共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
R. D. Bollman 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):313-322
Part-time farming has always existed in Canada. Since 1941, about one-third of census-farm operators have reported some off-farm work. The structure of participation in off-farm work by type of farm remained relatively stable in the 1961 to 1976 period suggesting a stable relationship between the production of certain food commodities and off-farm work by farmers.Off-farm work can be considered to be one of the productive enterprises to which an operator may allocate his human and non-human capital endowment. There is no (economic) theoretical basis for policies to discriminate against part-time farmers — part-time farming is consistent with efficient food production.Off-farm work is one way to improve the welfare of farmers and rural communities. Off-farm work appears to aid the entry of many but not a majority of recent entrants to the status of full-time farming. Not many full-time farmers appear to use off-farm work as a mechanism to leave agriculture. Public policies should directly pursue their objectives of efficient food production, fair farmer incomes etc. regardless of whether the farmer is full-time or part-time. 相似文献
2.
Dr. E. Mrohs 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):327-330
Part-time farming has to be considered important in the Federal Republic of Germany. Only one half of the agricultural holdings are presently farmed as full-time farms, occupying 77 % of the farmed area. The importance of part-time farming is not associated with the production of agricultural commodities, but is connected with the combination of farming and non-farming activities.In the Federal States of Baden-Württemberg and Saarland there exists a traditional interrrelationship between industry and part-time farming. Other regions, predominantly peripheral middle-range mountain areas with small farms and less favored natural conditions, form other concentrations. As local job opportunities are often non-existant, it means that daily long distance travel to reach off-farm places of employment is necessary.The income situation of part-time farmers can be considered satisfactory. Only 14 % are unable to earn their living entirely from non-farm earnings and consequently depend upon agriculture. According to statements made by part-time farmers their motivation to remain in farming is influenced by the compensation of working in a more natural environment. In view of the present (unsatisfactory) income situation of many small full-time farms, part-time farming is likely to increase in the future and to form a stable element in the agricultural structure of the Federal Republic of Germany. 相似文献
3.
This paper presents a macro level geographic vista and a theoretical vista as research avenues for an approach to the study of part-time farming. In Canada about one-third of all farm operators have reported off-farm work in addition to farming in each census period since 1941. The utility of the Canadian Census is illustrated and the temporal and spatial variations in the degree and intensity of part-time farming in Canada are examined. Variations in the degree of part-time farming appear to represent an aggregate response to the needs, opportunities and traditions associated with specific regions while variations in the intensity of off-farm work appear to represent some component of the form or nature of part-time farming.The theoretical vista is a call for agricultural geographers to incorporate part-time farming as one of the elements in the systems approach to the study of agriculture and as a key index in agricultural typologies. It is also suggested that specific typologies of part-time farming be developed. In the Canadian context a theoretical spatial order consisting of 1) areas of symbiotic relationship; 2) areas of low economic opportunity; 3) rural-urban fringe areas and; 4) areas of high agricultural potential, can be utilized to synthesize the degree, intensity and form of part-time farming. 相似文献
4.
Francis C. Okafor Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):359-366
In southeastern Nigeria where population pressure is a problem of accelerating importance the agricultural land is in short supply thereby necessitating off-farm jobs to supplement farm income. There is therefore, a high incidence of part-time farming in the region. Analysis of the operational characteristics of thirty-six villages confirms that the intensity of part-time farming varies spatially according to the severity of environmental degradation resulting from population pressure. In addition, villages around urban/industrial centres participate actively in part-time farming since opportunities for off-farm employment are relatively higher. The situation in southeastern Nigeria is used to illustrate the prospects and problems of part-time farming in a developing economy. The implications of part-time farming on the agricultural economy and on rural development generally are examined. Policy measures are suggested that will direct the co-existence of part-time farming with work in the off-farm sector in order to achieve a beneficial and integrated rural development. 相似文献
5.
