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1.
《Polar Science》2014,8(3):232-241
This study analyzes long-term (40–60 years) discharge and water temperature records collected near the basin outlets of the Yukon and Mackenzie Rivers. It defines seasonal cycles of discharge, water temperature (WT), and heat flux (HF) for the basins, and compares their main features to understand their similarity and difference. Both rivers have similar hydrographs, i.e. low flows in winter and high discharge in summer, with the peak flood in June due to snowmelt runoff. Mackenzie River has many large lakes and they sustain the higher base flows over the fall/winter season. Mackenzie basin is large with high precipitation, thus producing 50% more discharge than the Yukon River to the Arctic Ocean. The WT regimes are also similar between the two rivers. Yukon River WT is about 2–3 °C warmer than the Mackenzie over the open water months. Both rivers have the highest WT in the mid summer and they transport large amount of heat to the polar ocean system. Yukon River monthly HF is lower by 10–60% than the Mackenzie mainly due to smaller discharge. Mackenzie River heat transport peaks in July, while the Yukon HF reaches the maximum in June and July. These results provide critical knowledge of river thermal condition and energy transport to the northern seas. They are useful for large-scale climate and ocean model development and validation, and climate/hydrology change research in the northern regions. 相似文献
2.
横断山区地形大体由近南北向山脉、少量近东西向山脉、山谷、山间盆地与高原组成。区内一系列近南北向山脉与大江相间呈波状起伏,降水量、日照与气温高低相间也呈波状起伏。这是地形波的影响结果 近东西山脉对气流起阻滞作用,使山脉南北两侧的水热要素值不同。山谷和山间盆地内较干旱,温高,少雨,日照多。高原对气流起屏障、拦截与集聚作用。 相似文献
3.
Stuart A. Harris 《寒旱区科学》2016,8(6):451-460
The latest available data for mean annual air temperature at sites away from the Arctic coast in both Alaska and the Yukon Territory show no significant warming in the last 30~50 years. However, around the Arctic coast of northwest North America centered on Prudhoe Bay, the weather stations show significant warming of both the air and the ocean water, resulting in substantial losses in sea ice west of Prudhoe Bay. These changes appeared shortly after the commencement of shipment of oil through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in 1977, but have now reached a quasi-stable thermal state. Since more than 17 trillion barrels of oil have passed through the pipeline after being cooled by the adjacent air, which in turn, can then result in the melting of the adjacent sea ice, there appears to be a very strong relationship between these events, and a marked lack of correlation with the changes of the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This contrasts with the IPCC interpretation of the available climatic data, which assumes that the maximum climatic warming at Prudhoe Bay is typical of the entire region and is the result of increasing greenhouse gases. Engineers need to consider heat advection by oil or gas from underground when designing pipeline facilities, and to take account of the potential environmental consequences that they may cause. 相似文献
4.
利用气象站点1981—2011年逐日0
cm土壤温度和气温数据,运用基本统计、线性回归、累积距平和信噪比分析了川南山区6个分区地温和气温的空间分布、变化趋势以及突变特征,分析并对比了地温和气温的关系。结果表明：川南山区年均地、气温变化范围分别在15.6~20.5 ℃和12.2~17.2 ℃之间,呈现出北低南高、高山低河谷高的空间分布格局。31 a来6个分区的年均地、气温均有显著上升趋势,但季节变化差异明显,冬季地、气温的增温率高于夏季。从不同区域来看,高山地带(Ⅵ区)的年、季增温趋势最为显著,是其他区域的2~6倍,且地、气温在1990年左右发生突变;河谷地带(Ⅱ区)的年、季温度变化最小且未发生突变。各区地温和气温呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),具有较高的一致性,但也存在非对称增温现象。山地(Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ区)的年均、季均地温和河谷(Ⅰ区)的春季地温增温比气温更加强烈,故地气温差出现显著上升趋势,甚至发生突变。 相似文献
5.
