be 0.05 to 0.5 ng/L, depending on the matrix. By treating the samples with glucuronidases/arylsulfatases, conjugates were amenable to analysis and the sum of conjugates and unconjugated steroids was calculated. In raw sewage, the median of the concentrations of the unconjugated steroids was 7 ng/L for EE2, 1.5 ng/L for E2, and 5.5 ng/L for estrone. After cleavage of conjugates, the medians of total steroids were 9.5 ng/L (EE2), 3 ng/L (E2), and 13 ng/l (estrone). Conjugates therefore contributed up to 50 % of the total steroid concentration in raw sewage. In treated effluents, the concentrations of steroids were much lower than in the raw sewage. The medians of free steroids were determined to be 0.3 ng/L for EE2, 0.2 ng/L for E2, and 2.5 ng/L for estrone. Overall the medians in the effluent were thus less than 10% of those in the influent. Conjugates still contributed significantly (40% and more) to the steroid concentrations (medians: EE2: 0.5 ng/L, E2: 0.8 ng/L, and estrone: 8 ng/L). 相似文献
10.
Moon HB An YR Park KJ Choi SG Moon DY Choi M Choi HG 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(9):1963-1968
Reports of the occurrence and accumulation patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) in marine mammals are scarce. In this study, the concentrations and accumulation profiles of PAHs and SMCs were determined in blubber from finless porpoises in Korean coastal waters. Total concentrations of PAHs and SMCs ranged from 6.0 to 432 (mean: 160) ng/g lipid weight and from 17 to 144 (mean: 52) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Residue levels of PAHs were lower than those reported from other studies, while residue levels of SMCs were relatively higher than those reported in other studies. Naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and HHCB was the dominant SMC observed in finless porpoises. The concentrations of PAHs and SMCs were not correlated with each other, but were significantly correlated within the same chemical groups. No correlations were found between body size and residue levels of PAHs and SMCs. 相似文献
11.
In the present work, experiments have been carried out with a focus to reduce the volume requirement of solvent by mixing with imidazolium based ionic liquids (ILs) for the solvent extraction of phenol, p‐chlorophenol, 2,4‐dichlorophenol, 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions. The effect of aqueous phase pH (2–12), agitation speed (100–450 rpm), solute concentration in feed (2–50 mg/L), temperature (303–333 K), treat ratio (1–11), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Bmim]+[BF4]? volume in tributyl phosphate (TBP; 0–0.7% v/v) on extraction of phenols has been studied and optimized. Parameters like strip phase pH (3–13) and stripping agent concentration (0.001–0.009 N) have also been studied for stripping of phenols from solvent phase. It has been found that 0.5% v/v of ionic liquid [Bmim]+[BF4]? in solvent TBP extracts more than 97.5% of phenol and chlorophenols from aqueous solutions with a treat ratio (aqueous to solvent phase ratio) of 5. Transport mechanism for extraction and stripping of phenol and chlorophenols using ionic liquid [Bmim]+[BF4]? has been discussed. The results show that by appropriate selection of extraction and stripping conditions, it is possible to remove nearly all phenols with a treat ratio of 5. 相似文献
12.
The Vistula (Wisla) river, the biggest river in Poland, is 1038 km long and has a drainage area of 168 689 km2. The river is strongly polluted by wastewaters. Big industrial plants are situated mainly in the upper part of the river, where it is slow‐flowing. This paper presents the results of the analysis of bottom sediment samples gathered from different locations along the Vistula river, from Kraków to Gdansk. The study was conducted in 2005. The following parameters were determined: chloroorganic pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total organic carbon (TOC). The sum of chloroorganic pesticides was in the range of 2.0 to 77.5 ng/g d.w. (dry wet) with the highest values in the upper part of the river. p,p′‐DDT was found in the highest concentration. The sum of PCBs was in the range of 0.9 to 64.2 ng/g d.w. The sum of chlorophenols varied from 0.48 to 14.3 ng/g d.w. 2,4‐Dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol occurred in the highest concentration. The sum of PAHs was in the range of 1552 to 7832 ng/g d.w. Phenantren was found in the highest concentration and antracen in the lowest. TOC values varied from 4.3 to 43.9 g/kg d.w. The concentrations of pesticides and PCBs were the highest in the upper part of the river and decreased along the course of the river, but the other determined compounds did not show this trend. However, the highest values occurred always in the upper part of the river. 相似文献
13.
