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1.
地震台阵常用频率-波数分析法来估计地震信号的后方位角和慢度。尽管有关的算法是众所周知的,但不同的实现在某些情况下可能导致不同的结果。如应用在宽频带的澳大利亚WRA台阵的记录时,标准的f-k分析方法往往给出不正确的结果。本文发现错误是由FFT的频谱泄漏效应引起的,如在进行FFT之前对原始数据进行高通滤波则可以有效地避免这样的错误。进一步对在时域中直接估算信号方位角和慢度的一种算法进行了分析,比较发现时域方法的计算速度和精度都不低于频域方法,且在某些低信噪比的情况下,前者可以给出更可靠的结果。 相似文献
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The recently built China Digital Seismic Network consists of the China National Digital Seismic Network (CNDSN),31 regional seismic networks and several small aperture arrays with more than 1 000 stations including 850+ broadband stations.It forms a gigantic seismic array that provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the Earth's deep interior besides its routine task of seismic monitoring.Many modern seismic studies rely on rotation of vertical and horizontal components in order to separate different ... 相似文献
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上海地震台阵地动噪声功率谱分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
介绍了功率谱分析的计算方法，并将功率谱应用于对上海地震台阵地动噪声记录的分析。结果表明，该台阵16个子台的地动噪声功率谱在高于1Hz的频域上均低于宽频带台站的平均值，说明各子台的背景噪声符合并优于地震观测对背景噪声的要求。而对于高频段的噪声则可通过台阵的独特的数据处理，很容易将其去除。 相似文献
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在井下地震观测中,各种地表背景噪声具有显著衰减作用,针对中国地震科学台阵现有大量非专用浅井式设计的Guralp CMG系列地震计,以及目前多个新获批项目在高背景噪声区域的观测需求,设计一种野外实用浅井观测方式,在北京国家地球观象台进行不同深度、不同井壁材质的观测对比实验,分析研究观测数据的背景噪声功率谱密度,结果表明,随着浅井深度的增加,地震背景噪声在垂直、水平向得到改善,改善程度随频率变化有所不同。分析认为,在华北现有地质环境下,6 m浅井是较为经济的观测方式,性价比高、占地小、施工简便,可用于后续多个项目的宽频带流动地震台阵观测。 相似文献
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Burying receivers for improved time‐lapse seismic repeatability: CO2CRC Otway field experiment 
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下载免费PDF全文 Valeriya Shulakova Roman Pevzner J. Christian Dupuis Milovan Urosevic Konstantin Tertyshnikov David E. Lumley Boris Gurevich 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(1):55-69
4D seismic is widely used to remotely monitor fluid movement in subsurface reservoirs. This technique is especially effective offshore where high survey repeatability can be achieved. It comes as no surprise that the first 4D seismic that successfully monitored the CO2 sequestration process was recorded offshore in the Sleipner field, North Sea. In the case of land projects, poor repeatability of the land seismic data due to low S/N ratio often obscures the time‐lapse seismic signal. Hence for a successful on shore monitoring program improving seismic repeatability is essential. Stage 2 of the CO2CRC Otway project involves an injection of a small amount (around 15,000 tonnes) of CO2/CH4 gas mixture into a saline aquifer at a depth of approximately 1.5 km. Previous studies at this site showed that seismic repeatability is relatively low due to variations in weather conditions, near surface geology and farming activities. In order to improve time‐lapse seismic monitoring capabilities, a permanent receiver array can be utilised to improve signal to noise ratio and hence repeatability. A small‐scale trial of such an array was conducted at the Otway site in June 2012. A set of 25 geophones was installed in 3 m deep boreholes in parallel to the same number of surface geophones. In addition, four geophones were placed into boreholes of 1–12 m depth. In order to assess the gain in the signal‐to‐noise ratio and repeatability, both active and passive seismic surveys were carried out. The surveys were conducted in relatively poor weather conditions, with rain, strong wind and thunderstorms. With such an amplified background noise level, we found that the noise level for buried geophones is on average 20 dB lower compared to the surface geophones. The levels of repeatability for borehole geophones estimated around direct wave, reflected wave and ground roll are twice as high as for the surface geophones. Both borehole and surface geophones produce the best repeatability in the 30–90 Hz frequency range. The influence of burying depth on S/N ratio and repeatability shows that significant improvement in repeatability can be reached at a depth of 3 m. The level of repeatability remains relatively constant between 3 and 12 m depths. 相似文献
