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1.
经典的地震层析成像假定介质为各向同性,通过走时反演确定地球介质的非均匀结构,得到的仅是近似地球模型。如果各向异性较强时,应用基于各向同性假设的层析成像算法,可能导致错误的结果。非均匀与各向异性效应是耦合的,如果仅考虑非均匀效应则各向异性结构可能映射到非均匀结构中造成非均匀速度结构的误差,反之亦然。因此,高分辨率的走时层析成像必须同时考虑非均匀和各向异性两种效应。同时反演非均匀和各向异性结构(即各向异性层析成像),不仅可以获得可靠的各向同性速度结构,同时可以确定各向异性结构。相对于S波偏振分析,体波走时方法基于不同的数据集,能提供独立的地震各向异性观测证据。利用地震走时层析成像方法同时研究介质的非均匀性和各向异性,对于认识地球的结构及动力学过程都具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
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地层横波波速测量以及各向异性评价是目前随钻声波测井应用及方法研究的难题之一.针对这些问题,本文试图从钻铤上的偏心点声源在各向异性地层中的响应出发,寻求和探讨解决方案.我们基于三维有限差分模拟的随钻测井信号,研究了偏心点声源在水平横向各向同性(HTI)慢速地层井孔中激发声波传播规律,研究结果表明:在HTI地层中偏心点声源能够同时激发出快、慢两种波形,并且此两种波形中主要分别包含快、慢弯曲波,由于与钻铤波的耦合作用,其速度总是分别小于地层快、慢横波波速,所以无法直接用于地层横波波速的测量.但根据进一步的灵敏度分析可知当在3kHz以上时,它们的相速度分别对地层参数水平和垂直剪切模量(c66和c44)最为敏感.基于此特性,本文提出一种基于解析近似解的最小二乘拟合法,能够通过快、慢波频散曲线反演地层横波波速,所测值误差小于3%,并且具有很好的容错率和稳定性;进而由横波速度反演值评价地层各向异性大小.最后,地层快横波偏振方位可以利用垂直于偏心声源方向的偶极采集的信号能量变化曲线来获取. 相似文献
3.
实验室可以产生两种振动模式的横波,一种是剪切振动,另一种是扭转振动,在各向同性介质中两模式的横波速度是相同的,但它们的振动特性不一样,前者表现出很强的偏振特性,后者为无偏振特性.实验测试表明无偏振特性的扭转波在各向异性介质中传播时也会出现两种速度不同的扭转波,速度值与剪切横波的快慢横波速度值一致.用扭转波换能器接收时,这快慢扭转波的波形振幅不受各向异性方位影响.通过两块均匀的各向异性样品,用实验观测揭示了各向异性介质中扭转波的一些传播特征. 相似文献
4.
实验室可以产生两种振动模式的横波,一种是剪切振动,另一种是扭转振动.本文利用扭转换能器观测了扭转横波在各向异性样品中的传播特性.实验表明,无偏振方向的扭转波在各向异性介质中会以两种不同速度传播,并出现波的分裂现象,其快慢波的速度值与剪切横波的快慢横波速度一致.用扭转波换能器接收时,快慢扭转波的波形振幅不受各向异性方位影响,表现为无方向性.通过两块不同来源的均匀各向异性样品,用实验观测方式初步揭示了各向异性介质中扭转波的一些传播特征. 相似文献
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近年来,随着横波可控震源技术的发展,国内外已经实现了纯横波地震勘探.相较于地震纵波,地震横波对横波阻抗、横波速度尤其是各向异性参数变化更为敏感,因此地震横波能够用来更好地估算上述地层参数.VTI(具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性)是地层介质中广泛存在的一种各向异性形式,对振幅随偏移距变化(AVO)影响显著.本文提出了一种改进的VTI介质SH-SH波反射系数近似公式,新公式具有较高的精度且仅包含两项待求参数：横波阻抗和水平横波(SH波)速度.基于新方程建立了VTI介质SH-SH波反演方法,该方法相比VTI介质的PP波反演不确定性明显下降,同时降低了常规PP波各向异性反演对大角度数据的要求.为了获得独立的横波各向异性参数,进一步地提出了一种基于岩石物理关系的横波各向异性参数估算方法.合成地震数据测试和柴达木盆地九分量地震勘探实际地震数据应用结果表明,新方法能够准确地预测地层的横波阻抗、水平横波(SH波)速度、各向异性参数,为各向异性地层的岩性解释和油气储层预测提供了可靠的解决方案,从而深化了横波地震勘探的应用潜力. 相似文献
8.