The rigin and fate of six phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di (2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di‐n‐octyl phthalate (DnOP)), were investigated during 2005 and 2006 in the densely populated Seine river estuary. Four compounds, DMP, DEP, DnBP and DEHP were detected at all the stations with DEHP (160–314 ng L?1), followed by DEP (71–181 ng L?1) and next DnBP (67–319 ng L?1), except at la Bouille, where DnBP was the second most important compound. BBP and DnOP concentrations remained low and were not found at all the stations. Considering all six phthalates, Caudebec‐en‐Caux (beginning of the salinity gradient) was the least polluted station (464 ng L?1), whereas Honfleur (771 ng L?1) and La Bouille (716 ng L?1) displayed the highest contamination levels, probably related to important industrial plants. From Caudebec‐en‐Caux to Honfleur (maximum turbidity), variation of DEHP concentration was related to that of suspended matter. In addition, the salinity rise in that area might have facilitated DEHP sorption upon particles. A significant correlation between flow magnitude and DEHP concentration was found (P < 0·01, n = 12), supporting the influence of the hydrological cycle upon contamination. Runoff contribution (56·9 kg d?1) to river contamination was confirmed by the annual evolution of phthalate concentrations in the Seine river at Poses. Concentrations of DEHP in the tributaries were in the same range as those of the Seine River (100–350 ng L?1), except for two in densely populated and industrialized areas: Robec (800 ng L?1) and Cailly (970 ng L?1). The treatment plant discharge fluxes were in the same range as those of tributaries (30·4–250 g d?1). During high flow periods, the influence of tributaries and of treatment plants seemed to play a minor part in the contamination level of the Seine river estuary. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
The reductive amination of low‐molecular‐weight saccharides, uronic acids, and amino sugars, followed by a separation of the derivates by means of ion‐pair chromatography or RP‐HPLC, offers an interesting alternative to HPAEC‐PAD for the environmental analysis of these compounds. Under this aspect various potential amination reagents, i.e., p‐amino‐benzoic acid (p‐AMBA), p‐AMBA propyl ester, 1‐aminopyrene, 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)indole, and 4‐aminoazobenzene, were tested with regard to the formation of derivates and to the chromatographic properties of the formed derivates. p‐AMBA, p‐AMBA propyl ester and 4‐aminoazobenzene proved to be especially suited, because they facilitate the amination of all carbohydrate reference components together with a complete separation and sensible detection (detection limits < 0.5 mg/L) of the derivates. Mainly the following elution sequence was ascertained: amino sugars (hexosamines) / disaccharide(s) / monosaccharides (hexoses) / hexuronic acid(s) / N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine. Detection limits down to 0.1 μmol/L were realized using p‐AMBA as reagent, facilitating the determination of the target compounds in landfill leachates and lysimeter percolates. Applying the p‐AMBA propyl ester for derivatization, chromatographic interferences with weakly retained derivates and the coelution of the reagent with its galactosamine derivate can be avoided, since the ester elutes after its derivates unlike p‐AMBA itself. 相似文献
15.