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Vertical seismic profiling using a daisy‐chained deployment of fibre‐optic cables in four wells simultaneously – Case study at the Ketzin carbon dioxide storage site 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The geological storage of carbon dioxide is considered as one of the measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to mitigate global warming. Operators of storage sites are required to demonstrate safe containment and stable behaviour of the storage complex that is achieved by geophysical and geochemical monitoring, combined with reservoir simulations. For site characterization, as well as for imaging the carbon dioxide plume in the reservoir complex and detecting potential leakage, surface and surface‐borehole time‐lapse seismic monitoring surveys are the most widespread and established tools. At the Ketzin pilot site for carbon dioxide storage, permanently installed fibre‐optic cables, initially deployed for distributed temperature sensing, were used as seismic receiver arrays, demonstrating their ability to provide high‐resolution images of the storage formation. A vertical seismic profiling experiment was acquired using 23 source point locations and the daisy‐chained deployment of a fibre‐optic cable in four wells as a receiver array. The data were used to generate a 3D vertical seismic profiling cube, complementing the large‐scale 3D surface seismic measurements by a high resolution image of the reservoir close to the injection well. Stacking long vibro‐sweeps at each source location resulted in vertical seismic profiling shot gathers characterized by a signal‐to‐noise ratio similar to gathers acquired using geophones. A detailed data analysis shows strong dependency of data quality on borehole conditions with significantly better signal‐to‐noise ratio in regions with good coupling conditions. 相似文献
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Ambient seismic noise or microtremor observations used in spatial auto-correlation (SPAC) array methods consist of a wide frequency range of surface waves from the frequency of about 0.1 Hz to several tens of Hz. The wavelengths (and hence depth sensitivity of such surface waves) allow determination of the site S-wave velocity model from a depth of 1 or 2 m down to a maximum of several kilometres; it is a passive seismic method using only ambient noise as the energy source. Application usually uses a 2D seismic array with a small number of seismometers (generally between 2 and 15) to estimate the phase velocity dispersion curve and hence the S-wave velocity depth profile for the site. A large number of methods have been proposed and used to estimate the dispersion curve; SPAC is the one of the oldest and the most commonly used methods due to its versatility and minimal instrumentation requirements. We show that direct fitting of observed and model SPAC spectra generally gives a superior bandwidth of useable data than does the more common approach of inversion after the intermediate step of constructing an observed dispersion curve. Current case histories demonstrate the method with a range of array types including two-station arrays, L-shaped multi-station arrays, triangular and circular arrays. Array sizes from a few metres to several-km in diameter have been successfully deployed in sites ranging from downtown urban settings to rural and remote desert sites. A fundamental requirement of the method is the ability to average wave propagation over a range of azimuths; this can be achieved with either or both of the wave sources being widely distributed in azimuth, and the use of a 2D array sampling the wave field over a range of azimuths. Several variants of the method extend its applicability to under-sampled data from sparse arrays, the complexity of multiple-mode propagation of energy, and the problem of precise estimation where array geometry departs from an ideal regular array. We find that sparse nested triangular arrays are generally sufficient, and the use of high-density circular arrays is unlikely to be cost-effective in routine applications. We recommend that passive seismic arrays should be the method of first choice when characterizing average S-wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (Vs30) and deeper, with active seismic methods such as multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) being a complementary method for use if and when conditions so require. The use of computer inversion methodology allows estimation of not only the S-wave velocity profile but also parameter uncertainties in terms of layer thickness and velocity. The coupling of SPAC methods with horizontal/vertical particle motion spectral ratio analysis generally allows use of lower frequency data, with consequent resolution of deeper layers than is possible with SPAC alone. Considering its non-invasive methodology, logistical flexibility, simplicity, applicability, and stability, the SPAC method and its various modified extensions will play an increasingly important role in site effect evaluation. The paper summarizes the fundamental theory of the SPAC method, reviews recent developments, and offers recommendations for future blind studies. 相似文献