为使已获得的中国大陆中上地壳结构更为可靠，本文搜集了很多对浅部结构分辨率较好的短周期面波资料. 与传统面波层析成像反演方法不同，本文在第二步由面波频散得到剪切波速的过程中不再对每个结点进行一维波速模型分别反演，而是直接将所有结点上的区域化频散转换成三维波速结构的线性化约束，实现了直接的三维反演. 检测板测试结果显示该方法可以得到理想的反演结果. 本文得到的波速模型显示，中国大陆中上地壳的速度分布存在明显的横向变化和分区特征. 较低的波速异常很好地勾勒出我国主要的沉积盆地，波速异常在不同深度上的变化在一定程度上反映了各盆地结晶基底的深度. 以东经95deg;为界，特提斯构造域西部具有明显的低速异常，而东部基本没有低速异常. 基于油气资源多存在于沉积层中，而沉积层表现低速异常，我们推测特提斯构造域西部油气前景比东部好. 另外， 由于特提斯构造域西部低速非常明显，这可能也说明了其地壳温度较高. 兴安造山带的低速异常可能也说明了其地壳温度较高. 20 km深度上鄂尔多斯盆地西侧的弱低速带， 很好地勾勒出中国大陆近似沿105deg;经线的强震带的走势. 相似文献
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提出了利用人工爆破P波走时反演地壳介质方位各向异性参数的方法. 在假定介质是弱各向异性介质的情况下, 使用扰动理论得到了线性化的反演公式, 其中待反演的弱各向异性参数是P波走时的线性函数. 如果在反演公式中参考走时取相同震中距接收点的P波平均走时, 那么所获得的弱各向异性参数与参考介质速度的选取无关. 反演得到的弱各向异性参数可以看作是不同震中距和不同深度范围内介质的等效弱各向异性参数. 等效弱各向异性参数在一定程度上反映了不同深度范围内水平方向相速度随方位的变化. 这种变化可能是不同时期构造应力作用的结果. 2007年中国地震局在首都圈怀来地区实施了一次大吨位人工爆破实验, 以爆破点为中心, 布设了高密度的地震观测台网和台阵. 台站相对于爆破点具有360°的全方位覆盖, 所得到的地震记录数据为研究怀来、 延庆地区地壳介质P波方位各向异性提供了必要条件. 我们通过走时反演获得了与水平方位相关的弱各向异性参数, 并对弱各向异性参数进行坐标变换, 得到了能够直观描述岩石弱各向异性的具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质, 给出了对应的3个独立弱各向异性参数及其对称轴方位, 讨论了介质各向异性与构造应力场的关系. 结果表明该地区地壳介质存在明显的方位各向异性, 其最大值约为4.6%. 相似文献
10.
地震走时层析成像是反演地层各向异性参数分布的有效方法,但是关于地震各向异性介质走时层析成像的研究并不多,其技术远远没有达到成熟的阶段.在野外数据采集时,地表反射波观测方式相对井间和垂直地震剖面观测方式的成本更低,利用qP反射波走时反演各向异性参数具有更加广泛的实用价值.本文实现的TI介质地震走时层析成像方法结合了TI介质反射波射线追踪算法、走时扰动方程和非线性共轭梯度算法,它可以对任意强度的TI介质模型进行反演,文中尝试利用qP反射波走时重建TI介质模型的参数图像.利用qP反射波对层状介质模型和块状异常体模型进行走时反演,由于qP波相速度对弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数的偏微分不同,所以可以分别反演弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数.数值模拟结果表明:利用qP反射波可以反演出TI介质模型的弹性模量参数与Thomsen参数,不同模型的走时迭代反演达到了较好的收敛效果,与各向同性介质走时反演结果相比较,各向异性介质走时反演结果具有较好的识别能力. 相似文献
11.
