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1.
刘沛源  常鸣  武彬彬  罗超鹏  周超 《地球科学》2022,47(6):2048-2057
西南山区地质构造复杂导致大量的滑坡分布.为了科学有效的指导西南山区道路选线,提前规避地质灾害高风险,滑坡灾害早期识别必不可少.合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)技术因其全天候、多时相等特点被广泛应用于滑坡灾害的早期识别中.收集了87景Sentinel-1A降轨数据,利用差分干涉测量短基线集时序分析(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar,SBAS-InSAR)技术对成汶高速路汶川段进行形变区的识别与分析,结果显示共识别出10处,经野外复核均为处于持续变形中的滑坡,有较好的一致性.根据早期识别结果,对3个比选方案进行综合对比分析,确定方案B为最优选择.SBAS-InSAR技术能有效识别山区公路潜在滑坡隐患区,为山区公路的准确选线提供科学依据.   相似文献   

2.
史绪国  徐金虎  蒋厚军  张路  廖明生 《地球科学》2019,44(12):4284-4292
坡体表面形变是表征坡体稳定性的重要信息,因此,非常有必要对滑坡多发区域进行时序常规变形监测.近年来,星载合成孔径雷达数据由于其覆盖范围大、形变监测精度高的特点,被越来越多的用于山区滑坡识别与探测.首先介绍了联合分布式目标与点目标的时序InSAR方法,并将该方法应用于分析覆盖三峡藕塘滑坡的2007年至2011年的19景ALOS PALSAR数据和2015年至2018年的47景Sentinel-1数据,提取了数据覆盖时间段内的藕塘地区的变形速率.发现相比于2007年至2011年,2015年至2018年新增三处不稳定斜坡.进一步对滑坡的时序变形分析表明,降雨和水位变化是坡体稳定性最大的两个影响因素.实验证明时序InSAR方法可以作为常规形变手段来识别与监测三峡库区等地区潜在的滑坡,为防灾减灾提供支持与依据.   相似文献   

3.
In the Zhouqu region (Gansu, China), landslide distribution and activity exploits geological weaknesses in the fault-controlled belt of low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Bailong valley and severely impacts lives and livelihoods in this region. Landslides reactivated by the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake and debris flows triggered by rainfall, such as the 2010 Zhouqu debris flow, have caused more than 1700 casualties and estimated economic losses of some US$0.4 billion. Earthflows presently cover some 79% of the total landslide area and have exerted a strong influence on landscape dynamics and evolution in this region. In this study, we use multi-temporal Advanced Land Observing Satellite and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) data and time series interferometric synthetic aperture radar to investigate slow-moving landslides in a mountainous region with steep topography for the period December 2007–August 2010 using the Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS) technique. This enabled the identification of 11 active earthflows, 19 active landslides with deformation rates exceeding 100 mm/year and 20 new instabilities added into the pre-existing landslide inventory map. The activity of these earthflows and landslides exhibits seasonal variations and accelerated deformation following the Wenchuan earthquake. Time series analysis of the Suoertou earthflow reveals that seasonal velocity changes are characterized by comparatively rapid acceleration and gradual deceleration with distinct kinematic zones with different mean velocities, although velocity changes appear to occur synchronously along the landslide body over seasonal timescales. The observations suggest that the post-seismic effects (acceleration period) on landslide deformation last some 6–7 months.  相似文献   

4.
This paper presents the results of spatiotemporal monitoring of surface subsidence over a mining area in Zonguldak Province of Turkey using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, providing maps of subsidence rates in the radar line of sight direction. A total of 18 SAR images, acquired between January 2007 and June 2010 by the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite, have been used to map the surface displacements using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique. The use of Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data has proved useful for avoiding signal decorrelation and estimating surface deformation in the heavily vegetated study region. The technique enables the monitoring of continuous small displacements over a large area. Our findings present that many Persistent Scatterers were located on the vegetation cover. The results reveal areas of ground surface subsidence up to 44 mm/year that are well correlated with the underground coal mining galleries particularly in the Gelik region where the Karadon mining galleries are present.  相似文献   