O.A. Anenkhonov 《Geography and Natural Resources》2009,30(4):355-358
Calculations of the activity indices and species richness of belt-zonal elements of the flora of dark-coniferous forests have been done in order to reveal the presence of climatogenic changes. It was found that there is an increase in activity of the species of the dark-coniferous belt-zonal group peculiar to these forests. It is suggested that this phenomenon is associated with current climate warming. It is concluded that with increasing climate warming and with the persisting tendency for its humidification, in the lower belt of the mountains there will be taking place an enhancement in the landscape role of dark-coniferous forests through succession from light-coniferous forests to them. 相似文献
6.
绿化对冬季山谷城市边界层结构影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用RAMS模式模拟了兰州南北两山绿化对冬季兰州城市边界层结构的影响。结果表明:两山绿化改变了近地面的温度场和风场,从日平均温度来看,绿化在兰州冬季表现为明显的增温效应;从风场来看,白天14:00南山的谷风环流增强,北山变化不明显;晚上02:00北山的山风环流明显增强,南山则出现相反的情况;绿化改变了地表能量平衡,绿化后由于地表反照率的减小,使得到达地面净辐射增加,增加的净辐射其中一部分以感热的形式来加热大气;绿化后地气之间的湍流交换增强,增加了大气不稳定度,减弱了白天城市上空的悬浮逆温;本文还讨论了不同绿化布局对白天悬浮逆温的影响。 相似文献
7.
This study is a broad-scale synthesis of information on climate changes in two Arctic terrestrial regions, eastern Siberia and the Alaska–Yukon area of North America. Over the past 60 years (1951–2010), the trends of temperature and precipitation in the two regions are broadly similar in their seasonality. However, atmospheric advection influences the two regions differently during winter. The differential advective effects are much weaker in the other seasons. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation is the strongest correlator with interannual variability in the two regions, followed by the Arctic Oscillation and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation.Projected changes by the late 21st Century are qualitatively similar to the changes that have been ongoing over the past 60 years, although the rate of change increases modestly under mid-range forcing scenarios (e.g., the A1B scenario). The greatest warming is projected to occur farther north over the Arctic Ocean in response to sea ice loss. Precipitation is projected to increase by all models, although increases in evapotranspiration preclude conclusions about trends toward wetter or drier land surface conditions. A notable feature of the future climate simulations is a strong maximum of pressure decreases in the Bering Sea region, implying further advective changes. 相似文献
8.
秦岭南北地区环境变化响应比较研究 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：25
利用气象水文部门截止1999年的气象水文实测数据,计算分析在气候变暖过程中中国秦岭具有的区域响应分界意义。由于气候变暖,在百年时间尺度上,通过旱涝指数分析证明秦岭以北进入干旱期,秦岭以南为湿润期;在10年时间尺度上,陕南气温变化较小,而关中气温增高较快,陕南与关中年均气温差值变小;关中和陕南降水量差值变小,二者同时干旱或陕南更干旱,反映出秦岭在气候变化中显著的分界作用。气候变暖,渭河与汉江年径流系数同步减小,其中渭河径流系数由50年代的02下降为90年代的01以下,渭河流域已变为少水带,即相当于气候上的干旱区。秦岭以北地区较其以南地区环境干暖化的趋势更明显,这对于认识全球变化的区域响应差异有参考意义。 相似文献
9.
近40年秦岭南北地区气候变化及与El Nino/La Nina事件相关性分析 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
通过对近40年来秦岭南北地区气候变化及与El Nino/Ln Nina事件相关性研究发现，秦岭南北地区气温与降水同步波动，但波动幅度有差别。二者都有暖干化趋势，秦岭以北变暖程度超过秦岭以南，而秦岭以南年降水量的绝对减少量大于秦岭以北，两地年平均气温降水量差值有缩小趋势。Ln Nina事件对秦岭南北地区的影响大于El Ninona事件，La Nina年年平均气温明显下降，超过极显著相关水平，而降水增多。El Nino年气温略有升高趋势，降水略有减少趋势，但达不到统计上的相关水平。 相似文献
10.