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Fabrice Hollender Cécile Cornou Aline Dechamp Kaveh Oghalaei Florence Renalier Emeline Maufroy Clément Burnouf Sylvette Thomassin Marc Wathelet Pierre-Yves Bard Vincent Boutin Clément Desbordes Isabelle Douste-Bacqué Laetitia Foundotos Cédric Guyonnet-Benaize Vincent Perron Julie Régnier Agathe Roullé Mickael Langlais Deborah Sicilia 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2018,16(6):2337-2365
Data provided by accelerometric networks are important for seismic hazard assessment. The correct use of accelerometric signals is conditioned by the station site metadata quality (i.e., soil class, VS30, velocity profiles, and other relevant information that can help to quantify site effects). In France, the permanent accelerometric network consists of about 150 stations. Thirty-three of these stations in the southern half of France have been characterized, using surface-wave-based methods that allow derivation of velocity profiles from dispersion curves of surface waves. The computation of dispersion curves and their subsequent inversion in terms of shear-wave velocity profiles has allowed estimation of VS30 values and designation of soil classes, which include the corresponding uncertainties. From a methodological point of view, this survey leads to the following recommendations: (1) perform both active (multi-analysis surface waves) and passive (ambient vibration arrays) measurements to derive dispersion curves in a broadband frequency range; (2) perform active acquisitions for both vertical (Rayleigh wave) and horizontal (Love wave) polarities. Even when the logistic contexts are sometimes difficult, the use of surface-wave-based methods is suitable for station-site characterization, even on rock sites. In comparison with previous studies that have mainly estimated VS30 indirectly, the new values here are globally lower, but the EC8-A class sites remain numerous. However, even on rock sites, high frequency amplifications may affect accelerometric records, due to the shallow relatively softer layers. 相似文献
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选取2008年5月25日至8月7日期间由甘肃省文县上城山地形效应台阵获取的12次汶川地震余震事件(MS≥4.0),在分析其地震动基本参数的基础上,采用参考场地谱比(RSSR)法和水平-竖向谱比(HVSR)法,研究了不同地震作用下上城山地形台阵的场地效应.分析结果显示:随着高程和覆盖层的增加,记录台站地震动的PGA呈增大趋势,地震频谱形状由宽变窄;上城山台阵记录到的地震波在地形基阶频段(2—4 Hz)和浅部土层频段(7—9 Hz)的幅值明显放大,RSSR曲线显示山顶NS向的土层频段谱比大于山体地形频段谱比;由于土层山体竖向地震动在中高频段放大,使得HVSR方法谱比结果在中高频段较RSSR方法所得结果明显偏低,而在山体基阶频段附近两种方法的谱比值接近.松散土层山体的台阵记录特征体现了地形和土层对地震动的联合作用,揭示了强震区起伏地形场地震害加重及地震滑坡集中发生的原因所在. 相似文献
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Denis Mougenot 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(5):922-933
The broadband capabilities of marine, seabed, and land seismic equipment are reviewed with respect to both the source and the receiver sides. In marine acquisition, the main issue at both ends of the spectrum relates to ghosts occurring at the sea surface. Broadband deghosting requires towing at variable depth to introduce notch diversity or using new equipment like multi‐component and/or low‐noise streamers. As a result, a doubling of the bandwidth from about three to six octaves (2.5–200 Hz) has been achieved. Such improvement is not yet observed for seabed surveys in spite of deghosting being a standard process on the receiver side. One issue may be related to the coupling of the particle motion sensor, particularly at high frequencies. For land acquisition, progress came from the vibrators. New shakers and control electronics using broadband sweeps made it possible to add two more octaves to the low‐frequency signal (from 8 to 2 Hz). Whereas conventional 10 Hz geophones are still able to record such low frequencies, 5 Hz high gain geophones or digital accelerometers enhance them to keep the signal above the noise floor. On the high end of the bandwidth, progress is not limited by equipment specifications. Here, the issue is related to a low signal‐to‐noise ratio due to the strong absorption that occurs during signal propagation. To succeed in enlarging the bandwidth, these improved equipment and sweeps must be complemented by a denser spatial sampling of the wavefield by point–source and point–receiver acquisition. 相似文献