Part-time farming in the developing world: A case of Hobson's choice or the privilege of half a loaf
D. Christodoulou Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):373-380
Existing international literature on part-time farming derives mainly from developed country situtations. The vast and heterogeneous developing world awaits documentation, analysis and interpretation. New approaches will also be required due to different conditions, such as overwhelming dependence on agricultural employment, skewed patterns of access to land and high levels of landlessness. Heritage is also different as are future prospects.Colonial economic management introduced constrained part-time farming. For the native population, poll taxes induced migration to plantations. The Hacienda system in Latin America provides a built-in system of dependent part-time farming. Capitalist farming has been spreading rapidly, sometimes fueled by land reforms, and has boosted the use of the vast class of small farmers, usually part-timers, as a pool of low-cost and docile labour.Trends are not re-assuring. Entrepreneurial agriculture tends to displace small holders from the land and to throw them on to the labour market while at the same time it generally lowers the employment capacity of agriculture through modernization of production. Parttime farming seems as unstable as ever and operates against a secular threat to the employment and income of the vast rural labour force. Part-time farming in the developing world merits deep probing and imaginative assessment. 相似文献
6.
R. Kada 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):367-371
Part-time farming is a wide-spread phenomenon in contemporary rural Japan. Characterized by an extremely small-scale rice farming and by a unimodal equitable rural development, most Japanese farm households have combined farming with off-farm employment. In this article, after an examination of the definition of part-time farming (farm household as the unit), the trend of and factors for part-time farming are described and analyzed. Growth and expansion of off-farm employment opportunities, continued small-sized farming, rapid increase in farmland prices and development and diffusion of labor-saving technology are among the major forces which encouraged part-time farming in Japan. Although the overall performance of part-time farms appears less efficient in the use of non-labor resources (e.g., land and machinery), part-time farms still occupy a significant share in the aggregate agricultural production and in the total farmland cropped. Various on-farm and off-farm adjustments are pointed out which have enabled dual employment patterns to be adopted by these people. In essence, due to the limited opportunities for farm-size expansion, part-time farming is considered a necessity, rather than a choise, for most Japanese farm families. But this has also caused some serious agricultural problems, especially with respect to its impact on farmsize structure and inefficient land use. At least for the purpose of maintaining a high income level and for equitable access to opportunities, part-time farming has seemingly contributed beneficially to the farming population of Japan. 相似文献
7.
F. H. Buttel 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):293-300
This paper seeks to root the analysis of part-time farming in the political-economic structure of agriculture and the larger economy. While part-time farming is not a new phenomenon, the growing prevalence of part-time farming in the US and other advanced industrial societies bears a strong relationship with the emergence of dualistic agrarian structures. Part-time farming has also been connected with the deconcentration of industry and employment. The political implications of the trend toward part-time farming are explored, with a conclusion that multiple jobholding, while nominally a proletarianization process, may in fact reinforce political conservatism in the countryside. The paper concludes by suggesting that future research on the political economy of part-time farming should place particular emphasis on the political implications of and sexual division of labour on multiple jobholding. 相似文献
8.
This paper is a review of statistical data and existing research on the part-time farming in Spain. The available data show an important level of development of the phenomenon: in 1965, 37.7 % of the earnings obtained by farm families are from jobs off the farm; in 1972, 48 % of the agrarian operators had main jobs off the farm. Most of the part-time farms are of small size although the phenomenon is also important on groups of farms of the largest size. The regional studies show a greater development of part-time farming in the Cantabrian coast, where the part-time farmer working in industry prevails, and in the E and S regions, where the jobs off the farm but within the agrarian sector (wage labour) are very important. Some studies on the stability of part-time farming show that this stability depends on the type of farming, the market of agricultural land in the area and the conditions of the jobs off the farm. In the present economic crisis the interest in part-time farming has been increased.Translated by Isabel Carbonell. Comments on earlier versions of this paper were provided by Prof. Josep Caries Genoves. 相似文献
9.