纵向岭谷区"通道-阻隔"作用下气温和降雨的空间分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对纵向岭谷区1960-2000年气象数据资料的统计分析,探讨了纵向岭谷对气温和降雨量的通道阻隔作用。结果表明:纵向岭谷区准南北走向的山岭对西南气流具有较强的阻隔效应,导致西侧区域出现大面积的多雨区域(年降雨量在1 500-2 000 mm左右);纵向岭谷区的河谷地带呈现显著的通道效应,表现在南、中部,河谷区域从南向北,呈现暖舌和湿舌分布;而在北部,河谷区域从北向南出现冷舌和少雨区域;因此纵向河谷的通道效应在热力作用上表现为,南部有利于暖空气向北输送,而北部有利于冷空气向南输送;在水湿效应上,南部同样呈现水汽输送通道作用,有利于水汽向北输送;但在北部则由于高大山脉背风坡的雨影或焚风效应,导致河谷区域降雨呈现减少趋势。另外,纵向岭谷对于降雨量分布格局变化的作用较强于气温;雨季,纵向岭谷山间河谷对水汽的“通道”效应明显,造成的年降雨量差值可>200 mm;干季,纵向岭谷对冷空气的屏障“阻隔”效应明显,引起的气温差值最大可达3℃;年平均而言,纵向岭谷对年降雨的“阻隔”作用最为显著,年降雨量差值可>1 000 mm。 相似文献
11.
对北冰洋西部79个表层沉积物样品进行了全岩X射线衍射矿物组成分析,结合洋流和地质背景,探讨各矿物分区的物质来源。矿物组合分区表明研究区物质来源变化较为复杂:(1)在楚科奇海的中部靠近白令海峡处长石含量很高,主要是阿纳德尔流携带的来自阿纳德尔河的沉积物;在楚科奇海的西侧的长石含量也较高,且与其他矿物组合分区相比,角闪石含量较高,这是因为受阿纳德尔流和东西伯利亚沿岸流的双重影响,沉积物来自西伯利亚陆地的一些高含长石的火山岩及沉积岩等。在楚科奇海的东侧,石英含量很高,来源为阿拉斯加沿岸流携带的育空河及卡斯奎姆河的沉积物。在阿拉斯加北部,碳酸盐岩和石英含量高,这与马更些河搬运的沉积物有关;(2)北冰洋西部深水区中加拿大海盆的南端和中部方解石和白云石的含量较低,说明受波弗特环流携带的加拿大北极群岛的碳酸盐影响相对较小,且与其他矿物组合分区相比,云母含量最高,说明沉积物主要来源为来自拉普捷夫海的海冰沉积物;此外,一些黏土级细粒物质可能由大西洋中层水携带而来。深水区的其他海域以方解石和白云石含量高为特点,主要受波弗特环流的影响,来源主要为加拿大北极群岛的班克斯岛和维多利亚岛;此外,还受来自西伯利亚陆架,主要是拉普捷夫海沉积物的影响。 相似文献
12.
气候转暖及人类活动对北疆中小河流降水-径流关系的影响 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
利用近40 a来的水文气象资料,分析北疆20世纪80~90年代气候转暖及人类活动对北疆不同地区的中小河流降水-径流关系的影响,主要结论如下:①北疆西部的哈拉依灭勒河、卡琅古尔河,在1980年以后气候转暖的背景下,它们的自然降水-径流关系并无明显改变。②北部额尔齐斯河流域东部产流区平均高程较高的大青河,在90年代气候显著转暖的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系并无明显改变;而位于大青河东侧、流域平均高程较低、山区流域降水量较小的小青河,在90年代气候明显转暖的背景下,其自然降水径流关系发生了变化,所形成的自然地表径流量明显减少。③天山中部北坡的乌鲁木齐河,在80~90年代气候转暖的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,产流量明显偏多。④天山东部北坡的开垦河,在80~90年代气候转暖及人类活动影响的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,产流量减少。⑤乌鲁木齐近郊低山丘陵区的水磨河,在近40 a来的增温及人类活动影响的背景下,其自然降水-径流关系发生了变化,尽管乌鲁木齐年降水量有增加趋势,而其径流却是减少的。 相似文献
13.