5.
涉水型古滑坡是西南水电工程区常见的灾害类型,揭示这类滑坡的成灾机理有助于降低链式灾害发生风险概率。以云南省德钦县燕门乡拉金神谷古滑坡为例,基于野外地质调查、InSAR监测和数值模拟研究,结合滑坡区工程地质条件,分析了滑坡的变形特征和破坏演化全过程。研究结果表明: ①拉金神谷滑坡成灾过程为前缘局部变形阶段→后缘拉裂阶段→滑坡—堰塞湖阶段→堰塞湖溃决阶段; ②库水位上升和降雨共同作用是诱发滑坡大变形的直接原因; ③若该滑坡的地质环境条件持续恶化,发生滑坡堵溃型链式灾害的风险很高。通过对拉金神谷古滑坡的成灾机理研究,提出了引入InSAR等监测调查技术手段开展类似涉水古滑坡排查的地质灾害早期识别建议,这对防范类似的高位链式地质灾害具有重要实践意义。  相似文献   

6.
The Thompson River valley, south of Ashcroft in British Columbia, Canada, has experienced several landslides since the mid-1800s. The national railways that run along the valley cross a number of these landslides. All the landslides occur in glacial deposits, typically sliding on weak clay layers. Some have failed rapidly to very rapidly and are currently inactive or showing deformation rates from a few millimeters to centimeters per year. An evaluation of satellite InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) using RADARSAT-2 images between September 2013 and November 2015 provides new insight into landslide displacements in the Thompson River valley. This information enhances the ongoing hazard management of unstable terrain. This paper presents the comparison of the InSAR measurements with other instrumentation (GPS and ShapeAccelArrays? -SAA) installed at one moving landslide and then addresses the extent and magnitude of the slope movements observed. InSAR was found to provide similar displacement values to those measured otherwise. The stable location showed displacements of +/?1 mm with an average near zero during the whole monitoring period. Six areas of slope movement were identified within the study area, all within or adjacent to the footprints of past landslides. The average line of sight (LOS) displacement rates range between 11 and 39 mm/year. Most of the landslides exhibited seasonal variations in velocity that corresponds to changes in river elevation in the valley.  相似文献   

7.
A major limitation for wide application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing in mapping landslide surface displacements is the intrinsic gap between the ultimate objective of measuring three-dimensional displacements and the limited capability of detecting only one or two-dimensional displacements by repeat-pass SAR observations of identical imaging geometries. Although multi-orbit SAR observations of dissimilar viewing geometries can be jointly analyzed to inverse the three-dimensional displacements, the reliability of inversion results might be highly questionable in case of continuous motion because of the usually asynchronous acquisitions of multi-orbit SAR datasets. Aiming at this problem, we proposed an approach of retrieving time series three-dimensional displacements from multi-angular SAR datasets for step-like landslides in the Three Gorges area in this article. Firstly, time series displacements of a common ground target in the azimuth and line-of-sight (LOS) direction can be estimated using traditional methods of SAR interferometry (InSAR) and SAR pixel offset tracking (POT), respectively. Then, a spline fitting and interpolation procedure was employed to parameterize the displacement history in the sliding/dormant periods of step-like landslides and estimate displacements from multi-angular observations for identical date series. Finally, three-dimensional displacements can be inverted from these synchronized multi-angular measured displacements in traditional ways. As a case study, the proposed method was applied to retrieve the three-dimensional displacements history of the Shuping landslide in the Three Gorges area, China. Comparisons between SAR-measured displacements and measurements of global positioning system (GPS) showed good agreement. Furthermore, temporal correlation analyses suggest that reservoir water level fluctuation and rainfall are the two most important impact factors for the Shuping landslide stability.  相似文献   

8.
We present two case studies regarding the application of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Persistent Scatterers Interferometry (PSI) techniques to landslide-prone slopes situated in the municipal territories of Caramanico Terme and Volturino (Italy). The analysis of satellite SAR data with PSI techniques poses often problems on sites where, due to the scarcity of human artefacts and the presence of vegetation cover, density of coherent points (PS) is low (< 10 per km2). Moreover, the steep and rough topography typical of landslide-prone areas hamper the interferometric pre-processing, making more difficult the joint estimation of displacements and of DEM errors. Under these conditions the significance of temporal interferometric phase trends can be uncertain and conservative assumptions, necessary to ensure low false detection probabilities, need to be coupled with innovative processing strategies to increase the detection efficiency of PS objects. Here, the SPINUA (Stable Point Interferometry over Un-urbanised Areas) processing technique is applied together with an alternative PS Candidate (PSC) selection procedure based on the use of pixels classified as urban.

