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MARCUS T. RICHARDS 《Sedimentology》1994,41(1):55-82
The Lower Triassic succession of Barles, Alpes de Haute Provence, France, comprises an unconformable quartz arenite sand body of 90m thickness. The succession may be informally divided into (i) lower channellized cross-bedded member overlain by (ii) an upper fining upward member. The lower member comprises vertically stacked, subtidal channel units separated into five major sand bodies by thin developments of fine grained channel margin and shoal deposits. Subtidal channel fill deposits are dominated by varying scales of cross bedding. These scales vary systematically from the base to the top of the member, with large scale planar sets dominating the lowest channel sand body (sand body 1), medium scale planar and trough cross bedding characterizing sand bodies 2-4, the largest scale planar sets in the highest sand body (sand body 5). This upward change in cross bedding scale is concomitant with a decrease in both the relief of major channel sand body erosion surfaces, and the proportion of preserved interchannel shoal deposits. The succeeding fining upward member comprises small scale tidal channel units overlain by channel shoal and tidal flat deposits. Tidal flat sequences are characterized by parallel laminated, wave and current rippled sandstones separated by bioturbated, fine grained siltstones and mudstones. The vertical variation in facies of the Lower Triassic succession suggests two main periods of deposition. The lower member is considered to preserve successively more seaward components of a transgressive estuarine complex. The overlying upper member records the seaward progradation of tidal channel, shoal and tidal flat environments. The unconformity bounded nature of the lower member, combined with its systematic variation in facies, suggests it may represent an incised valley-estuarine fill developed in response to an early Triassic relative sea level fall and subsequent rise. Succeeding tidal channel and tidal flat deposits forming the upper fining upward member reflect a change in sediment supply and/or rate of relative sea level rise comparable with a progradational shoreline. It is unclear whether this final depositional episode represents a period of highstand progradation or a later lowstand shoreline system developed following a further period of relative sea level fall and rise. 相似文献
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碳酸盐台地的类型、特征和沉积模式--兼论华北地台寒武纪陆表海-淹没台地的沉积样式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着对现代碳酸盐沉积环境的系统调查和解释、以及对碳酸盐沉积原理认识的深化,自20世纪60年代,一系列碳酸盐沉积相模式得以建立,其中最引人注目的是Wilson和Tucker的工作。但在镶边陆棚及缓坡模式得到了广泛认可和使用的同时,对陆表海和淹没台地型沉积未能予以足够的重视。与过去相比,现今的海平面是相对较低的,因而没有出现陆表海广泛发育的情况。但在漫长的地质历史时期,陆表海曾经覆盖了广泛的克拉通区域,是碳酸盐沉积最重要的场所之一。本文在系统总结前人成果的基础上,将用于描述大尺度碳酸盐岩沉积环境的碳酸盐台地分为镶边陆棚、缓坡、陆表海、孤立台地和淹没台地5种类型分别描述,并重点强调了陆表海和淹没台地的沉积模式。华北地台寒武系大面积分布的潮坪沉积、鲕粒滩相灰岩和竹叶状风暴砾屑灰岩,以及频繁出现的台地淹没事件,为阐明陆表海和淹没台地的沉积提供了绝佳实例。这些实例和研究表明了碳酸盐沉积环境的多样性和沉积过程的复杂性,以及将今论古的困难性,从而为碳酸盐沉积原理的认识和沉积环境的解释提供新认识和新思路。 相似文献