中国近50年来日最低气温变化特征研究 总被引：71，自引：13，他引：58
利用1951~2000年全国241个测站1、4、7、10月(分别代表冬、春、夏、秋四季)及年平均的日最低气温资料,将中国划分为8个区域,并对不同区域在不同季节的日最低气温的变化特征进行了研究。结果发现:在全球气候变暖的背景下,日最低气温的增温是极为显著的,尤其是20?世纪80?年代中期之后,北方地区的增温比南方地区和青藏高原更加明显。20世纪70年代中期前后,日最低气温发生了近50年来的第一次变暖突变,此次变暖的趋势并不明显,而是以波动的形式表现出来,80年代中期后,出现了趋势极为明显的第二次变暖突变。研究不同季节的资料还发现,在南方及青藏高原地区夏季日最低气温有下降的趋势。 相似文献
14.
背景气候和城市化对中国东南部增温的联合效应(英文) 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
Based on China homogenized land surface air temperature and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-Ⅱ Reanalysis data (R-2), the main contributors to surface air temperature increase in Southeast China were investigated by comparing trends of urban and rural temperature series, as well as observed and R-2 data, covering two periods of 1954-2005 and 1979-2005. Results from urban-rural comparison indicate that urban heat island (UHI) effects on regional annual and autumn minimum temperature increases account for 10.5% and 12.0% since 1954, but with smaller warming attribution of 6.2% and 10.6% since 1979. The results by comparing observations with R-2 surface temperature data suggest that land use change accounts for 32.9% and 28.8% in regional annual and autumn minimum temperature increases since 1979. Accordingly, the influence of land use change on regional temperature increase in Southeast China is much more noticeable during the last 30 years. However, it indicates that UHI effect, overwhelmed by the warming change of background climate, does not play a significant role in regional warming over Southeast China during the last 50 years. 相似文献
15.
三江并流区干热河谷成因新探析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
干热河谷是青藏高原周边及三江并流区引人注目的、较为独特的地生态现象。干热河谷是构造-地貌-古生态效应、环流-季风-“狭管”效应、地形波-局地环流-降水-焚风效应、植被-土地利用-人类活动干扰效应等综合作用而形成的原生性的地生态现象。早第三纪时,三江并流区是斜贯我国广阔干旱气候带的组成部分。随着青藏高原的隆起和西南季风的形成演化,逐渐向暖湿性的亚热带气候和植被演化,进入上新世末-更新世以后,纵向岭谷地貌形成,大江大河溯源侵蚀,河谷深切,在深切河谷下部逐步形成与其纬度位置相当的干旱半干旱生态景观,从古生态上实现了某种意义上的“返祖”现象。冬半年本区受西风南支急流控制形成干季,夏半年受西南季风控制,尽管带来大量水汽,但受特殊地貌格局影响,在本区形成金沙江河谷等四个少雨区,部分气流沿狭窄平直河谷急速北流一路无阻,水汽被输送到北部地势增高之处形成地形降雨。纵向排列的岭谷地形波,形成明显的降水波状起伏分布曲线,气流越过山岭后下沉气流带来“焚风”效应,形成干热河谷。人类活动叠加在原已生态脆弱的干热河谷生态系统之上,社会经济发展使其土地利用强度加剧、植被减少、水土流失严重等,促使生态环境进一步朝干热化方向发展。因而,干热河谷形成有着其地史、大气环流、季风、大地貌及地形波效应、植被抗逆性差等自然要素的综合作用,并叠加了人类的干扰,是局地地-气-水-生-人交互作用及耦合效应的综合产物。 相似文献
16.
基于1961-2014 年岷江上游及其周边地区20 个气象站点的观测资料,运用Mann-Kendal非参数检验方法分析了研究区近50 a 的气候突变,结合DEM、土壤、水系、土地利用等数据构建了干旱河谷典型特征的诊断指标体系,准确地界定了岷江上游干旱河谷的范围并分析了其气候突变前后的变化。结果表明：（1）研究区气候突变的时间节点为1981 年,当前气候条件（1982-2014 年）下,岷江上游干旱河谷总长度约为151.63 km,面积约705.62 km2（占区域总面积的2.94%）,主要分布于松潘镇江关以下,经茂县凤仪镇至汶川县绵褫间的岷江干流,以及黑水河谷和杂谷脑河谷等岷江支流的两侧。（2）当前气候条件下干旱河谷较气候突变前（1961-1980 年）覆盖河道两岸更宽的范围且向北延伸,长度增加20.87 km,面积增加81.61 km2;（3）气候变暖和土地利用方式的改变是引起岷江上游干旱河谷范围扩大的主要原因。 相似文献
17.