The cases of Caramanico and Volturino are representative, respectively, of harsh and favourable conditions for PSI applications. The results from Caramanico show clusters of PS exhibiting similar line-of-sight (LOS) deformation behaviour in the period 1995–2000. The locations of moving PS often coincide with distressed buildings and appear consistent with the areal distribution of recent and past landslide activity. The temporal displacement trends, however, are characterised by very low annual average velocities (from 3 to 7 mm/y) and it is uncertain to what extent the PS data reflect true slope movements, local deformations (e.g. settlement of engineering structures) or both.

Thanks to the more favourable conditions, the application of the standard SPINUA approach in the Volturino area was sufficient to obtain suitable densities of PS, as well as spatially and temporally consistent displacement results for a period 1992–2000. In particular, a group of moving PS was identified in a peri-urban area, known for the past and recent slope stability problems. The slowly moving PS (from 3 to 5 mm/y) fall in a location that, unlike the remaining part of the town, is characterised by the presence of many distressed buildings and structures. Although the site information confirms the reliability of PS data, in the absence of ground monitoring and detailed records of landslide movements, it is difficult to identify the main mechanism of the detected deformations. In general, in geologically and topographically complex urban/peri-urban settings, the significance of very low-velocity PSI surface displacements should always be considered together with in situ geotechnical controls and ground monitoring data.  相似文献   


9.
宁夏隆德县地处六盘山西麓,地质条件复杂,受季节性强降雨影响,滑坡地质灾害频发,给当地人民生命财产安全造成了严重威胁。针对宁夏东部和南部植被覆盖率高的特点,文章利用合成孔径雷达升降轨差分干涉测量（Synthetic Aperture Radar Difference Interferometry, D-InSAR）技术与高分辨率光学遥感相结合,对隆德县展开滑坡隐患早期识别与探测研究。首先通过干涉叠加技术（Stacking）分别获得2019年1月—2020年5月隆德县升轨和降轨方向的雷达视向形变速率,然后结合高分辨率光学遥感影像产品和数字高程模型（DEM）,基于专家判识经验建立适用于该研究区的滑坡隐患形态和变形解译标志,完成全县范围的滑坡隐患综合遥感识别和地面调查工作。本次遥感调查工作共识别滑坡隐患47处,野外调查验证21处,其中核实16处,准确率为71.4%。实地调查结果验证了综合遥感识别与探测技术在宁夏南部地质灾害隐患遥感调查的适用性和可行性,同时也验证了识别结果的准确性,为宁夏南部地区滑坡防治和突发地质灾害应急提供了重要的科学依据。  相似文献   

10.
Urban areas are frequently affected by ground instabilities of various origins. The location of urban zones affected by ground instability phenomena is crucially important for hazard mitigation policies. Satellite-based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has demonstrated its remarkable capability to detect and quantify ground and building motion in urban areas, especially since the development of Advanced Differential Interferometric SAR techniques (A-DInSAR). In fact, the high density of reflectors like buildings and infrastructures in urban areas improves the quality of the InSAR signal, allowing sub-centimetric displacements to be reliably detected. The A-DInSAR techniques allow urban zones affected by ground deformation to be located and mapped, but clearly they are not able to point out the causes of the instability phenomena. These can only be highlighted by an integrated analysis of multidisciplinary data, like geological, geotechnical, SAR interferometric and historical data. The overlay of these data, which is possible within a Geographic Information System (GIS), is a useful tool to identify ground motion phenomena affecting urban zones. In this study we apply this kind of approach to Caltanissetta, a provincial capital in Sicily (Italy), where local damage has been detected. The reconstruction of the local near-surface geology shows the presence of zones affected by local natural hazard factors, essentially due to the local presence of soils with poor mechanical properties or swelling soils, high topographic gradients and steep slopes on loose soils. Processing 17 ASAR-ENVISAT SAR images covering the time interval October 2002–December 2005 by means of an A-DInSAR procedure, the Caltanissetta deformation map has been realized. It shows that most of the city is stable, with the exception of three zones, situated in the northwestern, northeastern and southern parts of the city, respectively. Two of them, characterized by high topographic gradients and steep slopes on sandy soils, are affected by subsidence ground motion. An uplift motion is recognized in the other zone, characterized by the local presence of expansible clays. Geotechnical swelling tests carried out on them have shown a swelling behavior. On site surveys have highlighted the presence of damage in the zones affected by ground motion.  相似文献   