Part-time agriculture is a large, well-developed and persistent phenomenon in Italy. But this is not well known. This paper takes into consideration the Italian literature on part-time farming (PTF) to find a satisfactory definition. The author deals with general problems of rural development, looking at PTF (especially in farm-based households) as a structural phenomenon. The article suggests the farm family instead of the individual farm operator be the unit of analysis and provides new data and estimates based on official statistical sources from 1961 through 1975. There are different typologies of PTF situations according to the internal and external conditions of the family's holdings: transitional PTF, which involves rural and poor families working for domestic production. This type is a form of subsistence farming which attracts State subsidies and public income transfers; accessorial PTF is a form of autoconsumption concerning different families' members. It is generally used to increase family income (sometimes farming is a secondary activity for people employed outside agriculture); professional PTF, based on the family holding's central role, which is a rational way of farming. This last kind of PTF is sometimes more productive, modern (ready of the introduction of innovations) and more competitive than full-time farming: this element could have important implications for the rural development policy in the industrialized countries. 相似文献
10.
D. G. Symes 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):351-354
Conclusion Despite changes during the part thirty years, part-time farming seems certain to remain a dominant feature of Norwegian agriculture well into the future. Environmental conditions and the size structure of Norwegian farms would alone be sufficient to guarantee this. But the survival of part-time farming is likely to be further assisted by an agricultural policy which seeks, inter alia, the continuing development of agriculture on small farms and in marginal areas in order to maximize the use of scarce resources of agricultural land and maintain population and settlement in the more peripheral regions. 相似文献
11.
Contract farmers in central Honduras have been producers of Asian vegetables for American markets since 1989. Contract farming
holds the potential to provide benefits to small farmers who would otherwise be unable to access export markets but production
relations between firms and farmers are often asymmetric and can be exploitative. Poor communication and legacies of mistrust
between commodity agriculture and small farmers lead to ambiguities in the contracting system that are misinterpreted by both
firms and farmers, creating social tensions between contracting parties. This article will consider how farmers’ navigation
of the contracting system and competition between export firms has led to changes in the system. Through competition for a
limited pool of outgrowers, firms adjust their policies in favor of farmers without explicit attempts of labor organization
on the part of the farmers.
相似文献
| Valerie ImbruceEmail: |
12.
Howard F. Gregor 《Geoforum》1982,13(1):1-10
Although agressive economic traditions have benefited U.S. agricultural fortunes enormously in the past, expanding farming scale now also seriously threatens equally-prized rural traditions extolling the values of family farming. To see in detail how strongly and in what ways large-scale farming is exerting its influence across the nation, a multivariate model was applied to county census data. Emphasized were forces of capital accumulation rather than traditional single criteria like farm size or incorporation. Results uniformly dispute the argument for continued vigor of the family farm. Smaller operators are not only disadvantaged in all production factors, but also are no longer protected by such traditional recourses as labor intensification and production efficiency. Far more farmers are also subjected to large-scale farming pressures well beyond the “factory farm” areas, and in several places to pressures as intense. One of these centers is the Western Corn Belt, a bastion of both technology and rural tradition, and thus quite possibly the place where the foremost dilemma in American agriculture is finally resolved. 相似文献
13.
Prof. Dr. Werner Zeil 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1966,55(3):802-808
Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe neuer Arbeiten wird ein geologischer Schnitt durch den über 900 km breiten mittleren Abschnitt der Anden von der pazifischen Küste Chiles bis in die subandine Zone Boliviens gegeben. Die Profile zeigen folgende Tatsachen: die Anden sind ein Falten-, aber kein Deckengebirge; die Vergenzen der Strukturen sind vorwiegend nach Osten gerichtet, der Anteil von Magmatiten seit dem Beginn der Trias ist bedeutend; die Anden werden von tiefgreifenden, jungen Gräben durchzogen, mit deren Einbruch eine enorme vulkanische Tätigkeit im Zusammenhang steht.Die Küstenkordillere Chiles hat eine andere tektonische Geschichte als die Hochkordilleren.Aus dem tektonischen Bild der mittleren Anden können unmittelbar keine Beweise für eine Westdrift Südamerikas abgeleitet werden.
By aid of recent studies a geological section is made through the central part of the Andes (900 km large), from the pacific coast of Chile up to the subandine zone of Bolivia. The profiles show the following facts: the Andes are mountains with folds and not with nappes; the overturns of the structures are mainly turned eastward; the part of the ignecus rocks since the beginning of the Triassic is considerable; the Andes are interlaced by thorough-going trenches of younger date, whose appearance an enormous volcanic activity is connected.The tectonic history of the coastal Cordillera is different from that of the High Cordillera.A western drift of South America cannot be directly proved from the tectonic picture of the central Andes.
