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1.
风沙动力与风沙工程学当前研究的热点-主要反映在加深对风沙现象的理解、风沙灾害防治与资源开发三个方面出发,提出了我国在风沙运动力学、土壤风蚀、土地沙漠化的动力机制与过程、风沙地形成发育规律、风沙沉积学特征及其形成机制、沙尘暴形成机制以及风沙灾害防护工程技术原理等六个方面的研究建议。  相似文献   

2.
风沙物理学的发展与展望   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
介绍了风沙物理学研究在土壤风蚀、沙粒跃移和风沙流结构等方面取得的一些进展。展望了风沙物理学在地表风蚀、沙物质的风力搬运和沉积、风成地貌理论和相似理论、风沙工程理论与应用等研究领域的发展前景。针对我国的实际情况,提出了加强风沙物理学研究的建议。  相似文献   

3.
风沙地貌形态动力学研究进展   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6  
风沙地貌是广泛分布于干旱、半干旱,甚至部分湿润地区,由风力作用形成的一种地貌类型。风沙地貌学是研究在风力作用下物质运动形成的地表形态特征、空间组合规律及其形成演变的科学,是地貌学中以风为外营力形成的地貌为对象的分支学科。风是风沙地貌学研究的基础,其贯穿整个风沙地貌学研究。风况决定了风沙地貌的形态特征、空间组合特征和演化过程,同时,沙丘表面气流和风沙流控制沙丘的形态演化过程和移动过程。风沙地貌经过100多年的发展,在沙丘形态特征、动力学过程等方面取得了长足发展。从风沙地貌观测方法、分析方法和形态动力学角度出发,总结了近年来风沙地貌形态、形成风况以及动力学方面的研究进展。随着新技术的发展,全站仪、三维地形扫描仪等新的形态观测设备开始应用于风沙地貌形态测量,使得大范围风沙地貌形态精准测量成为可能,为风沙地貌形态动力学研究提供精确的地形特征资料。同时,三维超声风速仪等高频风速观测仪器也广泛应用于风沙地貌动力学观测,从而探讨风沙地貌形态—近地层气流的互馈机制。但是,针对具体的分析方法,如风况与沙丘形态的对应关系,近地层气流的分析方法以及形态—气流互馈关系等方面,目前还没有好的解决办法。  相似文献   

4.
中国北方风沙活动的驱动力分析   总被引:65,自引:6,他引:65       下载免费PDF全文
本文综合分析中国北方风沙活动发展的趋势,从气候变化、地表植被覆盖变化和土地利用变化等方面阐述了中国北方风沙灾害加剧的原因,指出气候变化和土地利用-覆盖变化是中国北方风沙活动的主要驱动力因素.  相似文献   

5.
风沙地貌学在全球环境变化研究中占有重要地位,但与其它地貌学分支学科相比,目前风沙地貌学的研究还显得比较薄弱,这在我国更是如此。通过分析当前这一学科的主要研究内容,介绍国外研究的最新动态,从而指出了我国风沙地貌学今后应注意的主要研究方向。  相似文献   

6.
拉日铁路风沙防护研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
结合工程实际,对拉日铁路的风沙灾害防治技术难题采用“永临结合”的平面工程防沙措施体系,近期以适宜于高原地区的工程措施为主,远期研究以适宜于高寒铁路沿线的植物防沙措施,以解决我国在高海拔地区铁路沙害防护技术难题。  相似文献   

7.
冰缘风沙地貌与沉积研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
冰缘风沙地貌与沉积是在冰缘寒冷干旱气候环境中,伴有冰川或冻融作用影响,主要由风沙作用形成的荒漠地貌.现代冰缘荒漠主要分布于南、北半球的高纬度地区及中低纬度的高海拔地区,部分温带沙漠也有古冰缘荒漠沉积分布.冰缘沙丘的规模一般较小,沙丘沉积富含腐殖质及冰粒,并兼具冻融和积雪层理构造等,砂的化学及物理成熟度较低.冰缘风沙沉积往往与邻近的其它沉积相伴生,如黄土、冰川、湖泊、海洋甚至火山碎屑,因而可参与区域气候、环境,尤其是古环流的恢复与重建,也可为研究温带荒漠在冰期时的演化提供参考.目前在冰缘沙漠研究中已经取得了一些可喜的成绩,但在确定冰缘荒漠的原因过程方面还没有形成系统的理论,更多工作有待进行.青藏高原腹地的普若岗日冰缘沙丘与戈壁,是我国典型的冰缘荒漠地貌与沉积,研究其地貌与环境过程,对丰富我国沙漠学研究内容和了解晚第四纪高原腹地气候、环境变化具有重要意义.  相似文献   

