共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 421 毫秒
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传统的灌溉制度是以农作物的需水量为依据的,用水量很大.在北方半干旱地区,实施节水灌溉,即以作物耗水量(ET)为依据,而把作物需水量仅作为一个参考值使用.通过全面推行非充分灌溉制度,灌溉预报制度,田间灌溉节水技术等,把工程节水、农艺节水和生物节水紧密地结合在一起,建立完善的农业灌溉技术体系,以实现科学运筹 ET 和农业增产的目的. 相似文献
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研究了灌溉系统供水计算模型.将灌区内作物概化为水稻和旱作物两种,分别以水量平衡原理和土壤水分模拟理论为基础建立稻田和旱作物灌溉供水计算模型.模型中所需要的参数如水文气象、土壤和作物参数均可通过分析历史资料或实测得到.模型系统可进行实时计算操作,并可预测下次灌溉方案,并在取得实测资料后对原预报方案进行实时修正,从而编制实时灌溉方案.模型还可研究灌溉系统内各子系统的优化供水流量和优化轮灌方案. 相似文献
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水分胁迫条件下稻田优化灌溉制度的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过对非充分灌溉条件下水稻优化灌溉制度如何制定进行了研究。其特点是将作物产量模型与耗水规律模型相结合,以相对产量最高为目标函数,建立了优化决策系统,并利用多目标规划进行求解。该研究成果可使有限的水量在作物生育期内发挥最大的效率,对优化配置水资源,实现农业高效用水具有重要作用。实例研究结果说明,所建模型及求解方法是合理与可行的,不但提高了水分利用效率,还为查哈阳灌区水资源的优化利用提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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在缺水地区,为了增加农作物产量,实行节水灌溉和对有限的灌溉水资源进行最优分配至关重要。因此,提出了一种对有限灌溉水量在多种作物之间进行最优分配的两层动态规划的迭代方法(DP-DP法):第一层求单作物最优灌溉制度;第二层对有限灌溉水量在多种作物之间进行最优分配,总目标是使灌区的总效益最大。算例验证表明,模型合理,方法切实可行。还设计了通用高效的FORTRAN语言程序包,有利于方法的推广应用。 相似文献
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节水灌溉对于干旱半干旱、缺水极缺水的山西来说十分重要,节水灌溉将是“九五”期间水利建设的重点。节水灌溉是一种用尽可能少的水投入获得尽可能多的农作物产量和产值的灌溉模式。节水灌溉的目的是减少从水源到田间输水系统的渗漏和蒸发损失;减少田间储水损失;采用先进灌溉技术减少作物株间蒸发量;优化作物灌溉制度减少作物的无效蒸腾。节水灌溉的技术措施是管灌、喷灌、微灌和渠道防渗、平整土地、划小畦块等。关于节水灌溉的技术问题还需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
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棉花是我国西北内陆干旱地区主要的农作物,研究干旱区棉花的水分利用来源对合理制定灌溉制度、实现农业节水灌溉和保证作物稳产高产具有重要意义.在新疆生产建设兵团炮台土壤改良试验站,基于水文监测和氢氧稳定同位素方法分析膜下滴灌棉田土壤水中氢氧同位素的动态变化特征,确定棉花不同生育期及灌溉后的水分利用来源,并应用多水源混合模型(IsoSource模型)定量计算了棉花对不同深度土壤水的利用率.研究结果表明:棉花在蕾期、花期、铃期和吐絮期主要的水分利用来源及利用率分别为0~30 cm(78.2%)、30~60 cm(31.9%)、60~110 cm(32%)、110~220 cm(47.3%),整个生育期内水分利用来源存在由浅变深的规律.膜下滴灌后,棉花调整其水分利用来源,显著增加了0~30 cm浅层土壤水的利用率.综合试验结果表明低额高频的灌溉制度可以提高棉花对灌溉水的利用率. 相似文献
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灌溉入渗是卫宁平原地下水的主要补给来源,研究不同农作物对地下水的灌溉入渗补给对于准确评价地下水资源量十分重要。本研究基于卫宁平原灌区2个包气带水分运移原位试验点系统观测数据,运用Hydrus-1D软件建立了试验点的包气带水分运移数值模型;设置了单次灌溉量、生长期天数、最大根系埋深和叶面积指数四种影响因子,应用模型分析了其对地下水入渗补给量的影响,计算了不同作物种植期内地下水垂向入渗补给量。结果表明:试验点地下水入渗补给量以灌溉入渗补给量为主。单次灌溉量的大小对地下水垂向入渗补给量的影响最为显著,其次是生长期天数和最大根系埋深,叶面积指数对地下水垂向入渗补给量的影响最小。随着地下水位埋深的增加,农作物种植因子对地下水入渗补给的影响也会增大。不同时期的降雨入渗系数为0.02～0.25;受次降雨量和降雨频率影响差异较大。灌溉入渗系数大小与作物种类关系密切:玉米种植期内的灌溉入渗系数为0.78,茄子种植期内的灌溉入渗系数为0.51,枸杞种植期内的灌溉入渗系数为0.6～0.63。综合考虑研究区作物类型和地下水位埋深(117～267 cm),给出了研究区农田区域在作物单次灌溉量为50～150 mm情况下,对应的灌溉入渗系数参考值。 相似文献
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耕地中重金属含量超标直接影响农作物和灌溉水的质量,而且严重影响人体健康.通过调查内蒙古包头工业区周边灌溉水、化肥、农作物及根系土中砷和镉含量及形态特征,研究其转化和富集规律,结果表明,区内土壤和灌溉水呈偏碱性,灌溉水和化肥中砷、镉含量符合国家标准;玉米、向日葵、甘蓝、葱的根系土和可食部分砷含量均未超标,砷主要以残渣态形式存在;4种农作物根系土中镉有不同程度超标现象,向日葵籽粒镉含量超标50%,其余作物可食部分镉含量均未超标.通过分析发现,向日葵籽粒镉超标的原因是与镉赋存形态主要为碳酸盐态和腐殖酸态及向日葵籽粒对镉的富集高于其他植物有关. 相似文献
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Tensiometer is one of the most popular and simple instrument for in situ and laboratory measurement of negative pressure or suction in soils. Such measurements in the top soil or root zone are useful for automated optimized irrigation scheduling for different vegetation. The top soil accommodates various salts/contaminants whose main source is storm water runoff, irrigation water and application of crop fertilizers. These salts accumulate in the soil due to evaporation. It is an established fact that tensiometer measures only soil matric suction with the help of a ceramic interface. It is believed that osmotic effect of salts present in the soil does not influence tensiometer measurements. However, there is no systematic experimental verification in the literature to understand the influence of salt laden soil on tensiometer measurements. It needs to be ascertained that the pore size of the tensiometer ceramic will not exhibit semi-permeable membrane characteristics leading to osmotic effect. Such verification is important