Résumé A l'aide de nouvelles recherches on fait une coupe géologique à travers le secteur central des Andes (large de 900 km) de la côte pacifique de Chile jusque dans la zone subandienne de la Bolivie. Les profils montrent les faits suivants: les Andes sont des montagnes à plis, non pas à nappes; les déversements en sens inverse des structures vont principalement vers l'est; la part des roches éruptives depuis le commencement du Triassique est considérable; les Andes sont sillonnées par des fossés profondes et d'un origine récent; leur apparition est en rapport avec une énorme activité volcanique.La Cordillère à la côte de Chile a une histoire tectonique différente de celle de la Haute Cordillère.On ne peut pas dériver du tableau tectonique des Andes centrales la preuve d'une drift vers l'ouest de l'Amérique du Sud.
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14.
The urban fringe is usually portrayed as a location of unrelieved adversity for farmers. It is rare for the costs of the urban fringe to be counterbalanced by an assessment of the opportunities that are also found there. This paper presents the results of a large scale farm survey in Essex which sought to examine the effects of urban proximity on farm management practices.The paper examines the nature and spatial extent of the following: conversion of farm land to urban uses (with special emphasis on the role of compulsory purchase orders); changes in farm labour; part time farming and the location of part time farmers jobs; vandalism and trespass damage and farmers response to this hazard; farm-based recreation and the sale of produce direct to the public. In general it is shown that the disadvantages of farming in the urban fringe have been overrated while the advantages have been underrated. 相似文献
15.
Robert Ugochukwu Onyeneke Christiana Ogonna Igberi Christian O. Uwadoka Jonathan Ogbeni Aligbe 《GeoJournal》2018,83(2):333-346
This paper explored the status of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in southeast Nigeria using qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection. One hundred and sixty farmers were selected from the area. Also, focus group discussions were conducted. Data collected were subjected to qualitative analysis and logit regression. The study identified five broad and important practices relevant to CSA in southeast Nigeria, which include: adjusting agricultural production systems, mobility and social networks, farm financial management, diversification on and beyond the farm, and knowledge management and regulations. The determinants of CSA in southeast Nigeria include: education, income, credit, extension, livestock ownership, farming experience, land area cultivated, distance to the market and water resources, leadership position, risk orientation, gender, land ownership, household size, and mass media exposure. Government policies need to support research and development that develops and diffuses the climate-smart technologies to help farmers respond changes in climatic conditions. 相似文献
16.
F. K. Drescher-Kaden 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1954,4(1-4):159-177
Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur vergleichenden Darstellung des Regelungsgrades eines Gefüges—bzw. einer Kornart—entwickelt. Der Regelungsgrad wird definiert als das Verhältnis der Größe der Flächen gleicher Besetzungsdichte (Flächenklassen) eines Diagramms zur Größe seiner Projektionsfläche, wie es aus jedem Dichteplan einer Kornart entnommen werden kann.Hiezu werden die Flächen gleicher Besetzungsdichte eines Diagramms ausplanimetriert. Zur vergleichsweisen Darstellung werden sie wiederum auf einer flächentreuen azimutalen Projektion eingetragen, bei der die Inhalte der Kleinkreise als Funktion des Winkelabstandes vom Projektionszentrum erscheinen (Abb. 1).Ein derartiger Flächenplan erlaubt bereits eine übersichtliche Vergleichung der Flächengrößen. Da jedoch geringe Unterschiede in den Flächengrö\en nicht sogleich in Erscheinung treten, wird außerdem eine kurvenmäßige Darstellung verwendet, bei welcher die in Prozenten ausgedrückten Flächengrößen auf dem N–S-Durchmesser der Projektion als Lote in dem die Flächenklasse repräsentierenden Winkelabstand vom Projektionszentrum aufgetragen sind (Abb. 5). Ein die Lote verbindender Polygonzug erlaubt nunmehr eine schnelle Orientierung über die Größe der Flächen in den einzelnen Flächenklassen. Auftretende Rückschläge im Kurvenzug erwiesen sich in allen bisher untersuchten Fällen alspersistente Gefügeeigenschaften. Einige Deutungsmöglichkeiten dieser Rückschläge werden erörtert.Mit 14 Textabbildungen. 相似文献
17.
