共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
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选用陕西省51个地面气象站1961—2019年日降水数据,利用MATLAB2017计算了6个极端降水指数,采用线性趋势分析法、森斜率和改进的非参数Mann-Kendall趋势检验法研究不同时间尺度下极端降水指数的时空演变特征并找出了发生突变的年份。结果表明：各极端降水指数的月际、年际和年代际变化差异较大;夏季（7—9月）容易发生极端湿润事件,而冬季则容易发生极端干旱事件;连续干旱日数（DCD）、连续湿润日数（DCW）、强降水日数（DR10）和最大日降水量（Rd,max）、非常湿润日降水量（R95p）、全年湿润日降水总量（RT）的变化趋势率分别为-014、-013、-020 d/10 a 和108、039、-342 mm/10 a,多年平均值分别为388、58、200 d和607、1678、6443 mm;极端湿润事件发生较频繁的站点主要分布在陕南地区,而陕北地区的站点发生干旱的风险较高;陕北有变湿润的趋势,而关中平原地区的极端降水事件整体有缓解的趋势,陕南地区极端降水事件则表现为区域加剧和缓解并存的趋势。 相似文献
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根据西南地区112个站点1961-2000年逐时降水资料,分析了不同季节降水时数、小时雨强、极端强降水时数和极端强降水强度的变化趋势.从降水时数变化来看,夏季西南大部分地区如四川盆地西部、云南、贵州南部等地总降水时数有减少趋势,四川盆地东部和川西高原总降水时数增加;整个区域平均趋势为-0.9%/10a.相应地,极端强降... 相似文献
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伴随全球气候变暖,极端降水事件明显增多,造成的灾害损失日益增加。青藏高原作为全球气候变化敏感区域,开展该区域极端降水事件时空变化特征研究有助于提升高原气候预测和防灾减灾能力。利用1961—2017年青藏高原中东部68个气象站逐日降水观测数据,通过百分位阈值法和线性倾向估计法,结合极端降水指数,分析该区域极端降水时空分布及变化趋势,探讨不同等级降水对总降水量的贡献。结果表明：青藏高原中东部地区各极端降水指数总体均由东南向西北递减,东南部是总降水和极端降水高值区,但该区域对整体降水量增加的影响较小。近57 a来,各极端降水指数整体均呈增加趋势,总降水量及其强度、强降水量、1日最大降水量和连续5 d最大降水量增加趋势显著,强降水量气候倾向率大于特强降水量,且强降水量占比明显增大,而特强降水量占比略有减小,表明强降水量增加对总降水量的贡献更大。强降水量和强降水、中雨日数与总降水量及其强度的变化趋势空间分布基本一致,区域东北部为显著增加区,中雨、强降水日数及雨量的增加导致高原中东部总降水量和极端降水量增加。 相似文献
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泛南海地区是全球海—陆—气相互作用最敏感的区域之一,该区域极端降水释放的潜热加热可以调节局地的温度和湿度廓线对大气环流进行调整,进而影响周边地区甚至全球的天气气候。因此,泛南海地区极端降水的时空变化特征及变异机理一直是国内外学者关注的焦点。本文利用观测数据（1951～2014年）和国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）两种共享社会经济路径（SSP1-2.6和SSP5-8.5）的统计降尺度数据（2015～2100年）,分析了泛南海地区年平均和季节平均的日降水的最大值（RX1day）、连续5日降水的最大值（RX5day）、极端强降水天数（R20）和非常湿润天（R95p）的时空变化特征。RX1day、RX5day、R20和R95p常用于表征极端强降水、持续性强降水、极端强降水的频率和极端累计降雨量的特征。1951～2014年泛南海地区年平均和季节平均的四个极端降水指数的较大值均分布在东南亚、中国东南部以及青藏高原南坡地区,即这些区域不仅是极端强降水发生的区域,也是持续性强降水以及高频极端降水发生的区域。季节平均的极端降水指数特征表现为：东南亚一年四季都极易发生强降水、持续性强降水和高频极... 相似文献
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1961~2010年西北地区极端气候事件变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《干旱气象》2015,(6)
利用1961~2010年西北地区131个气象站的逐日平均气温、最高和最低气温及逐日降水资料,分析了西北地区极端气候事件的变化趋势及空间分布特征。结果表明:气候变暖背景下,西北地区近50 a来气温整体呈增加趋势,极端高温事件增多,极端低温事件减少;降水量呈微弱的增加趋势,极端降水事件增多;极端高温日数分别在1982年和1996年发生转折,95%、99%极端低温日数均在1980年前后发生突变,95%、99%极端降水日数分别在2000年和1980年出现转折,这与气温和降水的变化趋势一致。极端低温日数减少的幅度大于极端高温日数增加的幅度,表明气温日较差呈减小趋势,存在非对称性增温特征。空间上,增温率大的区域其极端高温日数增加,极端低温日数显著减少;95%、99%极端降水日数增率大的区域多位于降水量倾向率较高的地区。 相似文献
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为揭示广元极端降水的变化趋势,利用1961~2015年逐时和逐日降水数据分析广元降水特征和极端降水事件变化。结果表明,广元降水总量年际变化不明显,小时降水越来越极端;在02~06时,小时降水量呈增加趋势,苍溪和青川降水年际倾向率日变化为单峰单谷型,旺苍、广元和剑阁为双峰单谷型。广元市大部分地区短时强降水次数逐年增加,在1980s和2000年后有明显增加,特别是1980s的旺苍站,增幅达到71%;广元小时及日降水最大值有增加趋势。1961~2015年,日降水量≥25mm天数(R25mm)、日降水强度(SDⅡ)和极端降水量(R95)的年际倾向率分别为0.0558d·a~(-1)、0.0168mm·d~(-1)·a~(-1)和0.5998mm·a~(-1),而持续降水日数(CWD)则以-0.0202d·a~(-1)的速率减少,广元每年降水的持续天数在减少,但降水情况越来越极端。 相似文献
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利用西昌市北郊某观测站19742009年近40年的逐日降水资料, 采用通用的极端气候指数, 逐年统计各级降水的发生日数资料。采用气候趋势分析法、滑动平均法、多项式拟合法及Morlet小波变换等方法诊断分析各类降水事件的气候变化特征。结果表明:雨日、冰雹的减少趋势显著;总降水量、年最大日降水量、强降水日数R95%、中等雨日数R75%、雨季总降水量呈上升趋势, 但并不显著, 降雪日数的下降趋势也不显著;暴雨日数的长期变化趋势不明显;各类降水事件及极端天气存在一定的振荡周期。针对现阶段气候变化特点, 提出了应对建议。 相似文献
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利用西昌市北郊某观测站1974~2009年近40年的逐日降水资料,采用通用的极端气候指数,逐年统计各级降水的发生日数资料。采用气候趋势分析法、滑动平均法、多项式拟合法及Morlet小波变换等方法诊断分析各类降水事件的气候变化特征。结果表明：雨日、冰雹的减少趋势显著;总降水量、年最大日降水量、强降水日数R95%、中等雨日数R75%、雨季总降水量呈上升趋势,但并不显著,降雪日数的下降趋势也不显著;暴雨日数的长期变化趋势不明显;各类降水事件及极端天气存在一定的振荡周期。针对现阶段气候变化特点,提出了应对建议。 相似文献