11.
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar data from ERS and ENVISAT sensors were utilized in the analysis of the post-failure deformations in the area of Lubietova town in Central Slovakia. The catastrophic landslide of 1977 together with surrounding landslides in the Lubietova area were analysed with the help of persistent scatterers (PS) technique in order to evaluate recent and past deformations of the unstable slopes. Although long-term precise geodetic monitoring of the 1977 landslide revealed differential deformations inside the sliding mass, due to the lack of the PS located inside the landside caused by temporal decorrelation, unfortunately, these records could not be directly compared. The adjacent landslides with sufficient number of PS were analysed by transformation of the line of sight displacements recorded by the sensors to the slope vector direction. This procedure allowed identification of the precise boundaries of the actively moving landslide parts and the updating of the landslide inventory for the Lubietova area.  相似文献   

12.
This paper is addressed to readers without advanced knowledge of remote sensing. It illustrates some current and potential uses of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (InSAR) for landslide assessment. Data acquired by SAR systems can provide 3D terrain models and be used to assist in regional scale investigations, e.g. aimed at evaluation of susceptibility of slopes to failure. Under favourable environmental conditions, the innovative Permanent Scatterers (PS) technique, which overcomes several limitations of conventional SAR differential interferometry (DInSAR) applications in landslide studies, is suitable for monitoring slope deformations with millimetric precision. The PS technique combines the wide-area coverage typical of satellite imagery with the capability of providing displacement data relative to individual image pixels. With the currently available radar satellites, however, only very slow ground surface displacements can be reliably detected and measured. The presented case study of a landslide from the Liechtenstein Alps indicates that the most attractive and reliable contribution provided by this remote sensing technique lies in the possibility of (i.) wide-area qualitative distinction between stable and unstable areas and (ii.) qualitative (relative) hazard zonation of large, slow landslides based on the identification of segments characterised by different movement rates. Since only the radar line of sight projection of the displacements can be detected, a quantitative exploitation of the PS data is possible only where sufficient ground truth is available. In site specific or single landslide investigations the PS data can represent a very useful complementary data source with respect to the information acquired through ground based observations and in situ surveying. However, the difficulties associated with the feasibility assessments of the applicability of SAR data to local scale problems, as well as with the interpretation of PS results, require a close collaboration between landslide experts and specialists in advanced processing of radar satellite data. The interpretation of the exact geotechnical significance of small, radar sensed ground surface deformations is challenging, especially where ground truth is lacking. Although any ground deformation is potentially of interest to an engineering geologist, detection of movements in both vertical and horizontal directions is needed in the case of landslides to evaluate slope failure mechanisms. With their high radar viewing angles, however, the current space-borne systems can detect only a fraction of the horizontal component of movement. It is expected that the upcoming SAR dedicated missions with new sensors and different acquisition geometries, combined with the rapid developments in the field of advanced radar data processing, will allow a full 3D reconstruction of deformation data and help to further reduce the current limitations of the PS and similar DInSAR approaches.  相似文献   

13.
三峡库区滑坡监测中的新技术和新方法   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
三峡库区地质环境脆弱,是我国滑坡灾害的多发地区,因此,有效开展滑坡监测已经成为三峡库区地质灾害防治的一项重要任务.目前,三峡库区的滑坡监测系统已初步得到建立,大量新技术和新方法的应用成果,为及时准确掌握三峡库区滑坡的变形状况、预测预报滑坡的发生提供了科学依据.文中着重介绍了GPS大地形变测量、自动伸缩计地表位移测量、合成孔径雷达干涉测量、TDR滑坡体深部变形测量和自动远程遥控监测等新技术和新方法的应用情况,并对各自的优缺点进行了分析和比较.指出在三峡库区滑坡监测中,应该根据滑坡自身特点、监测目的和仪器的特性,合理选择监测方法.  相似文献   