8.
风沙电研究的现状及展望   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6  
扼要回顾了风沙电研究现状,主要内容包括研究动态:主要是从风沙电的野外实地观测和室内实验模拟测试,来揭示风沙电这一自然现象的规律;风沙电对电波传播影响研究:主要从折射效应、吸收、散射和带电沙粒的散射影响进行探讨。并提出了研究中存在的问题和发展趋势。  相似文献   

9.
风沙流对植物生长影响的研究   总被引:19,自引:1,他引:19  
在中国乃至全球,风沙活动都十分频繁,它直接影响着风沙地区植物资源的可持续利用与发展,因此,研究风沙流对植物生长的影响十分必要。以往,相关的研究主要是围绕沙漠逆境的综合条件(如降水、温度、湿度、土壤水分、养分等综合因子)进行的,研究内容涉及植物的生理、生化、物质代谢以及生态适应性等。但国内外就风沙流单因子对植物生理生化影响的研究还没有深入展开,为此,作者利用野外风洞条件,就不同风况下的风沙胁迫对某些植物生长特征的影响进行了实验研究;结果表明:风沙流胁迫可使植物的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cs)、叶温(Tl)、叶片水势(Wp)降低,使蒸腾速率(Tr)升高;且风速越大,吹风间隔越短,这些参数变幅越大;风沙流比净风的影响更大。风沙流能降低试验植物的水分利用率,进而增加植物的干燥作用;同时可使脯氨酸含量增加。由于风沙流运动和植物的复杂多样性,因此这个研究领域还有许多问题需要探索。  相似文献   

10.
戈壁风沙流结构特性及其意义   总被引:31,自引:2,他引:29  
通过砾质戈壁风沙流野外实测数据的分析以及风洞模拟实验研究发现:戈壁风沙流结构具有与沙漠风沙流完全不同的风沙流特征,戈壁风沙地表的粗糙度随风速的增大而增加,其表面风沙流输沙量高度分布表现出独特的“象鼻”效应,在一定高度处呈现最大值,并随风速的增加而增高。该“象鼻”效应导致戈壁风沙流结构特征值A远大于1,不论风速多大,风沙流都处于未饱和状态的非堆积搬运状态。这种特殊性质比较清楚地解释了敦煌莫高窟千年来不被沙山埋没的谜底。并且在风沙防治工程实践中,采用砾石压沙措施,构造类似与砾质戈壁的下垫面,人工促使风沙流结构呈现“象鼻”形状,可使防沙工程达到理想的输导作用。  相似文献   

11.
论灾害地貌学的性质及研究内容   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
灾害地貌学是一门崭新的、正在开拓之中的边缘科学。在前人大量研究的基础上,对灾害地貌的分类和灾害地貌的学科性质及其研究的主要内容进行了探讨。  相似文献   

12.
油层出砂机理研究综述   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
徐守余  王宁 《新疆地质》2007,25(3):283-286
油藏开发中出砂问题是影响产能的重要因素,了解油藏出砂机理对有效控制出砂以及选择合理的防砂方法具有重要意义.综合国内外文献及大量实例认为,地质因素和油田开发工程因素是影响油层出砂的2大因素.进一步分析油层出砂的力学机理,将油层出砂的力学机理分为剪切破坏和拉伸破坏两类.研究成果对进一步研究油层出砂机理及改善防砂工艺措施具有重要的意义.  相似文献   

13.
About half of the arid and semi-arid lands in the world are deserts that comprise various types of aeolian sand dunes deposits. In Shaanxi Province, aeolian sand dunes cover considerable areas of the Yulin desert and northern Jinbian. Sand dunes are moving in the main wind direction and converting some agricultural area to wasteland. Remote sensing of sand dunes helps in the understanding of aeolian process and desertification. Remote sensing data combined with field studies are valuable in studying sand dunes, regional aeolian depositional history. In particular, active and inactive sand dunes of the north Shaanxi Province were studied using remote sensing and geographic information system. In this study, we describe the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images, covering north Shaanxi Province, which were used to study the distribution, shape, size, trends, density and movement of sand dunes and their effect on desertification of cultivated lands. Estimation was made depending on soil erodibility factor (Ⅰ) and local climatic factor (C) during the period (June to September). The result indicates that soil erosion caused sand drift of 8.957 5, 7.03 ton for Yulin and Jinbian, respectively. The mean sand dunes movement rate were 4.37, 3.11 m, whereas, monthly sand dune advance rate were 1.092 5, 0.777 5 m, for the two locations, respectively. The study reveals that cultivated lands extended obliquely to the direction of sand dune movement are extremely affected, while other segments that extend parallel to the direction of the movement are not affected. Accordingly the north Shaanxi Province was divided into areas of different classes of potential risk. Moreover, blown sands and sand movement from neighboring highlands also affect the area of western desert.  相似文献   