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利用Hadley气候预测与研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS单向嵌套该中心全球海-气耦合气候模式HadCM3高分辨率的大气部分HadAM3H,分析了SRES A2情景下2071-2100年相对于气候基准时段（1961-1990年）中国区域的气候变化,包括气温和降水的年际、季节和日时间尺度的变化以及极端气候事件的变化趋势。模拟结果表明：气温呈明显增加趋势,其中新疆和东北地区增温明显。而降水表现了更大的年际变化和季节变化,冬季南方降水减少,但沿黄河流域的降水明显增加,夏季与冬季相比呈现出相反的趋势。此外,连续高温日数呈现增加趋势,而连续霜冻日数呈现减少趋势。连续湿日数也表现出一定的增加趋势。 相似文献
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MEAN AND VARIANCE CHANGE IN CLIMATE SCENARIOS: METHODS, AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS, AND MEASURES OF UNCERTAINTY 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
Our central goal is to determine the importance of including both mean and variability changes in climate change scenarios in an agricultural context. By adapting and applying a stochastic weather generator, we first tested the sensitivity of the CERES-Wheat model to combinations of mean and variability changes of temperature and precipitation for two locations in Kansas. With a 2°C increase in temperature with daily (and interannual) variance doubled, yields were further reduced compared to the mean only change. In contrast, the negative effects of the mean temperature increase were greatly ameliorated by variance decreased by one-half. Changes for precipitation are more complex, since change in variability naturally attends change in mean, and constraining the stochastic generator to mean change only is highly artificial. The crop model is sensitive to precipitation variance increases with increased mean and variance decreases with decreased mean. With increased mean precipitation and a further increase in variability Topeka (where wheat cropping is not very moisture limited) experiences decrease in yield after an initial increase from the 'mean change only case. At Goodland Kansas, a moisture-limited site where summer fallowing is practiced, yields are decreased with decreased precipitation, but are further decreased when variability is further reduced. The range of mean and variability changes to which the crop model is sensitive are within the range of changes found in regional climate modeling (RegCM) experiments for a CO2 doubling (compared to a control run experiment). We then formed two types of climate change scenarios based on the changes in climate found in the control and doubled CO2 experiments over the conterminous U. S. of RegCM: (1) one using only mean monthly changes in temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation; and (2) another that included these mean changes plus changes in daily (and interannual) variability. The scenarios were then applied to the CERES-Wheat model at four locations (Goodland, Topeka, Des Moines, Spokane) in the United States. Contrasting model responses to the two scenarios were found at three of the four sites. At Goodland, and Des Moines mean climate change increased mean yields and decreased yield variability, but the mean plus variance climate change reduced yields to levels closer to their base (unchanged) condition. At Spokane mean climate change increased yields, which were somewhat further increased with climate variability change. Three key aspects that contribute to crop response are identified: the marginality of the current climate for crop growth, the relative size of the mean and variance changes, and timing of these changes. Indices for quantifying uncertainty in the impact assessment were developed based on the nature of the climate scenario formed, and the magnitude of difference between model and observed values of relevant climate variables. 相似文献