14.
Statistical analyses have been often used for landslide susceptibility zoning at small to medium scale when relevant base and thematic maps are available. Since the beginning of the last decade, images remotely acquired by spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and processed via Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) proved extremely useful for non-invasive and non-destructive monitoring of displacements of the topographic surface. The present paper proposes an original procedure for the definition of the state of activity of slow-moving landslides via the combined use of multivariate statistical analyses and DInSAR data. The procedure is based on the following essential elements: distinction between terrain units used for computational purposes and the final zoning units; independent statistical and DInSAR analyses and activity models leading to first-level state of activity zoning maps; a consistency model between statistical and DInSAR analyses; two confidence and combination models leading, respectively, to second- or third-level state of activity zoning maps. The application in a test area including 19 municipalities in southern Italy, where slow-moving landslides are widespread and accurately mapped by using geomorphological criteria, allowed the generation of the three above-mentioned levels of zoning maps. The results were successfully crosschecked by exploiting a different DInSAR dataset and the results of previous works based on the use of slow-moving landslide-induced damage to facilities surveys.  相似文献   

15.
Recent research has provided a high-resolution map that depicts the effect of land subsidence on the Venice coastal plain of Italy. The map, which covers the decade of 1992 to 2002, was obtained by an innovative “Subsidence Integrated Monitoring System” (SIMS), which efficiently merges the different displacement measurements obtained by high precision-leveling, differential and continuous Global Positing System data (GPS), and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-based interferometry. The displacement rates exhibit significant spatial variability, ranging from a slight 1 to 2 mm/yr uplift, to a serious subsidence of more than 10 mm/yr. This paper aims to describe the many natural and anthropogenic mechanisms that drive the pattern of the ground displacement. The movement sources are presented based on their depth of occurrence. Deep causes act at depths generally greater than 400 m below m.s.l. (mean sea level), and are recognizable in the movement of the pre-Quaternary basement. Medium causes act at depths between 400 and 50 m below m.s.l., and include geological features, such as a major presence of compressible clay layers in the southern and northern portions of the study area and groundwater withdrawals, mainly in the north-eastern coastland and western mainland. Shallow causes, i.e. those occurring from a depth of 50 m up to the ground surface, are related to the architecture and geomechanical properties of the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, which are more thick and compressible approaching the littoral belt; geochemical compaction, due to the increasing salt concentration in the clayey sediments; and oxidation of the outcropping organic soils drained by land reclamation. These two latter factors primarily involve the southern portion of the Venice coast. The building loads in newly developed areas also cause local compaction of shallow deposits. We conclude that the consolidation of Holocene deposits and anthropogenic activities (groundwater withdrawal, land reclamation, and urban land use) are the major factors that contribute to the present land subsidence in the Venice coastland.  相似文献   

16.
Large landslides and deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD) represent an important geo-hazard in relation to the deformation of large structures and infrastructures and to the associated secondary landslides. DSGSD movements, although slow (from a few millimetres to several centimetres per year), can continue for very long periods, producing large cumulative displacements and undergoing partial or complete reactivation. Therefore, it is important to map the activity of such phenomena at a regional scale. Ground surface displacements at DSGSD typically range close to the detection limit of monitoring equipment but are suitable for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry. In this paper, permanent scatterers (PSInSAR?) and SqueeSAR? techniques are used to analyse the activity of 133 DSGSD, in the Central Italian Alps. Statistical indicators for assigning a degree of activity to slope movements from displacement rates are discussed together with methods for analysing the movement and activity distribution within each landslide. In order to assess if a landslide is active or not, with a certain degree of reliability, three indicators are considered as optimal: the mean displacement rate, the activity index (ratio of active PS, displacement rate larger than standard deviation, overall PS) and the nearest neighbor ratio, which allows to describe the degree of clustering of the PS data. According to these criteria, 66% of the phenomena are classified as active in the monitored period 1992–2009. Finally, a new methodology for the use of SAR interferometry data to attain a classification of landslide kinematic behaviour is presented. This methodology is based on the interpretation of longitudinal ground surface displacement rate profiles in the light of numerical simulations of simplified failure geometries. The most common kinematic behaviour is rotational, amounting to 41 DSGSDs, corresponding to the 62.1% of the active phenomena.  相似文献   