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从寒武纪末至早奥陶世特马豆克期（牙形类Cordylodus intermedius 带至Serratognathus 带）,地处扬子陆块的湘鄂地区分为三个沉积区：浅水碳酸盐台地、台地东南缘碳酸盐岩、泥质岩混合沉积区和较深水细碎屑岩沉积区。前二个沉积区的层序地层分为4个正层序,在同一陆块内不同沉积区这四个三级层序相互可对比,代表了四次三级海侵、海退旋回。其中牙形类Paltodus deltifer 带中、下部是特马豆克期最大的海侵时期。特马豆克早期（Glyptoconus quadraplicatus 带）和晚期（Serratognathus带中、上部）分别发生过大的海退事件。各正层序的体系域岩相古地理格局能更客观地反映该地区特马豆克期古地理演化特征。特马豆克初期（C.lindstromi 带至C.angulatus带下部）自鄂西北至湘中地区依次为潮坪、潮间泻湖白云岩相、开阔碳酸盐台地、台地边缘浅滩、碳酸盐岩台地边缘斜坡、黑色碳质页岩盆地的古地理格局。特马豆克早期（Glyptoconus quadraplicatus 带）缓慢海退时期海水普遍变浅,自北向南依次为潮坪、潮间泻湖白云岩相、局限台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和较深水碳酸盐外陆架。特马豆克中期海进时期,生屑灰岩和页岩沉积向北超覆,扩展至青峰襄广断裂。湘鄂浅水碳酸盐沉积区为开阔碳酸盐台地,混合沉积区为较深水碳酸盐外陆架,湘中地区为深水泥质下外陆架。特马豆克晚期缓慢海退时期海水再度变浅,在湖北、湘西北开阔碳酸盐台地上,出现台内生屑浅滩、台地边缘生屑浅滩,浅滩上发育有海绵、苔藓虫礁丘。 相似文献
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新疆库车坳陷古近系库姆格列木群为与广海连通不畅的半封闭局限海湾-蒸发潟湖环境沉积，它应是新特提斯洋向北的延伸部分，其中的碳酸盐岩主要为海相蒸发潮坪环境的潮上带膏云坪，潮间带生屑滩、砂屑滩、鲕滩和潮下带泥晶灰岩、泥岩、泥晶云岩等。白垩系巴什基奇克组底部的灰黑色泥灰岩为深湖环境的沉积，分布较局限，仅见于克拉201井；白垩系巴什基奇克组中部的浅灰色透镜状泥灰岩结核是典型干旱陆上暴露环境的产物，仅在库车河剖面见零星分布。侏罗系湖相碳酸盐岩主要分布在恰克马克组，其次是阳霞组和克孜勒努尔组，在卡普沙良河剖面的恰克马克组上部，可见到大量的叠层石灰岩，它们主要形成于能量较强的浅湖环境；深灰色泥晶灰岩常与灰黑色泥岩伴生，是深湖-半深湖环境产物。以上这些不同时期不同沉积环境的碳酸盐岩具有不同规律的微量元素和碳、氧同位素特征，它们对于研究库车坳陷的沉积环境变迁和盆地演化具有重要意义。个别样品地球化学数据的偏差不能代表对整体沉积环境的判别，所以碳酸盐岩沉积环境的判别需要结合共生岩石沉积构造、沉积组合序列、古生物和沉积地球化学等资料进行综合分析。 相似文献
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Microbial deposits in the aftermath of the end‐Permian mass extinction: A diverging case from the Mineral Mountains (Utah,USA) 
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下载免费PDF全文 Emmanuelle Vennin Nicolas Olivier Arnaud Brayard Ivan Bour Christophe Thomazo Gilles Escarguel Emmanuel Fara Kevin G. Bylund James F. Jenks Daniel A. Stephen Richard Hofmann 《Sedimentology》2015,62(3):753-792
The Lower Triassic Mineral Mountains area (Utah, USA) preserves diversified Smithian and Spathian reefs and bioaccumulations that contain fenestral‐microbialites and various benthic and pelagic organisms. Ecological and environmental changes during the Early Triassic are commonly assumed to be associated with numerous perturbations (productivity changes, acidifica‐tion, redox changes, hypercapnia, eustatism and temperature changes) post‐dating the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. New data acquired in the Mineral Mountains sediments provide evidence to decipher the relationships between depositional environments and the growth and distribution of microbial structures. These data also help to understand better the controlling factors acting upon sedimentation and community turnovers through the Smithian–early Spathian. The studied section records a large‐scale depositional sequence during the Dienerian(?)