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本研究利用区域气候模式RegCM4提供的RCP8.5(高排放)和RCP4.5(中排放)情景下的逐日平均气温和降水量,计算并分析了西南地区21世纪不同阶段平均气温、平均降水、连续干旱日数(CDD)、> 20mm的降水日数(R20mm)、连续5天最大降水量(Rx5day)和单日降水强度指数(SDII)相对于参照期(1986～2005年)的变化特征,进而定性地给出未来气候变化对西南地区地质灾害的可能影响。结果表明:未来西南地区因平均气温升高、平均降水量变化、持续干旱变化、强降水变化、降水集中程度变化和单日降水强度变化将导致地质灾害发生的可能性增大,但诱因不同、影响区域有差异;另外温室气体浓度越高,平均气温、平均降水以及相关极端指数相对于基准期变幅基本上都越大,相关地质灾害风险增加的可能性也越大。 相似文献
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Uncertainty analysis of statistical downscaling models using Hadley Centre Coupled Model 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
S. Samadi Catherine A. M. E. Wilson Hamid Moradkhani 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,114(3-4):673-690
Regression-based statistical downscaling is a method broadly used to resolve the coarse spatial resolution of general circulation models. Nevertheless, the assessment of uncertainties linked with climatic variables is essential to climate impact studies. This study presents a procedure to characterize the uncertainty in regression-based statistical downscaling of daily precipitation and temperature over a highly vulnerable area (semiarid catchment) in the west of Iran, based on two downscaling models: a statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Biases in mean, variance, and wet/dry spells are estimated for downscaled data using vigorous statistical tests for 30 years of observed and downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data taken from the National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis predictors for the years of 1961 to 1990. In the case of daily temperature, uncertainty is estimated by comparing monthly mean and variance of downscaled and observed daily data at a 95 % confidence level. In daily precipitation, downscaling uncertainties were evaluated from comparing monthly mean dry and wet spell lengths and their confidence intervals, cumulative frequency distributions of monthly mean of daily precipitation, and the distributions of monthly wet and dry days for observed and modeled daily precipitation. Results showed that uncertainty in downscaled precipitation is high, but simulation of daily temperature can reproduce extreme events accurately. Finally, this study shows that the SDSM is the most proficient model at reproducing various statistical characteristics of observed data at a 95 % confidence level, while the ANN model is the least capable in this respect. This study attempts to test uncertainties of regression-based statistical downscaling techniques in a semiarid area and therefore contributes to an improvement of the quality of predictions of climate change impact assessment in regions of this type. 相似文献
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The effect of changes in daily and interannual climatic variability on CERES-Wheat: A sensitivity study 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
