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从揭示提单批注纠纷产生的深刻原因出发,分析了提单批注与不清洁提单的关系及实务中几种常见的“不知条款”的法律效力;分析了中国《海商法》对提单批注问题的规定及不足,对今后中国《海商法》提单批注问题的修改提出了建议。 相似文献
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中共中央《关于科学技术体制改革的决定》中明确指出:“要调整科学系统的组织结构,鼓励研究、教育、设计机构和生产单位的联合”。“有的可以逐步发展成经济实体,有的可以在联合的基础止进而合并,企业并入研究机构,研究机构并入企业”。随着经济体制改革的深入,横向经济联合也随之迅速发展,标准化工作如何适应横向经济联合的形势,标准化与横向经济联合体的关系是什么,这是标准化工作研究的新课题。 相似文献
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地幔中惰性气体的同位素组成被认为是以下两个过程的结果 :太阳系形成期间不同来源核素的并入 ;地球演化期间以固定速率衰减或累积放射成因组分。如果这个假设正确 ,那么惰性气体同位素的测量将能建立地球生成和演化的模型。实际上 ,地球大气与星际物质的同位素比率极其不同。因此 ,如果在地球历史早期或设想初始地幔组成变化的时间里 ,地球大气的惰性气体并入了地幔 ,关于地幔中非放射成因惰性气体主要反映的是类太阳组成还是类大气组成仍存很大争论。为了解决这一问题 ,Ｔｒｉｅｌｏｆｆ等人用高精度质谱仪分析了取自Ｌｏｉｈｉ、夏威夷和… 相似文献
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我国浅海滩涂开发已成为海洋开发的战场和向深海远洋挺进的桥头堡，但存在管理混乱，资源浪费和破坏严重，争抢资源等海事纠纷上升，海洋劳力素质和劳效下降等问题，应采取优化资源配置，加强政策立法，重视科技投入，强化综合管理等对策，促其健康发展。 相似文献
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渔事纠纷引发的治安案件主要有违法行为手段恶劣,后果严重;违法主体群体化;案发具有季节性和区域性等特点。针对当前严峻的海上治安形势,公安边防部门应完善海上治安管理体制、强化群防群治、加大执法力度、建立跨区域治安协作机制、构建协调机制等措施,有效地预防和控制渔事纠纷引发的治安案件。 相似文献
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本文用实测流和其他的水文观测资料证明,至少在夏季台湾暖流到达浙江外海后,改变其流动方向,先按顺时针转向,接着又作反时针转向,然后并入黑潮或对马暖流。夏季台湾暖流在浙江海面发生蛇行。 相似文献
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《Ocean & Coastal Management》2008,51(5):405-409
It is shown that low dispute costs relative to expected resource rents from oceanic resources favor drawn out disputes over maritime boundaries; asymmetric dispute costs favor agreement on boundaries wanted by the low dispute cost state party; and high symmetric dispute costs favor formation of joint development zones (JDZs). The fact that most maritime boundaries have not yet been drawn suggests that state parties think that resource rents that can be drawn from the oceans are high relative to dispute costs. Moreover, the recent mini-trend towards JDZs in East Asia suggests that state parties in the area have recently reassessed dispute costs as being higher than previously believed. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2015
Over the last several years, significant regulatory changes related to Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis have occurred in the for-hire recreational charter boat fishing sector in Alaska. In addition to limited entry restrictions and adoption of a catch sharing plan that provides a formal means of determining allocation between the commercial and charter boat fishing sectors, more restrictive harvest regulations were placed on anglers fishing from charter boats. This article provides insights into how the value anglers place on charter boat fishing is affected by these regulations, principally bag and size limits. Such information is helpful in assessing the trade-offs in economic benefits associated with different regulatory tools used to manage angler harvest levels. Stated preference choice experiment data from a 2012 survey are analyzed using a panel rank-ordered mixed logit model to estimate the economic value, or willingness to pay (WTP), non-resident anglers place on saltwater charter boat fishing trips in Alaska and to assess how changes in characteristics of fishing trips, particularly harvest restrictions related to Pacific halibut, affect this value. The model specification accounts for a wide array of size and bag limit restrictions that have been recently implemented or are under consideration by Pacific halibut fishery managers. The results indicate that very strict harvest restrictions have the effect of driving WTP to zero, while allowing at least one (potentially) large fish to be caught is valuable to anglers. The results also suggest that WTP for fishing trips with bag limits that allow two or more fish to be harvested with no size restrictions on the first fish harvested are not statistically different from the value for trips for larger bag limits or for the case where all the fish in the limit can be any size. This suggests that fishery managers can restrict the size of the second fish in a two-fish bag limit and still maintain economic values for fishing trips. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2015
To address long-standing allocation conflicts between the Pacific halibut commercial fishing sector and recreational charter (for-hire) sector in Alaska, an Alaska halibut catch sharing plan (CSP) is being implemented in 2014 that has a provision allowing the leasing of commercial individual fishing quota to recreational charter businesses. This one-way inter-sectoral trading allows for the charter sector to increase its share of the total allowable catch while compensating commercial fishermen. This type of catch shares program is novel in fisheries. In this paper, the literature on non-fisheries tradable permit programs (TPPs) that have similarities to the Alaska halibut CSP program is examined. Several successful TPPs are discussed, including ones from emissions trading programs, water quality trading programs, water markets, and transferable development rights programs. They are then evaluated in terms of their similarities and differences to the Alaska CSP program. Characteristics not part of the current CSP that other TPPs have used and that may increase the likelihood for the CSP to be effective in achieving its primary goals (if they are implemented) are identified, such as allowing more flexible transfers (e.g., internal transfers), intertemporal banking, cooperative structures, and multi-year leasing. 相似文献
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Elliot L Richardson 《Marine Policy》1981,5(3):256-260
Delegates to UNCLOS III, in drafting a charter for a kind of international institution to control the resources of the deep seabed constituting the ‘common heritage of mankind’, have had to face and find a way of reconciling the antagonism between the “sovereign equality of states’ and the proportional representation of economic interests. This article briefly describes the manner in which this has been achieved. 相似文献
