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Christopher J. Hutton 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(11):1559-1562
The pervasive application of the Null Hypothesis Significance Test in geomorphic research runs counter to widespread, long running, and often severe criticism of the method in the broader scientific literature. The application of the methodology typically leads to a binary separation of evidence into ‘significant’ and ‘not significant’ results based on a p‐value that is dependent on the null hypothesis being true. The method should not therefore be used to provide statistical support for substantive hypotheses, and is unsuitable for scientific inference in open systems where confirmation can only ever be partial. Alternative approaches based on Bayesian statistics can importantly be applied to measure partial support for hypotheses, conditional on the available data. Though not without their own assumptions, wider application of such methods can help facilitate a transition towards a broader approach to statistical, and in turn, scientific inference in geomorphic systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Coastal and residential development along the Atlantic coast of the United States is expected to increase by about 73% between 1980 and 2000. Present estimates indicate that over 59% of the population of the United States lives within 50 miles of the coast. This increase in coastal population coupled with increased demands for fishery products and increased efficiency in catching fish has severely stressed many Atlantic coast fisheries. Fisheries have been affected by increased pollution, habitat loss and overfishing. In 1976, the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act was passed creating Fishery Management Councils with the goal of imposing strict conservation measures in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This paper discusses potential causes of Atlantic Coast fisheries declines and gives examples of specific fishery plans that have been developed to manage U.S. fisheries. 相似文献
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‘Out with the Old?’ Why coarse spatial datasets are still useful for catchment‐scale investigations of sediment (dis)connectivity 
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下载免费PDF全文 The increasing popularity of remote sensing techniques has created numerous options for researchers seeking spatial datasets, especially digital elevation models (DEMs), for geomorphic investigations. This yields an important question regarding what DEM resolution is most appropriate when answering questions of geomorphic significance. The highest possible resolution is not always the best choice for a particular research aim, and DEM resolution should be tailored to fit both the scale of investigation and the simplicity/complexity of modelling processes applied to the dataset. We find that DEM resolution has a significant effect on a simple model of bed load sediment connectivity in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland. We apply a simple bed load transport threshold to catchment DEMs at three different resolutions – 1 m, 5 m, and 25 m. We find that using a 1 m resolution DEM generates numerous disconnections along tributary channel networks that underestimates the sediment contributing area, i.e. effective catchment area (ECA), of seven tributary basins of Lockyer Creek. Utilizing a coarser (lower‐resolution) DEM helps eliminate erroneous disconnections, but can reduce the detail of stream network definition. We find that the 25 m resolution DEM provides the best measure of ECA for comparing sediment connectivity between tributary catchments. The utility of simple models and coarse‐resolution datasets is important for undertaking large, catchment‐scale geomorphic investigations. As catchment‐scale investigations are becoming increasingly entwined with river management and rehabilitation efforts, scientists need not embrace an ‘out with the old’ philosophy. Simple models and coarse‐resolution datasets can help better integrate geomorphic research with management strategies and provide inexpensive and quick first‐order insights into catchment‐scale processes that can help focus future management efforts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Ten methods for sampling beach litter were tested on 16 beaches located around the Firth of Forth, Scotland in order to ascertain the effectiveness of the various methods. Both fresh and/or accumulated litter were sampled. Some methods were more effective for recording gross amounts of litter. Maximum litter counts could be obtained by surveying the top boundary of the beach (e.g. vegetation line, retaining wall, rocks). Lowest amounts were obtained by surveying one five metre wide belt transect from the vegetation line to the shore. Some bias towards highlighting particular litter types was shown by specific methods. It was concluded that there were advantages and disadvantages for each method and that the aims of the study would in the end determine the method. 相似文献