17.
Slope instability arisen along with dam construction is a common problem of great concern in reservoir areas. Thus, displacement monitoring of active slopes is of great importance for the safety of dam operation. The unstable Guobu slope is located only about 1.5 km away from Laxiwa hydropower station in upstream Yellow River. In this study, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) datasets acquired by C-band Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR), L-band Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar 2 (PALSAR-2), and X-band TerraSAR-X covering different evolution stages of Guobu slope were collected to investigate the displacement history so as to facilitate understanding of its deformation and failure mechanisms. The displacements occurred during the past decade were quantitatively identified for the first time by SAR pixel offset tracking analyses. The results show that before the reservoir impoundment, the maximum accumulative displacements on the slope were more than 7 m from 2003 to 2008, while the post-impoundment displacements also exceeded 7 m in just 1 year from September 2009 to September 2010. Furthermore, this slope is still in active deformation up to now. Nevertheless, the displacement rates seem decreased recently according to the interferometric results of TerraSAR-X data pairs from September 2015 to March 2016.  相似文献   

18.
M. Barla  F. Antolini 《Landslides》2016,13(2):215-228
Early Warning Systems (EWS) are efficient tools for preventing and mitigating the risks associated to landslides occurrence. In this paper, an integrated methodology for landslides’ analysis is presented and described. Such methodology is aimed at the creation of early warning systems and is based on the integration between a modern monitoring technique, such as the Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBInSAR), along with advanced numerical modelling. The paper also shows the application of the proposed methodology to the case study of a rockslide in central Italy. The integration between monitoring data, thanks to a GBInSAR survey and advanced numerical simulations with the combined Finite-Discrete Elements Method (FDEM), allowed for the definition of a set of surface velocity thresholds to be adopted for the long-term monitoring of the landslide and for the creation of an effective EWS.  相似文献   

19.
InSAR技术及其在沧州地面沉降监测中的应用   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
随着城市建设的飞速发展,地面沉降危害日益显著,常规的测量方法尽管精度高,但是成本高、采样精度低、测量时间周期长,已经无法满足当今社会的要求。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)已成为测量地球表面变化极具潜力的技术,它可以大面积的采样、测量时间短,同时成本也很低。沧州地区至2001年沉降中心累计沉降量已达2236mm。文中介绍用合成孔径雷达干涉测量进行沧州地区地面沉降监测的试验,最后利用InSAR的差分技术得到的沧州地区的地面沉降监测结果,并据此得到一些初步认识。  相似文献   

20.
Within the SLAM project (Service for Landslide Monitoring), launched in 2003 by the European Space Agency (ESA) the Permanent Scatterers (PS) technique, a multi-image interferometric approach, coupled with the interpretation of aerial-photos and optical satellite images, was carried out for landslide investigations. The PS analysis was applied at a regional scale as support for landslide inventory mapping and at local scale for the monitoring of single well-known slope movements. For the integration of the PS measurements within a landslide inventory the Arno river basin (Italy) was chosen as test site for the presence of a high number of mass movements (to date about 300 areas at high landslide risk and more than 27,000 individual landslides mapped by the institutional authorities). About 350 SAR images have been interferometrically processed by means of the PS technique, with the detection of about 600,000 PS. The use of optical images contributed spatial meaning to the point-wise information provided by the PS, making it easier to identify terrain features related to slope instability and the landslide boundaries. Here we describe the employed methodology and its impact in the updating of a preexisting landslide inventory. 6.8% of the total number of landslides were characterized by ground displacement measurements from the PS: 6.1% of already mapped landslides and 0.8% of new unstable areas detected through the PS analysis. Moreover, most of the PS are located in urban areas, showing that the proposed methodology is suitable for landslide mapping in areas with a quite high density of urbanization, but that over vegetated areas it still suffers from the limitations induced by the current space-borne SAR missions (e.g. temporal de-correlation). On the other hand, the use of InSAR for the monitoring of single slow landslides threatening built-up areas has provided satisfactory results, allowing the measurement of superficial deformations with high accuracy on the landslide sectors characterized by a good radar reflectivity and coherence.  相似文献   

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