The western part of the Bohemian Massif (West Bohemia/Vogtland region) is characteristic in the relatively frequent recurrence
of intraplate earthquake swarms and in other manifestations of past-to-recent geodynamic activity. In this study we derived
1D anisotropic qP-wave model of the upper crust in the seismogenic West Bohemia/Vogtland region by means of joint inversion
of two independent data sets - travel times from controlled shots and arrival times from local earthquakes extracted from
the WEBNET seismograms. We derived also simple 1-D P-wave and S-wave isotropic models. Reasons for deriving these models were:
(a) only simplified crustal velocity models, homogeneous half-space or 1D isotropic layered models of this region, have been
derived up to now and (b) a significant effective anisotropy of the upper crust in the region which was indicated recently
by S-wave splitting. Both our anisotropic qP-wave and isotropic P-and S-wave velocity models are constrained by four layers
with the constant velocity gradient. Weak anisotropy for P-waves is assumed. The isotropic model is represented by 9 parameters
and the anisotropic one is represented by 24 parameters. A new robust and effective optimization algorithm - isometric algorithm
- was used for the joint inversion. A two-step inversion algorithm was used. During the first step the isotropic P- and S-wave
velocity model was derived. In the second step, it was used as a background model and the parameters of anisotropy were sought.
Our 1D models are adequate for the upper crust in the West Bohemia/Vogtland swarm region up to a depth of 15 km. The qP-wave
velocity model shows 5% anisotropy, the minimum velocity in the horizontal direction corresponds to an azimuth of 170°. The
isotropic model indicates the VP/VS ratio variation with depth. The difference between the hypocentre locations based on the derived isotropic and anisotropic
models was found to be several hundreds of meters. 相似文献
12.
Huajian Yao 《地震科学（英文版）》2015,28(1):59-69
Seismic anisotropy provides important constraints on deformation patterns of Earth's material. Rayleigh wave dispersion data with azimuthal anisotropy can be used to invert for depth-dependent shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy, therefore reflecting depth-varying deformation patterns in the crust and upper mantle. In this study, we propose a two-step method that uses the Neighborhood Algorithm(NA) for the point-wise inversion of depth-dependent shear wavespeeds and azimuthal anisotropy from Rayleigh wave azimuthally anisotropic dispersion data. The first step employs the NA to estimate depthdependent VSV(or the elastic parameter L) as well as their uncertainties from the isotropic part Rayleigh wave dispersion data. In the second step, we first adopt a difference scheme to compute approximate Rayleigh-wave phase velocity sensitivity kernels to azimuthally anisotropic parameters with respect to the velocity model obtained in the first step. Then we perform the NA to estimate the azimuthally anisotropic parameters Gc/L and Gs/L at depths separately from the corresponding cosine and sine terms of the azimuthally anisotropic dispersion data. Finally, we compute the depth-dependent magnitude and fast polarization azimuth of shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy. The use of the global search NA and Bayesian analysis allows for more reliable estimates of depth-dependent shear wavespeeds and azimuthal anisotropy as well as their uncertainties.We illustrate the inversion method using the azimuthally anisotropic dispersion data in SE Tibet, where we find apparent changes of fast axes of shear wavespeed azimuthal anisotropy between the crust and uppermost mantle. 相似文献
13.