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An investigation has been conducted to identify the key parameters that are likely to scale laboratory sediment deposits to the field scale. Two types of bed formation were examined: one where sediment is manually placed and screeded and the second where sediment is fed into a running flume. This later technique created deposits through sequential cycles of sediment transport and deposition. Detailed bed surface topography measurements have been made over a screeded bed and three fed beds. In addition, bulk subsurface porosity and hydraulic conductivity have been measured. By comparing the four beds, results revealed that certain physical properties of the screeded bed were clearly different from those of the fed beds. The screeded bed had a random organization of grains on both the surface and within the subsurface. The fed beds exhibited greater surface and subsurface organization and complexity, and had a number of properties that closely resembled those found for water‐worked gravel beds. The surfaces were water‐worked and armoured and there was preferential particle orientation and direction of imbrication in the subsurface. This suggested that fed beds are able to simulate, in a simplified manner, both the surface and subsurface properties of established gravel‐bed river deposits. The near‐bed flow properties were also compared. It revealed that the use of a screeded bed will typically cause an underestimation in the degree of temporal variability in the flow. Furthermore, time‐averaged streamwise velocities were found to be randomly organized over the screeded bed but were organized into long streamwise flow structures over the fed beds. It clearly showed that caution should be taken when comparing velocity measurements over screeded beds with water‐worked beds, and that the formation of fed beds offers an improved way of investigating intragravel flow and sediment–water interface exchange processes in gravel‐bed rivers at a laboratory scale. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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本文基于“区域-时间-长度算法”(Region-Time-Length algorithm)回顾性检验了1976年以来发生在川滇地区的6个MS7.0以上和23个MS6.0~6.9地震前地震活动性变化。MS7.0以上强震前,5例检测到地震活动平静异常,仅1例检测到地震活动增强;MS6.0~6.9地震前,12例检测到平静,11例检测到地震活动增强。以上异常大部分出现于震前0.5~2.5a,持续0.5~2a。另外,发生在云南普洱地区的4个MS6.0以上地震震前都检测到平静异常;发生在北纬22.7°~31.0°N,99.6°~102.5°E范围内的17个地震,13例于震前检测到平静异常。以上研究对更好地认识川滇地区地震孕育过程和发震前兆提供了一些参考。 相似文献
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通过遥感影像解译和详细的野外考察,发现龙蟠乔后断裂带剑川段晚第四纪以来长期活动,横跨断裂的水系左旋断错量可分为40 m、140m、550 m、1040m四个等级。经详细考察.后选择后菁拉分盆地开挖探槽。探槽揭示了两次M>6.5古地震事件:一次发生在10010±40aB.P.之前;另一次发生在6130±40a B. P.和6320±40a B.P. 之间。结合前人研究,分析得出剑川盆地全新世以来发生了3次M>6.5的地震,发生时间分别为1751 年、6230士130a B. P.和10737±468aB.P.,其重复间隔约为5300a。由于1751年剑川6¾级地震相对于前两次地震释放的能量偏小,而且其离逝时间较前一次要明显长一些,故本段的地震危险性仍值得关注。 相似文献
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Günter Gunkel 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2009,37(9):726-734
Reservoirs are man‐made lakes that severely impact on river ecosystems, and in addition, the new lake ecosystem can be damaged by several processes. Thus, the benefits of a reservoir, including energy production and flood control, must be measured against their impact on nature. New investigations point out that shallow and tropical reservoirs have high emission rates of the greenhouse gases CO2 and CH4. The methane emissions contribute strongly to climate change because CH4 has a 25 times higher global warming potential than CO2. The pathways for its production include ebullition, diffuse emission via the water‐air interface, and degassing in turbines and downstream of the reservoir in the spillway and the initial river stretch. Greenhouse gas emissions are promoted by a eutrophic state of the reservoir, and, with higher trophic levels, anaerobic conditions occur with the emission of CH4. This means that a qualitative and quantitative jump in greenhouse gas emissions takes place. Available data from Petit Saut, French Guinea, provides a first quantification of these pathways. A simple evaluation of the global warming potential of a reservoir can be undertaken using the energy density, the ratio of the reservoir surface and the hydropower capacity; this parameter is mainly determined by the reservoir's morphometry but not by the hydropower capacity. Energy densities of some reservoirs are given and it is clearly seen that some reservoirs have a global warming potential higher than that of coal use for energy production. 相似文献
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Spatio‐temporal tracer variability in the glacier melt end‐member — How does it affect hydrograph separation results? 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Geochemical and isotopic tracers were often used in mixing models to estimate glacier melt contributions to streamflow, whereas the spatio‐temporal variability in the glacier melt tracer signature and its influence on tracer‐based hydrograph separation results received less attention. We present novel tracer data from a high‐elevation catchment (17 km2, glacierized area: 34%) in the Oetztal Alps (Austria) and investigated the spatial, as well as the subdaily to monthly tracer variability of supraglacial meltwater and the temporal tracer variability of winter baseflow to infer groundwater dynamics. The streamflow tracer variability during winter baseflow conditions was small, and the glacier melt tracer variation was higher, especially at the end of the ablation period. We applied a three‐component mixing model with electrical conductivity and oxygen‐18. Hydrograph separation (groundwater, glacier melt, and rain) was performed for 6 single glacier melt‐induced days (i.e., 6 events) during the ablation period 2016 (July to September). Median fractions (±uncertainty) of groundwater, glacier melt, and rain for the events were estimated at 49±2%, 35±11%, and 16±11%, respectively. Minimum and maximum glacier melt fractions at the subdaily scale ranged between 2±5% and 76±11%, respectively. A sensitivity analysis showed that the intraseasonal glacier melt tracer variability had a marked effect on the estimated glacier melt contribution during events with large glacier melt fractions of streamflow. Intra‐daily and spatial variation of the glacier melt tracer signature played a negligible role in applying the mixing model. The results of this study (a) show the necessity to apply a multiple sampling approach in order to characterize the glacier melt end‐member and (b) reveal the importance of groundwater and rainfall–runoff dynamics in catchments with a glacial flow regime. 相似文献