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M. H. SAFAR 《Geophysical Prospecting》1978,26(3):538-549
It is well known that the application of the “bright spot’ technique has been more successful in marine prospecting than in land prospecting. This is due partly to the problem of distortion of the seismic signal caused by the geophone-ground coupling, especially when carrying out high resolution, shallow seismic surveys in swampy terrain. The effect of geophone-ground coupling on the response of a single geophone to the incident compressional waves has been treated by several authors. However, they have always neglected the influence of mutual interaction between an array of geophones on the response of each geophone forming the array. We show that mutual interaction, which results from the re-radiation of the incident compressional waves by the geophones forming the array, can have considerable effect on the response of each geophone. The effect of the geophone-ground coupling on the response of a seismic channel is considered in the absence and presence of mutual interaction between a group of geophones for the case when the shear wave velocity of the soil varies by a factor of three. 相似文献
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Ideally, geophones would be placed in a noiseless environment, in which case there would be no reason to resort to arrays of geophones. If the noise is such that an array is required, the objective of the array is to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and thus to maximize the intelligence that can be derived from a given signal. The design of the array will be a function of the signal characteristics, of the direction and velocity of the noise in the bandpass of the signal, and of the site geology. It has been demonstrated previously that in a practical sense the optimum array processing is represented by precise beam forming, by which we mean simple time-delay and summation. Increasing the number N of sensors within a given area decreases the inter-element spacing and may increase the coherency between noise samples at adjacent sensors, thus yielding poorer results compared to √N improvement one expects to get if the noise is uncorrelated. Increasing the number of sensors by proportionately increasing the area is liable to result in signal deterioration, also yielding an unfavorable comparison to √N improvement in signal-to-noise. These two effects, together with economical factors, combine to limit the number of sensors that can be used. Although the data on which our conclusions are reached were drawn from earthquake seismology, the principles involved are equally applicable to exploration seismology and to other geophysical measurements in which arrays of sensors are required. 相似文献
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Plomerová Jaroslava Granet Michel Judenherc Sebasten Achauer Ulrich Babuška Vladislav Jedlička Petr Kouba Daniel Vecsey Luděk 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2000,44(2):195-209
We present the first results of a comparison of deep lithosphere structure of three Variscan massifs - the Armorican Massif, French Massif Central and Bohemian Massif, as revealed by recent tomographic studies of seismic anisotropy. The data originate from several field measurements made in temporary arrays of stations equipped with both short-period and broadband seismometers with digital recording. The study is based on teleseismic body waves and a joint inversion of anisotropic data (P-residual spheres, the fast shear-wave polarizations and split times) and demonstrates that the three Variscan massifs appear to consist of at least two parts with different orientation of large-scale fabric derived from seismic anisotropy. The boundaries of anisotropic lithospheric domains are related to prominent tectonic features recognised on the surface as sutures, shear zones or transfer fault zones, as well as grabens, thus indicating that some of them extend deep through the entire lithosphere. 相似文献
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大规模流动地震台阵技术发展为高分辨率深部结构成像提供了重要基础,背景噪声是影响流动地震观测质量的关键因素. 为掌握流动地震观测噪声规律,发展流动地震观测降噪技术, 编制流动地震观测技术规范, 我们开展了针对不同台基流动地震观测背景噪声的观测实验与分析. 其中,山西省临汾市五个地点架设了共22个对比观测台站, 进行了超过一年半的连续观测. 通过计算不同频段范围内背景噪声记录的加速度功率谱密度, 研究了不同场地条件和环境噪声下流动地震观测台站的噪声特征及其台基响应,分析了不同台基处理方式对噪声的抑制效果. 结果表明:(1)高频人为噪声和长周期自然噪声是影响流动地震观测质量的主要噪声, 可以通过增加台基深度和改善台基处理方式等方法降低其影响; (2)增加台基深度能有效地降低长周期噪声和高频噪声, 2 m深坑能使高人为噪声台站各分量的高频频段和长周期频段分别降低5 dB和10 dB; (3)由于其不稳定性, 沙子台基的水平分量在长周期频段一般要高于摆墩台基5 dB, 流动地震观测中推荐使用摆墩台基; (4) 台站位置、台站内部温度和空气流动都是影响台站噪声的重要因素. 在此基础上提出了不同场地条件和噪声环境下的台基处理建议和适合国情的移动地震台阵台站建设参考方案, 有助于流动地震观测野外工作的标准化和规范化. 相似文献