Love-Rayleigh wave incompatibility and possible deep upper mantle anisotropy in the Iberian peninsula 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities are analyzed with the goal of retrieving information about the anisotropic structure of the Iberian lithosphere. The cross-correlation method is used to measure the interstation phase velocities between diverse stations of the ILIHA network at periods between 20 and 120 s. Despite the 2-D structure of the network, the Love wave data are too few to enable an analysis of phase velocity azimuthal variations. Azimuthal averages of Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities are calculated and inverted both in terms of isotropic and anisotropic structures. Realistic isotropic models explain the Rayleigh wave and short-period Love wave phase velocities. Therefore no significant anisotropy needs to be introduced in the crust and down to 100 km depth in the upper mantle to explain our data. A discrepancy is observed only at long periods, where the data are less reliable. Love wave data at periods between 80 and 120 s remain 0.15 km/s faster than predicted by isotropic models explaining the long-period Rayleigh wave data. Possibilities of biases in the measurements due to interferences with higher modes are examined but seem unlikely. A transversely isotropic model with 8% of S-wave velocity anisotropy in the upper mantle at depths larger than 100 km can explain the whole set of data. In terms of a classical model of mantle anisotropy, this corresponds to 100% of the crystals perfectly oriented in the horizontal plane in a pyrolitic mantle. This is a rather extreme model, which predicts at time delay between 0 and 2 seconds for split SKS. 相似文献
14.
Seismic anisotropy of a fractured karstic limestone massif in sub-parallel underground galleries is studied. As the fractures are mostly vertically oriented, the seismic properties of the massif are approximated by horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI). Several data inversion methods were applied to a seismic dataset of arrival-times of P and S-waves.The applied methods include: isotropic tomography, simple cosine function fit, homogeneous Monte-Carlo anisotropic inversion for the parameters of horizontal transverse isotropy and anisotropic tomography for tilted transversely isotropic bodies. All methods lead to the conclusion that there is indeed an anisotropy present in the rock massif and confirm the direction of maximum velocity parallel to the direction of fracturing. Strong anisotropy of about 15% is found in the studied area. Repeated measurements show variations of the P-wave parameters, but not of the S-wave parameters, which is reflecting a change in water saturation. 相似文献
15.
在高频面波方法中,水平分辨率是指水平方向上分辨异常体的能力.异常体在水平方向上的长度可用水平方向上横波速度的异常尺度来确定.面波多道分析（MASW）方法被广泛应用于浅地表横波速度结构的探测,然而该方法确定的横波速度是整个检波器排列的平均计算结果,因此水平分辨率较差.另外,采用共中心点（CMP）多次覆盖的方式采集数据亦增加了野外的工作量.我们在MASW方法的基础上,应用面波层析成像方法,提出一套提高面波勘探水平分辨率的完整方法的技术流程.首先,利用波场分离技术获得准确的基阶或高阶模式面波,采用相位扫描的互相关方法测量多道面波记录中任意两道之间的面波走时;然后根据面波层析成像方法,获得高分辨率的各目标网格内的纯路径相速度频散曲线;最后反演所有目标网格内的纯路径相速度频散曲线,得到研究区域的拟二维横波速度结构.这套方法具有一定的抗噪能力,理论上它可以准确地提取相邻两道之间面波的相速度频散曲线;同时由于该方法最少只需要1个排列就可以获得拟二维横波速度结构,因此它显著减小了野外工作量.理论模型和实际资料都证实了这套方法可有效提高面波勘探的水平分辨率. 相似文献
16.
Analysing S-wave splitting has become a routine step in processing multicomponent data. Typically, this analysis leads to determining the principal directions of a transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal symmetry axis, which is assumed to be responsible for azimuthal anisotropy, and to the time delays between the fast and slow S-waves. These parameters are commonly estimated layer-by-layer from the top. Errors in layer stripping occurring in shallow layers might propagate to deeper layers. We propose a method for S-wave splitting analysis and compensation that consists of inverting interval values of splitting intensity to obtain a model of anisotropic parameters that vary with time and/or depth. Splitting intensity is a robust attribute with respect to structural variations and is commutative, which means that it can be summed along a ray (or throughout a sensitivity kernel volume) and can be linearly related to anisotropic perturbations at depth. Therefore, it is possible to estimate anisotropic properties within a geological formation (e.g. the reservoir) by analysing the differences of splitting intensity measured at the top and at the bottom of the layer. This allows us to avoid layer stripping, in particular, for shallow layers where anisotropic parameters are difficult to estimate due to poor coverage, and it makes S-wave splitting analysis simpler to apply. We demonstrate this method on synthetic and real data. Because the splitting intensity attribute shows usefulness in S-wave splitting analysis in transversely isotropic media, we extend the splitting intensity theory to lower symmetry classes. It enables the characterization of tilted transversely isotropic and tilted orthorhombic media, opening new opportunities for anisotropic model building. 相似文献
17.