Jochen F. Müller Sabine Duquesne Jack Ng Glen R. Shaw K Krrishnamohan K Manonmanii Mary Hodge Geoff K. Eaglesham 《Marine pollution bulletin》2000,41(7-12):294-301
Pesticide concentration in sediment from irrigation areas can provide information required to assess exposure and fate of these chemicals in freshwater ecosystems and their likely impacts to the marine environment. In this study, 103 sediment samples collected from irrigation channels and drains in 11 agricultural areas of Queensland were analysed for a series of past and presently used pesticides including various organochlorines, synthetic pyrethroids, benzoyl ureas, triazines and organophosphates. The most often detected compounds were endosulphans (, β and/or endosulphan sulphate) which were detectable in 78 of the 103 samples and levels ranged from below the limit of quantification (0.1 ng g−1 dw) up to 840 ng g−1 dw. DDT and its metabolites were the second most often detected pesticide investigated (74 of the 103 samples) with concentrations up to 240 ng g−1 dw of ∑DDTs. Mean ∑endosulphan and ∑DDT concentrations were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher in sediments from the irrigation areas which are dominated by cotton cultivation compared to those which are dominated by sugarcane cultivation. In contrast to these insecticides, the herbicides diuron, atrazine and ametryn were the compounds which were most often detected in sediments from irrigation drains in sugarcane areas with maximum concentrations in areas of 120, 70 and 130 ng g−1 dw, respectively. In particular during flood events, when light is limiting, transport of these photosynthesis inhibiting herbicides from the sugarcane cultivation areas to the marine environment may result in additional stress of marine plants. 相似文献
16.
Occurrence of Industrial Chemicals (HPS, BPS, and SPS) in Surface Water The paper gives the results of water examinations for different phenylsulfonamides. Random samples taken every month between May 1999 and August 2000 from surface water out of the river Rhine (kilometer 838), the river Ruhr (Mülheim Styrum) and the river Emscher (Oberhausen center) were tested for the corrosion inhibiting agent 6‐[methyl(phenylsulfonyl)amino]‐hexanoic acid (HPS) as well as its metabolites 4‐[methyl‐(phenylsulfonyl)amino]‐butanoic acid (BPS) and sarkosin‐N‐(phenylsulfonyl) (SPS). Furthermore, the sewage plant effluents of two municipal wastewater treatment plants from the rural area were also included in the monitoring program. The analytical method includes solid‐phase extraction (SPE), a derivatization step as well as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). SPS is regularly found in all investigated surface waters, but only occasionally in the effluents of the two rural sewage plants. The median values for SPS amount to 0.09 μg/L in the river Rhine, 0.60 μg/L in the river Ruhr, and 0.70 μg/L in the river Emscher. BPS can only be found in the river Ruhr (median value: 0.08 μg/L) and in the river Emscher (median value: 0.41 μg/L). HPS was regularly found in a surface water for the first time. This substance can be detected in the Emscher through the whole measurement period. The median value for HPS amounts to 1.78 μg/L. Aditionally, the validation characteristics of an alternative analytical method including solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) is worked out. The fully automated process includes an on‐fiber methylation step and the GC‐MS. The repeatability standard deviation of the process amounts to RSD < 12%. Detection limits between 0.07 and 0.70 μg/L are achieved. 相似文献
17.
Sebastian Zuehlke Uwe Duennbier Thomas Heberer Birgit Fritz 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2004,24(2):78-85
A reliable and sensitive analytical method for the determination of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and the synthetic hormone 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been established. Samples are concentrated using automated solid-phase extraction and analysis is performed by liquid chromatography with detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Recoveries of all analytes were between 93% and 107%, and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.1 and 0.4 ng/L for purified sewage, and surface, ground, and drinking water, and between 1 and 2 ng/L in case of raw sewage. For the investigation of estrogen release into the environment and its behavior during sewage and surface water treatment, and during ground water recharge, samples from municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), a surface water treatment plant, a bank filtration site, and a ground water enrichment (GWE) pond were analyzed. El was found in the raw waste water with an average concentration of 157 ng/L, whereas E2 and EE2 were found with mean concentrations of only 18 and 9 ng/L, respectively. Sewage treatment by municipal WWTPs affected a removal of EE2 (76%), El (92%), and E2 (94%). In the investigated surface water of Berlin, only E1 could be detected at concentrations around or below 1 ng/L. E2 and EE2 were not present in the Berlin surface water above the LOQ of 0.2 ng/L, respectively. Surface water treatment also leads to a significant removal of E1 (> 80%). In the ground water samples from the GWE site near Lake Tegel, only a few samples contained detectable concentrations of E1. These samples were collected from a shallow monitoring well located very close to the bank of the pond. Even a short distance between the bank and observation wells led to concentrations of El below the LOQ showing the potential of ground water recharge systems for the retention of estrogenic steroids depending on the environmental setting. 相似文献
18.