14.
Blown sand has caused considerable damage to the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes of China. Controlling the blown sand requires a clear understanding of the processes that govern its production and movement. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel and in the field to define the relationships between sand production and gravel coverage in the gobi above the Mogao Grottoes. The gravel that covers the gobi’s surface controls wind erosion, irrespective of its shape and size. The equilibrium coverage by gravel over which no further sand is emitted due to wind erosion increases and the equilibration time that is taken to form the equilibrium gravel coverage decreases with increasing wind velocity. Gravel coverage has reached an equilibrium state in the portion of the gobi directly above the grottoes, but decreases towards the Mingsha Mountains. Drifting sand from these mountains is the main source of sand damage at the Mogao Grottoes. If no additional sand from the mountains were supplied to the gobi, gravel pavements would reach an equilibrium level of coverage and prevent further production of blowing sand. Sand blown from the gobi represents secondary reactivation of sediments originally produced in the Mingsha Mountains. Therefore, to control the blowing sand above the Mogao Grottoes, emphasis should be placed on controlling erosion from the Mingsha Mountains rather than local erosion of sand in the gobi.  相似文献   

15.
从颗粒物质的角度探讨了风积沙的压实特性和机理。研究表明,风积沙的重型击实试验曲线呈"双驼峰"形式,表明风积沙具有干压实的特性,水在风积沙的压实过程中扮演着不同的作用;室内振动试验表明振动加速度及振动时间影响着风积沙"巴西坚果效应"与"反巴西坚果效应"之间的转化,从而影响风积沙的振实密度,二者均存在一个产生最大振实干密度的最优值。现场试验通过控制机械参数(振幅A=0.4mm,频率f=48Hz)在压实5遍的时候,可使压实度达到96.8%,CBR值达到25.3,均能满足《公路路基设计规范》要求。  相似文献   

16.
Sand beach ridges are considered to be derived either from aeolian processes and/or waves but their deposition by individual or multiple storms has not been investigated in any detail. We use numerical meteorological and oceanographic models to determine the origin of a sequence of 29 shore parallel sand beach ridges in northeastern Australia. The results suggest that the ridges were constructed by waves and that the final form or height of the ridges is a function of high-energy tropical cyclone generated waves plus storm tides. Hence these landforms archive a nearly 6000 year long history of intense tropical cyclones. The record implies that these extreme tempests occur considerably more frequently than that suggested by the short historical record for this region. The genesis of this sand beach ridge plain has implications for the interpretation of similar sequences elsewhere along the northeast coast of Australia and in comparable environments globally. If other similar sand beach ridge plains have also been deposited by like processes it stands to reason that these long-term records of high intensity tropical cyclones can be used to ascertain a regional scale risk assessment from this hazard.  相似文献   

17.
以地球系统中各圈层的相互作用为主线,分析总结了我国沙漠地貌过程、流水地貌过程、冰川地貌过程及风沙地貌过程等领域研究的部分进展。由于我国沙漠地理位置的特殊性,其形成和演变与岩石圈构造变动即青藏高原隆升有着紧密的联系,所以,对我国沙漠形成、演变的研究能为探讨青藏高原隆升历史提供重要佐证。近30年来,有关我国沙漠形成时代的认识更新较快。新的沉积记录显示,我国西北地区的沙漠在中新世时就已经出现了,但沙漠沙丘大规模扩展可能是在中更新世才开始的。既使在晚更新世以来,我国沙漠地区的气候也有过明显波动、沙漠地貌的特征也发生过显著变化。沙漠通过为沙尘暴提供物源,对全球变化产生驱动作用。从地表过程来看,风沙地貌的形成演变不仅受风力作用,而且受流水、湖泊等多种地貌动力过程的影响,地貌类型是各种动力过程共同作用的缩影。古冰川地貌曾是最早发现的第四纪气候变化的证据。随着新的测年技术的出现,学术界对我国第四纪古冰川地貌演化过程有了较系统、全面的认识。流水地貌过程应该是地球上作用区域最广的一种地貌动力过程,对流水地貌过程的认识目前正在向微观和宏观深入。  相似文献   

18.
In Holkham Bay, North Norfolk Coast, England, a wide beach and coastal dunes have formed as a result of wave action and wind activity. This article describes the experiments and field observations that were carried out to explore the nature of wind activity that is presently affecting the morphology of the beach and dunes.The experiments and field observations indicate: (1) Sand is blown off the beach surface very soon after it is exposed during the low tide if the wind velocity is above 3.0 m/sec. (2) Winds from the south, east, and west in Holkham Bay are offshore winds and do not exert much influence on dune formation in the area. (3) The dominant winds (those that exert most marked effect on the beach and dunes) are the northerly, northeasterly and the northwesterly winds. (4) The average annual accretion rate of sand by the wind on the beach is about 3,600 m3. (5) Knowing the annual accretion rate and the volume of aeolian dunes, it is possible to determine their relative ages.  相似文献   

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