We investigate the effect of changes in daily and interannual variability of temperature and precipitation on yields simulated by the CERES-Wheat model at two locations in the central Great Plains. Changes in variability were effected by adjusting parameters of the Richardson daily weather generator. Two types of changes in precipitation were created: one with both intensity and frequency changed; and another with change only in persistence. In both types mean total monthly precipitation is held constant. Changes in daily (and interannual) variability of temperature result in substantial changes in the mean and variability of simulated wheat yields. With a doubling of temperature variability, large reductions in mean yield and increases in variability of yield result primarily from crop failures due to winter kill at both locations. Reduced temperature variability has little effect. Changes in daily precipitation variability also resulted in substantial changes in mean and variability of yield. Interesting interactions of the precipitation variability changes with the contrasting base climates are found at the two locations. At one site where soil moisture is not limiting, mean yield decreased and variability of yield increased with increasing precipitation variability, whereas mean yields increased at the other location, where soil moisture is limiting. Yield changes were similar for the two different types of precipitation variability change investigated. Compared to an earlier study for the same locations wherein variability changes were effected by altering observed time series, and the focus was on interannual variability, the present results for yield changes are much more substantial. This study demonstrates the importance of taking into account change in daily (and interannual) variability of climate when analyzing the effect of climate change on crop yields.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
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Based on the daily mean temperature and 24-h accumulated total precipitation over central and southern China, the features and the possible causes of the extreme weather events with low temperature and icing conditions,which occurred in the southern part of China during early 2008, are investigated in this study. In addition, multimodel consensus forecasting experiments are conducted by using the ensemble forecasts of ECMWF, JMA, NCEP and CMA taken from the TIGGE archives. Results show that more than a third of the stations in the southern part of China were covered by the extremely abundant precipitation with a 50-a return period, and extremely low temperature with a 50-a return period occurred in the Guizhou and western Hunan province as well. For the 24- to 216-h surface temperature forecasts, the bias-removed multimodel ensemble mean with running training period(R-BREM) has the highest forecast skill of all individual models and multimodel consensus techniques. Taking the RMSEs of the ECMWF 96-h forecasts as the criterion, the forecast time of the surface temperature may be prolonged to 192 h over the southeastern coast of China by using the R-BREM technique. For the sprinkle forecasts over central and southern China, the R-BREM technique has the best performance in terms of threat scores(TS) for the 24- to 192-h forecasts except for the 72-h forecasts among all individual models and multimodel consensus techniques. For the moderate rain, the forecast skill of the R-BREM technique is superior to those of individual models and multimodel ensemble mean. 相似文献