Sarah F. Trainor Monika Calef David Natcher F. Stuart Chapin III A. David McGuire Orville Huntington Paul Duffy T. Scott Rupp La'Ona DeWilde Mary Kwart Nancy Fresco & Amy Lauren Lovecraft 《Polar research》2009,28(1):100-118
This paper explores whether fundamental differences exist between urban and rural vulnerability to climate-induced changes in the fire regime of interior Alaska. We further examine how communities and fire managers have responded to these changes and what additional adaptations could be put in place. We engage a variety of social science methods, including demographic analysis, semi-structured interviews, surveys, workshops and observations of public meetings. This work is part of an interdisciplinary study of feedback and interactions between climate, vegetation, fire and human components of the Boreal forest social–ecological system of interior Alaska. We have learned that although urban and rural communities in interior Alaska face similar increased exposure to wildfire as a result of climate change, important differences exist in their sensitivity to these biophysical, climate-induced changes. In particular, reliance on wild foods, delayed suppression response, financial resources and institutional connections vary between urban and rural communities. These differences depend largely on social, economic and institutional factors, and are not necessarily related to biophysical climate impacts per se. Fire management and suppression action motivated by political, economic or other pressures can serve as unintentional or indirect adaptation to climate change. However, this indirect response alone may not sufficiently reduce vulnerability to a changing fire regime. More deliberate and strategic responses may be required, given the magnitude of the expected climate change and the likelihood of an intensification of the fire regime in interior Alaska. 相似文献
18.
大气环流因子对北半球气温变化影响的研究 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
首先分析了北大西洋涛动(NAO)、北太平洋涛动(NPO)和南方涛动(SO)对北半球气温影响的空间分布特征。冬季大气涛动对温度方差贡献主要是在低纬和中高纬大陆地区及北太平洋部分区域,40°N以北大部分陆地总的贡献率达30%以上,热带3/4地区也在30%以上。近百年气温和大气涛动关系表明,三个涛动对北半球冬季、夏季和年平均气温的变化贡献分别达31.8%、2.6%和12.8%,也是以冬季影响最大。用大气涛动可以解释近20多年来气温上升的很大一部分方差,这说明可能在原有气温上升的趋势上,由于叠加了近期大气环流引起的气温变化,所以才形成了70年代末以来的加速变暖现象。 相似文献
19.
基于宁夏地区1978—2010年旱灾灾情要素年资料和23个气象站1971—2011年月平均气温和月降水量资料,运用Mann-Kendall趋势分析和突变检验方法,详细分析了该地区近33年旱灾灾情及近41年气候的时空变化特征,在此基础上,剖析了持续性旱灾产生的气候背景。结果表明：1978—2010年宁夏地区旱灾呈持续性加重趋势,受灾人口、农作物受灾面积和直接经济损失增速分别为28.78万人/10a、3.16万hm2/10a和8 504.04万元/10a。空间变化上,旱灾加重速度由中部向北、向南呈减慢趋势。1971—2011年宁夏地区气候总体呈暖干化趋势,年平均气温、平均最高气温和最低气温的升温率分别为0.42 ℃/10a、0.37 ℃/10a和0.50 ℃/10a,增暖表现为全年温度升高,年平均气温和平均最高气温于20世纪90年代早期发生了显著增暖突变;降水量呈减少趋势,但不显著。宁夏持续性旱灾是气温持续快速上升和降水量减少共同作用的结果,其中气温显著增高是该地区干旱灾害加剧的主要气候因素。 相似文献
20.
依据哈巴雪山自然保护区及附近气候观测资料,应用气候学方法和原理,综合分析该自然保护区垂直气候要素,分析中发现,光照、气温、降水等气候要素,随海拔升高,垂直分异明显。依据气候特征的垂直变化,结合植被及土壤的分布,参照划分垂直气候带的标准,将保护区划分为7种气候带：河谷中亚热带、河谷北亚热带、山地暖温带、山地中温带、山地寒温带、高山寒带、高山永久冰雪带。分析结果表明：保护区垂直气候带特征分异明显,气候类型丰富多样;山地寒温带、高山寒带等地区,生态高度敏感脆弱。 相似文献