Constraining the anisotropy structure of the crust by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and wave polarizations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the context of wide-angle seismic profiling, the determination of the physical properties of the Earth crust, such as the
elastic layer depth and seismic velocity, is often performed by inversion of P- and/or S-phases propagation data supplying
the geometry of the medium (reflector depths) or any other structural parameter (P- or S-wave velocity, density...). Moreover,
the inversion for velocity structure and interfaces is commonly performed using only seismic reflection travel times and/or
crustal phase amplitudes in isotropic media. But it is very important to utilize more available information to constrain the
non-uniqueness of the solution. In this paper, we present a simultaneous inversion method of seismic reflection travel times
and polarizations data of transient elastic waves in stratified media to reconstruct not only layer depth and vertical P-wave
velocity but also the anisotropy feature of the crust based on the estimation of the Thomsen’s parameters. We carry out
a checking with synthetic data, comparing the inversion results obtained by anisotropic travel-time inversion to the results
derived by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data. The comparison proves that the first
procedure leads to biased anisotropic models, while the second one fits nearly the real model. This makes the joint inversion
method feasible. Finally, we investigate the geometry, P-wave velocity structure and anisotropy of the crust beneath Southeastern
China by applying the proposed inversion method to previously acquired wide-angle seismic data. In this case, the anisotropy
signature provides clear evidence that the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault is the natural boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia
blocks. 相似文献
18.
本文提出了一种初至纵波(P波)与瑞雷面波的交叉梯度联合反演策略.通过对初至P波进行全波形反演可以获得近地表P波速度结构;通过对仅含瑞雷面波信息的地震数据转换到频率-波数域进行加窗振幅波形反演(Windowed-Amplitude Waveform Inversion,w-AWI)可获得近地表横波(S波)速度结构.在二者反演的目标函数中均加入P波速度和S波速度的交叉梯度作为正则化约束项,使得在反演过程中P波速度和S波速度相互制约,相互约束,从而实现对地震初至P波与瑞雷面波的联合反演.数值模拟结果表明交叉梯度联合反演可以提高S波速度反演分辨率,而P波速度反演结果并没有得到提高.实际资料的反演结果表明,交叉梯度联合反演能够获得更加可信的近地表速度结构. 相似文献
19.
Fractures in elastic media add compliance to a rock in the direction normal to the fracture strike. Therefore, elastic wave velocities in a fractured rock will vary as a function of the energy propagation direction relative to the orientation of the aligned fracture set. Anisotropic Thomson–Haskell matrix Rayleigh-wave equations for a vertically transverse isotropic media can be used to model surface-wave dispersion along the principal axes of a vertically fractured and transversely isotropic medium. Furthermore, a workflow combining first-break analysis and azimuthal anisotropic Rayleigh-wave inversion can be used to estimate P-wave and S-wave velocities, Thomsen's ε, and Thomsen's δ along the principal axes of the orthorhombic symmetry. In this work, linear slip theory is used to map our inversion results to the equivalent vertically fractured and transversely isotropic medium coefficients. We carried out this inversion on a synthetic example and a field example. The synthetic data example results show that joint estimation of S-wave velocities with Thomsen's parameters ε and δ along normal and parallel to the vertical fracture set is reliable and, when mapped to the corresponding vertically fractured and transversely isotropic medium, provides insight into the fracture compliances. When the inversion was carried out on the field data, results indicated that the fractured rock is more compliant in the azimuth normal to the visible fracture set orientation and that the in situ normal fracture compliance to tangential fracture compliance ratio is less than half, which implies some cementation may have occurred along the fractures. Such an observation has significant implications when modelling the transport properties of the rock and its strength. Both synthetic and field examples show the potential of azimuthal anisotropic Rayleigh-wave inversion as the method can be further expanded to a more general case where the vertical fracture set orientation is not known a priori. 相似文献