as it would influence the irrigation scheduling of crops. It is also of interest to know whether the osmotic suction (due to the salts) would increase the water retention characteristics and hence the irrigation requirement. If so, then the tensiometer based irrigation scheduling would be an underestimate of the actual irrigation requirement of crops. To investigate these issues, the present study has performed controlled laboratory suction measurements using tensiometer in a locally available soil, contaminated with known concentration of inorganic salt solution. The total suction of the same salt laden soil has been measured using the WP4 dew point potentiameter technique. The results indicate negligible influence of salts present in the soil on tensiometer measurements. The study demonstrates the incapability of tensiometer to assess the osmotic component of salt present in the soil. This would result in the under prediction of water retention and hence irrigation requirement of the soil. 相似文献
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土壤无机氮素的损失主要是铵氮的挥发损失和硝氮的反硝化和淋失.土壤水分和氮素含量的增加,都将增加氮肥淋失的潜在威胁,如处置不当,获得高产可能需要以环境的污染为代价.节水条件下土壤无机氮素的损失量有所减少,但是氮素利用效率也同时受到了土壤水分状况的限制.探讨了作物产量、氮素损失和农业生产要素(水分、氮素)实际投入量之间的关系,建立了节水条件下土壤氮素损失和环境评价概念型模型,通过在北京水利科学研究所永乐店灌溉试验站3年的试验资料对模型进行了参数求解及校验. 相似文献
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中国西北内陆河水问题及其应对策略——以黑河流域为例 总被引：39，自引：8，他引：31
中国被联合国列为13个贫水国之一,占国土面积1/3的内陆河地区先天性的水资源不足,再叠加不合理的利用,使得水问题成为西北内陆河流域经济发展和生态保护的关键性问题.以黑河为例论述了流域尺度的水、土、生态、环境及管理问题;提出缓解流域水资源矛盾必须在流域尺度提高水效益的适应对策;讨论了绿洲灌区水资源利用率提高的4个环节,即灌溉水向土壤水转化、土壤水的生物利用、生物水的生产率以及市场需求的产业配置;展示了水源涵养、节水型绿洲建设、生态水利用率提高的部分实例;分析了水资源的社会化管理的阶段、问题与途径,强调流域虚拟水配置战略,指出提高流域水-生态-经济综合效益仍有较大潜力. 相似文献
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Rapid social and economic development results in increased demand for water resources. This can lead to the unsustainable development and exploitation of water resources which in turn causes significant environmental problems. Conventional water resource management approaches, such as supply and demand management strategies, frequently fail to restore regional water balance. This paper introduces the concept of water consumption balance, the balance between actual evapotranspiration (ET) and target ET, and establishes a framework to realize regional water balance. The framework consists of three stages: (1) determination of target ET and actual ET; (2) quantification of the water-saving requirements for the region; and (3) reduction of actual ET by implementing various water saving management strategies. Using this framework, a case study was conducted for Guantao County, China. The SWAT model was utilized to aid in the selection of the best water saving management strategy by comparing the ET of different irrigation methods and crop pattern adjustments. Simulation results revealed that determination of SWAT model parameters using remote sensing ET is feasible and that the model is a valuable tool for ET management. Irrigation was found to have a greater influence on the ET of winter wheat as compared to that of maize, indicating that reduction in winter wheat cultivation is the most effective way to reduce regional ET. However, the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on the reduction of ET was not obvious. This indicates that it would be difficult to achieve regional ET reduction using water-saving irrigation methods only. Furthermore, selecting the best water saving management strategy by relying solely on the amount of reduced ET was insufficient, because it ignored the impact of water conservation measures on the livelihood of the agricultural community. Incorporating these considerations with our findings, we recommend changing the current irrigation method to sprinkler irrigation and replacing 20% of the winter wheat-maize cultivated area with cotton, as the best strategy to achieve water balance in the study area. 相似文献