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P.Lewis Young 《Marine Policy》1984,8(4):360-363
There are many territorial disputes in Asia — both on continental Asia and in the surrounding seas. These disputes are often extensions of wider ethnic, historical and ideological rivalries. A relatively new development in disputes over island territories and EEZ boundaries is the economic dimension that has been added to old disputes and rivalries: the disputing nations, aware of the benefits that offshore oil and minerals, as well as fishing, can provide to their economies, have a clear financial incentive to pursue their claims as strongly as they dare. National pride and wider political and ideological conflicts with their rival claimants further reduce the prospects for compromise. Tensions are increased by the possibility that a military conflict in pursuit of a claim could lead to escalation, drawing the USA and the USSR into the dispute. This article outlines some of the major tension points in the area of the South China Sea. 相似文献
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Barry Buzan 《Marine Policy》1979,3(3):190-200
The author provides an introduction to the politics of the North-east Asia region, a survey of local maritime issues and disputes, and examines the impact of the new ocean regime on this region. He concludes that, although there are many substantial maritime disputes in North-east Asia, these are in general subordinated to larger determinants of political relations, and do not themselves have a major impact on regional politics. Soviet—Japanese relations, however, constitute an exception to this rule. Dr Buzan argues that the disputes over fishing and the northern islands played a key role in impeding better Soviet-Japanese relations, and thereby facilitated the current Sino — Japanese rapprochement with its potentially global implications. 相似文献
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B. Almli E. Egaas A. Christiansen O. M. Eklo O. Lode T. Kllqvist 《Marine environmental research》2002,54(3-5)
In order to evaluate the gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity as a biomarker of effect of fungicide exposure in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta), the fungicides propiconazole {(R,S)-1-[2-(2,4-diclophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioolan-2-ylmetyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole} and fenpropimorph {(±)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-metyl propyl]-2,6 dimetylmorfolinc} were administrated in the water separately and together in a static system (80 μg/l for each pesticide) for 5 days. The combined fungicides gave a significant decrease in gill GST activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), whilst hepatic GST-activity was not significantly changed. Furthermore, continuous exposure to 540 ug/l thiabendazole{ 2-(thiazol-4′-yl)benzimidazole} in a flow-through system for 4 days significantly increased the gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity towards CDNB, whilst hepatic GST and cytochrome P450 (CYP 1A) activities were not increased by the treatment. 相似文献
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Doaa Hassan Youssef 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):537-544
Concentrations of boron in seawater (from four regions along the Alexandria coastline, subjected to land disposal), brackish
water (Lake Edku) and drains water (e.g. El-Umum Drain) were determined during the period from February to August 2000. Boron
was determined spectrophotometrically by a modified curcumin method. For Lake Edku, boron concentration fluctuated between
0.023 and 0.105 mmol/l. There are several factors that affect the concentration of B in the Lake water: (a) effect of the
drainage water via El-Khairy and Barsiek Drains, (b) utilization of boron by hydrophytes, and (c) water exchange through the
sea-lake connection. It may be concluded that the level of boron in the Lake water cannot be considered a substantial hazard
to the Lake organisms. Boron concentration varied from 0.392 to 0.522 mmol/l in seawater samples and from 0.141 to 0.458 mmol/l
in the sites where the water from the drains (El-Umum Drain and El-Noubaria Canal) mixed with the seawater. The broader variation
of boron (mmol/l)/salinity ratios for seawater samples (0.0106–0.0138) may be due to that the samples were collected from
the upper seawater layers, where contributions from land run-off, atmospheric precipitation and differences in the biota affect
the concentration.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2015
This article discusses the role of negotiation, arbitration, and that of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in resolving maritime boundary disputes in the Gulf of Guinea region. Primarily using the cases of Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, the paper highlights that joint maritime development agreements could be a better option for resolving existing maritime boundary disputes in the region rather than outright delimitation requests. 相似文献
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In order to compare the acute toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) between sexes, five species of caprellid amphipods were exposed to seven levels (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microg l(-1)) of TBT for 48 h at 20 degrees C. The 48-h LC50 values in male and female were 1.3-6.4 microg TBTCl l(-1) and 1.2-8.6 microg TBTCl l(-1), respectively. No sex-specific differences of the acute toxicity of TBT were observed in the caprellids. These findings suggest that the risk of survival in response to exposure to TBT between sexes is similar in the caprellids. 相似文献