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Statistical downscaling of daily mean temperature, pan evaporation and precipitation for climate change scenarios in Haihe River, China 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
A statistical downscaling method (SDSM) was evaluated by simultaneously downscaling air temperature, evaporation, and precipitation in Haihe River basin, China. The data used for evaluation were large-scale atmospheric data encompassing daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the daily mean climate model results for scenarios A2 and B2 of the HadCM3 model. Selected as climate variables for downscaling were measured daily mean air temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation data (1961–2000) from 11 weather stations in the Haihe River basin. The results obtained from SDSM showed that: (1) the pattern of change in and numerical values of the climate variables can be reasonably simulated, with the coefficients of determination between observed and downscaled mean temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation being 99%, 93%, and 73%, respectively; (2) systematic errors existed in simulating extreme events, but the results were acceptable for practical applications; and (3) the mean air temperature would increase by about 0.7°C during 2011~2040; the total annual precipitation would decrease by about 7% in A2 scenario but increase by about 4% in B2 scenario; and there were no apparent changes in pan evaporation. It was concluded that in the next 30 years, climate would be warmer and drier, extreme events could be more intense, and autumn might be the most distinct season among all the changes. 相似文献
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1961—2009年辽河流域水文气象要素变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
依据1961—2009年辽河流域5个气象观测站点逐日降水和气温观测资料,运用非参数检验方法（Mann-Kendall法）,对辽河流域降水和气温的变化趋势进行了分析。利用2006—2010年夏季共162d降水日的铁岭站日降水量与铁岭水文站径流量资料,探讨了日降水量与径流量之间的相关关系。结果表明：辽河流域年降水量减少趋势明显,降水量偏少年份明显增加,其主要原因为占全年降水量65%的夏季降水以7.4 mm/10 a的气候趋势倾向率递减,呈现出明显的减少趋势;辽河流域的年平均气温是在波动中逐渐上升的,且升温趋势明显,春季呈明显的升温趋势,夏季略有下降,秋季变化不大,冬季是气温上升最明显的季节;日降水量与径流量存在正相关关系,且日降水量与降水第二日的径流量相关显著。 相似文献
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新疆吉木萨尔县45年气候变化特征分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
利用吉木萨尔县1961-2005年历年日平均气温、最高（低）气温、降水量、日照时数、风速等资料，分析该县45年年际、年代际、四季及近10年的气候变化特征。得出：（1）吉木萨尔县45年全年及四季气温变化均呈上升趋势，尤其冬季增温最明显，为0．62℃／10年；且近10年是45年中最暖的时期。（2）45年来平均月最高气温变化不大；而月平均最低气温增温明显，尤其近10年平均月最低气温达45年中的最高。（3）45年全年降水量变化呈增湿趋势，变化倾向率为8．19mm／10年，其中：冬季和夏季降水量呈逐渐增多趋势；而春季和秋季平均降水量则呈缓慢减少的趋势。不同年代际全年和夏季降水量均以1990年代最多，1970年代最少。近10年的年降水量也呈增湿趋势，其中冬季降水量为45年中最多时期；秋季降水量为45年中最少时期。（4）45年中任何时段的日照时数和平均风速变化均呈减少（小）趋势。对当地生态环境的改善和农业经济发展等都有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
20.
13个IPCC AR4模式对中国区域近40a气候模拟能力的评估 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
利用中国区域550个站点逐日地面气温及降水资料,评估了参与政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次报告（the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change,IPCCAR4）的13个新一代全球气候系统模式及多模式集合对中国近40 a（1961—2000年）地面气温和降水的模拟能力,结果表明：最新全球模式对中国地区地面气温年变化及空间分布的模拟结果均较好,但在整个模拟区域地面气温模拟值系统性偏低,东部地区模拟效果好于中西部;对于降水,大部分模式能模拟出中国降水的年变化及空间分布特征,但模拟的区域性差别较大,多数模式对中国东部季风区夏季雨带北抬的过程有一定的模拟能力,但模拟雨带位置偏北。新一代全球模式能模拟出温度的线性变化趋势,但对温度及降水的年际变率模拟能力较低。比较多种评估指标得出,模式集合对温度的模拟效果最好,模式UKMO-HadCM3对降水的模拟效果最好。 相似文献