为探讨城市湖泊中抗生素的污染分布特征和生态风险,以宁波月湖为研究对象,利用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）对月湖水体抗生素进行分析,并采用生态风险熵值法（RQ）和混合抗生素的风险法（MRQ）评价磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、林可霉素（LIN）等10种抗生素的生态风险情况.结果表明：氨苄西林（AMS）的检出浓度最高,浓度变化范围在ND~382.0 ng/L;其次为头孢氨苄（LEX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、LIN、阿奇霉素（AZM）、磺胺噻唑（STZ）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、泰乐菌素（TYL）和磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）,浓度范围分别为ND~283.0、ND~267.0、ND~219.0、31.50~209.0、ND~147.0、7.34~109.0、ND~104.0、ND~80.50和20.40~57.30 ng/L.月湖水体中10种目标抗生素的水平总体上高于自然湖泊,尤其β-内酰胺类和LIN在城市湖泊中广泛存在.生态风险评估的结果表明,LIN、TYL、SMX、NOR、AMS的生态风险值（RQ）值均大于1,具有高的生态风险;其余5种抗生素处于中或低的生态风险水平.本研究为城市湖泊抗生素生态风险问题的深入研究提供了一定的科学依据和基础. 相似文献
19.
The results of a comparison between chemical water quality determinants and river water fluorescence on the River Tyne, NE England, demonstrate that tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity shows statistically significant relationships between nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen. Tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity at the 280 nm excitation/350 nm emission wavelength fluorescence centre correlates with both phosphate (r = 0·80) and nitrate (r = 0·87), whereas tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity at the 220 nm excitation/350 nm emission wavelength centre correlates with BOD (r = 0·85), ammonia (r = 0·70) and dissolved oxygen (r = ?0·65). The strongest correlations are between tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity and nitrate and phosphate, which in the Tyne catchment derive predominantly from point and diffuse source sewage inputs. The correlation between BOD and the tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity suggests that this fluorescence centre is related to the bioavailable or labile dissolved organic matter pool. The weakest correlations are observed between tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity and ammonia concentration and dissolved oxygen. The weaker correlation with ammonia is due to removal of the ammonia signal by wastewater treatment, and that with dissolved oxygen due to the natural aeration of the river such that this is not a good indicator of water quality. The observed correlations only hold true when treated sewage, sewerage overflows or cross connections, or agricultural organic pollutants dominate the water quality—this is not true for two sites where airport deicer (propylene glycol, which is non‐fluorescent) or landfill leachate (which contains high concentrations of humic and fulvic‐like fluorescent DOM) dominate the dissolved organic matter in the river. Mean annual tryptophan‐like fluorescence intensity agrees well with the General Water Quality Assessment as determined by the England and Wales environmental regulators, the Environment Agency. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Presence of Antibiotics in Shallow Groundwater in the Northern and Southwestern Regions of China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Antibiotics are widely used, and there is a serious concern about its adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To our knowledge, prior to this work, there was no evidence of the potential presence of antibiotics in groundwater in China, despite populous speculations. This study reported the detection of 35 target antibiotics of 6 groups (chloramphenicois, lincosamides, marcrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines), in shallow groundwater samples collected in northern and southwestern China. Thirty‐four of thirty‐five target antibiotics were detected in the groundwater samples; 73 of 74 monitoring wells contained at least one antibiotic; and at least two antibiotics were detected in 72 of the 74 wells. Ofloxacin (1199.7 ng/L), lincomycin (860.7 ng/L), and norfloxacin (441.9 ng/L) as well as antibiotics with the highest detection frequency such as sulfapyridine (70%), norfloxacin (69%), and lincomycin (64%) were detected at elevated concentrations. The highest detection frequency and concentration of lincosamides were observed in those groundwater samples, but no clear distribution patterns were observed for the six antibiotic groups. Moreover, shallow groundwater in southwestern China seemed to contain most antibiotics, likely due to the high antibiotics discharge and frequent exchange of groundwater with surface matrices. The findings from this work suggest that groundwater in China has been widely contaminated by antibiotics, and presumably other pharmaceutical compounds that have not been investigated to date. 相似文献