Mark Riley 《Geoforum》2011,42(1):16-27
Through a focus on agricultural retirement, this paper extends on the recent work considering human-livestock relations. Drawing on research conducted in Hampshire and West Sussex (UK), the paper utilises farmers’ narratives of farm work and retirement to explore the themes of [dis]connection between farmers and their dairy cattle. The paper attempts to add complexity and nuance to assumptions about the nature and extent of animal objectification with commercial dairy farming, and consider the intricate moral geographies [re]created within the individual farm. The discursive and material ‘placings’ of animals are considered alongside an exploration of how the intricate temporality and spatiality of these are disturbed and disrupted by the move to retirement. In discussing these relations the paper examines how animals are central to the everyday lives and identities of farmers and how separation from them alters farmers’ attachment to particular practices, places and social networks. 相似文献
18.
This study verifies how the adoption of agroecology and conventional farming techniques varies among different socio-economic characteristics. Data acquisition involved the administering of 200 questionnaires and the organization of two focus group discussions (FGDs). The data collected were analysed using: frequencies, means, probabilities, odds and odd ratios. The FGDs were analysed using context analysis. The analyses were performed in SPSS version 20 and Wordstat 7. The results reveal that older respondents tend to adopt conventional farming techniques more than other categories due mainly to inertia or the inability to adapt to changes and their limited propensity to adopt agroecology techniques. Farmers with fewer years of farming experience are more open to agroecology related techniques due to higher inertia while those with more years of farming experience converge with older farmers who tend to prefer conventional farming. The higher the level of income, the more frequent the use of agroecology techniques. Families with more members who live and work on the farm are more open to agroecology; however, there is a limit beyond which the more the number of family members who live and work on the farm, the less the probability of adopting agroecology techniques. The higher the level of education, the greater the propensity to adopt and experiment with agroecology. 相似文献
19.
Singh Naveen P. Anand Bhawna Srivastava S. K. Kumar N. R. Sharma Shirish Bal S. K. Rao K. V. Prabhakar M. 《Natural Hazards》2022,112(2):1015-1037
The paper contributes to the growing literature highlighting the significance of assessing risk and vulnerability, micro-level perceptions and adaptation decision-making in building resilience of farm communities to climate change in dryland region of India. To select a region for grassroots enquiry, spatial differential in risk to climate change was assessed in Rajasthan, using IPCC AR5 framework. Among the highly vulnerable and risky districts, Bikaner district was selected for elicitation of micro-level imperatives. Rising atmospheric temperature, inter-seasonal displacements of rainfall and recurrence of extreme events were perceived by the farmers resulting in resource degradation, production risks and erosion of households’ socio-economic dynamics. As risk preventive measures, suitable adjustment in agricultural practices, natural resource management, shift to off-farm activities and other relief measures were adopted by the farmers. Farmer’s choice of adaptation was influenced by several climatic, socio-economic and infrastructural & institutional factors in varying degree. Moreover, several financial, economic, infrastructural and informational bottlenecks to adaptations were reported during household survey and FGDs. The results suggest that capturing grassroots evidence is crucial for directing locally tailored adaptation strategies, along with the improving deficiencies in the developmental pathways for climate-resilient agriculture.
相似文献20.
Prof. Dr. György Enyedi 《GeoJournal》1982,6(4):323-326
Part-time Farming in Hungary plays an important role in agricultural output. It provides 1/3 of gross production, half of the pork production and the majority of such intensive products as wine, fruits and berries, honey, etc. Part-time Farming has two basic forms: the household plots of collective farm members and employees and the small private farms of non-agricultural population. Half of the Hungarian families have such a farm activity, which is largely encouraged by the government. The flexible intregration of large scale (collective) farming and the private part-time farming was one of the keys in the recent agricultural successes of Hungary. 相似文献