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Bruce J. Richardson Eva Mak Sharon B. De Luca-Abbott Michael Martin Katherine McClellan Paul K.S. Lam 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):503
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCs) are generally present in the marine environment in complex mixtures. The ecotoxicological nature of contaminant interactions, however, is poorly understood, with most scientific observations derived from single contaminant exposure experiments. The objective of this experiment was to examine dose-response relationships between antioxidant parameters and body contaminant levels in mussels exposed to different exposure regimes under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, the green-lipped mussel, Perna viridis, was challenged with a mixture of PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene) and OC pesticides (α-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, p,p′-DDT) over a 4 week period. Contaminants were delivered under four different dosing regimes, with all treatments receiving the same total contaminant load by the end of the exposure period. Antioxidant biomarkers were measured after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, including glutathione (GSH), gluathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and lipid peroxidase (LPO). GST and CAT were induced in hepatic tissues in most of the exposure regimes, with the majority of significant induction occurring in a constant exposure regime and a two-step alternate exposure regime. Significant differences among exposure regimes were detected in the body burden of contaminants after 28 days. Hepatic CAT and GSH are proposed as potentially useful biomarkers as they showed good correlation with target contaminants and were not readily affected by different dosing patterns. 相似文献
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论裸眼井中的“共振纵波”和“共振横波” 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
一、引言 文献[1]和[2]指出,充流体裸眼井中存在频率确定、波速恒定、且沿传播方向不衰减的“共振纵波”和“共振横波”。本文的目的在于论证并指出,这两种波是不存在的。 二、论证 设一点源位于z=0的井轴上,则井轴上z处的声波频率响应为 相似文献
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During the 22nd Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-22), the atmospheric gas samples above the oceanic surface
and near the surface were collected on the track for the scientific ship “Xuelong” and on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica, respectively, using the Tedlar gas bags. Every day the sampling times were
10:00 and 22:00 (local time), respectively. In the laboratory, high-precision measurement of the isotopic compositions for
N2O in these gas samples was conducted using Thermo Finnigan MAT-253 Isotopic Mass Spectrometer with a fully automated interface
for the pre-GC concentration (PreCon) of trace gases. The temporal and spatial variations of δ
15N and δ
18O in atmospheric N2O were analyzed. The mean δ
15N and δ
18O-N2O values above the oceanic surface were (7.21±0.50)‰ and (44.52±0.52)‰, respectively. From 30°N to Antarctica, the δ
15N (6.05‰–7.88‰) linearly increased with the rate of about 0.01‰ with the latitude while the δ
18O (43.05‰–48.78‰) showed a large fluctuation. The δ
15N negatively correlated with air temperature and N2O concentration, and slightly positively correlated with δ
18O. The summertime variations of δ
15N and δ
18O-N2O appeared the same trend on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica. They significantly positively correlated with each other
and negatively with N2O concentration. The δ
15N and δ
18O-N2O at different sites averaged (7.42±0.35)‰ and (44.69±0.49)‰, respectively, slightly higher than those above the oceanic surface,
significantly higher than those of atmospheric N2O in the low-latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. The predominant factors affecting the spatial variations of δ
15N and δ
18O values were also discussed. The isotopic data given in this study can help to investigate the global and regional N2O budgets.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40676005 and 40406001) 相似文献
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The ocean takes up approximately 2 GT carbon per year due to the enhanced CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Several options have been suggested in order to reduce the emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere, and among these are CO2 storage in the deep ocean. Topographic effects of dissolution and transport from a CO2 lake located at 3,000-m depth have been studied using the z-coordinate model Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) and the σ-coordinate model Bergen ocean model (BOM). Both models have been coupled with the general ocean turbulence model (GOTM) in
order to account for vertical subgrid processes. The chosen vertical turbulence mixing scheme includes the damping effect
from stable stratification on the turbulence intensity. Three different topographic scenarios are presented: a flat bottom
and the CO2 lake placed within a trench with depths of 10 and 20 m. The flat case scenario gives good correlation with previous numerical
studies of dissolution from a CO2 lake. When topography is introduced, it is shown that the z-coordinate model and the σ-coordinate model give different circulation patterns in the trench. This leads to different dissolution rates, 0.1 μmol cm − 2 s − 1 for the scenario of a 20-m-deep trench using BOM and 0.005–0.02 μmol cm − 2 s − 1 for the same scenario using the MITgcm. The study is also relevant for leakages of CO2 stored in geological formations and to the ocean. 相似文献