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Phase identification and attribute analysis of broadband seismograms at far-regional distances 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A trained analyst can frequently provide a rapid assessment of a seismic record and provide identification for many seismic phases. For digital data a challenge is to find methods (or combinations of methods) which can provide equivalent levels of phase identification and attribute analysis. Until now, there have been few discussions on phase attribute analysis for broadband records, even though the character of the major phases has been recognised several decades ago. We introduce a combination of four simple methods into the analysis of broadband seismograms so as to provide a means of improving phase recognition and the full use of broadband information for far-regional distances where the seismograms are particularly complex (because of the influence of the upper mantle discontinuities). For arrival detection we can employ the energy ratios of the short term behaviour to the long-term trend, using the vertical component and horizontal components of unrotated seismic records. We also use auto-regressive analysis to endeavour to separate broadband records into three parts: the seismic signal, microseismic noise and white noise. The higher order auto- and cross-correlation coefficient (representing the similarity of waveform) can be used to identify the presence of seismic phases, by avoiding the influence of the relatively low order correlation of microseismic noise. For each broadband 3-component record a set of complex traces are constructed and then a variety of definitions of instantaneous phase and frequency can be exploited to separate the behaviour of signal and noise. The complex traces can also be used for polarisation analysis. The changes in the character of the eigenvectors are particularly helpful for recognising the phases of broadband records in the far-regional range. The individual methods are quite powerful but when used in combination can provide a very effective means of phase characterisation. 相似文献
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I. O. Kitov S. G. Volosov S. B. Kishkina N. L. Konstantinovskaya K. S. Nepeina M. A. Nesterkina I. A. Sanina 《Seismic Instruments》2016,52(1):19-31
A small-aperture seismic array consisting of seven three-component seismometers carried out continuous measurements of regional seismicity in a selected area of the Nizhni Novgorod nuclear power plant during four months of 2013. Automatic signal detection using beamforming was applied separately for each motion component. Two horizontal components were transformed into radial and transverse components for the given values of the velocity and azimuth of the plane wave front. We have investigated the dependence of the coherence of microseismic noise on frequency, azimuth, and slowness, as well as determining the level of cross-correlation between signals on separate channels in order to estimate expected improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, which is crucial for signal detection. Most signals detected by the seismic array from regional sources are associated with quarry blasts. Using repetitive explosions at seven quarries, we have quantitatively estimated and compared the increase in detection efficiency of regional seismic phases using a three-component small aperture seismic array and a subarray of vertical sensors. Horizontal sensors showed a higher efficiency in the detection of transverse waves, while the subarray of vertical sensors missed S-waves from certain events. For one of the nearby quarries, the vertical subarray missed up to 25% of events (5 of 20). The results of the investigation point to the need for the use of three-component seismic arrays for the study of regional seismicity. 相似文献
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考虑地铁环境振动噪声对未来城市地铁地震警报系统中地震信号识别的影响,以包含Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类2种场地土类型的哈尔滨市4个地铁站的上行线首部和尾部作为观测点,展开地铁环境振动噪声的测试、分析以及降噪处理研究。首先,对采集的列车振动数据进行统计分析;其次,基于滑动平均法,提出确定帕曾窗带宽b值的经验方法,并利用其对采集的地脉动数据进行平滑滤波处理;最后,采用本方法确定哈尔滨地铁地震P波预警的滤波频带,并与日本气象厅仪器地震烈度以及新干线地震预警系统的滤波频带进行对比。结果表明:①三轴向地铁列车振动信号中,竖向振动比水平向振动要大,切向振动比径向振动要大。②帕曾窗带宽b值为0.4 Hz时,平滑滤波处理后的频谱能较好地反映地脉动信号的频谱主频,且滤波后的地脉动信号的卓越频率和场地土类型有明显的对应关系,即水平向卓越频率和场地土类型的相关性较好,而竖向卓越频率的误差较大。③哈尔滨地铁地震P波预警的滤波频带为0.3~10 Hz时,能较好地滤除地震动信号中的地铁环境振动噪声,满足地震警报系统对地震记录信噪比的要求。 相似文献