–Spathian interval. During the transgression, depositional environments evolved from a coastal bay with continental deposits to intertidal fenestral–microbial limestones, shallow subtidal marine sponge–microbial reefs to deep subtidal mud‐dominated limestones. Storm‐induced deposits, microbialite–sponge reefs and shallow subtidal deposits indicate the regression. Three microbialite associations occur in ascending order: (i) a red beds microbialite association deposited in low‐energy hypersaline supratidal conditions where microbialites consist of microbial mats and poorly preserved microbially induced sedimentary structure; (ii) a Smithian microbialite association formed in moderate to high‐energy, tidal conditions where microbialites include stromatolites and associated carbonate grains (oncoids, ooids and peloids); and (iii) a Spathian microbialite association developed in low‐energy offshore conditions that is preserved as multiple decimetre thick isolated domes and coalescent domes. Data indicate that the morphologies of the three microbialite associations are controlled primarily by accommodation, hydrodynamics, bathymetry and grain supply. This study suggests that microbial constructions are controlled by changes between trapping and binding versus precipitation processes in variable hydrodynamic conditions. Due to the presence of numerous metazoans associated with microbialites throughout the Smithian increase in accommodation and Spathian decrease in accommodation, the commonly assumed anachronistic character of the Early Triassic microbialites and the traditional view of prolonged deleterious conditions during the Early Triassic time interval is questioned. 相似文献
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古河口湾沉积环境的恢复主要根据下列证据进行:1.淡化水证据:小个体薄壳生物组合和沉积物中低的硼含量;2.古地理位置处于古河流入海部位;3.潮汐能量大于河流能量,潮汐作用控制了主要沉积过程;4.沉积层序与现代河口湾层序可以类比。虽然河口湾生命短暂,沉积物常被改造,但一个时期的古代河口湾沉积物仍是可以被识别的。 相似文献
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兴山下奥陶统由西陵峡组、南津关组、分乡组、红花园组、大湾组和牯牛潭组组成。岩石类型包括泥晶灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩、内碎屑灰岩、白云岩等,为一套典型的台地或沉没台地型陆表海碳酸盐沉积。颗粒灰岩在剖面中占绝大多数,其中,鲕粒灰岩、内碎屑灰岩和多数生物碎屑灰岩均为亮晶方解石胶结。鲕粒和砂屑的粒度参数和曲线分布特征说明,砂屑和鲕粒在形成过程中均经历了较强的水动力搬运或搅动。早奥陶世从西陵峡组沉积开始到牯牛潭组沉积结束,沉积环境经历了从局限台地潮坪环境到开阔台地再到浅海陆棚的演化。其中,潮坪环境包括云坪、灰坪、灰云坪等,而开阔台地环境为各种颗粒滩和生物礁。环境的演化反映了从早到晚海水逐渐加深的过程。 相似文献
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为解决滨里海盆地东缘扎纳若尔地区石炭系KT-II层碳酸盐岩储层非均质性问题,对其沉积微相内部沉积模式进行更详细的剖析和精细刻画。研究结果表明:①研究区石炭系KT-II层碳酸盐岩的岩性以亮晶颗粒石灰岩为主,灰泥颗粒石灰岩及灰泥石灰岩次之。②根据沉积特征及沉积环境差异,碳酸盐岩沉积可划分为潮坪、浅滩和滩间洼地。以水深、水动力条件及盐度特征为基础,将碳酸盐岩浅滩划分为破浪滩和升浪滩两种微相,并根据其组成不同进一步细分为类滩、有孔虫滩、藻粒滩和鲕粒滩亚微相。③按照Wilson理想化碳酸盐岩综合相模式,研究区归属于开阔台地相内部沉积,并与Irwin陆表海能量模型进行对应分析:潮坪相对应于靠近海岸的Z带;滩相沉积对应于稍近海岸的Y带,洼地对应于远离海岸的X带。 相似文献
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四川盆地南部中二叠统茅口组二段沉积微相研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
四川盆地南部钻揭茅口组的井数众多,但时间跨度大、资料品质差,可用的取芯资料少,难以满足沉积微相研究的需要。论文以四川盆地南部中二叠统茅口组二段为例,通过仅有的10口井的岩芯观察和薄片分析发现,茅二段A、B、C亚段均存在一套层位稳定的薄层至块状的浅灰-灰色亮晶生屑灰岩构成的生屑滩,并具有多个向上变浅和变粗序列的薄滩体垂向上频繁叠置、单滩体厚度一般较小(小于3 m)、少见同生期暴露等典型特征;伽马测井响应上,该套多旋回叠置的薄滩体呈现总体高背景下的低值的综合响应,因而难以利用测录井资料准确识别和统计颗粒滩的厚度。进一步分析发现,碳酸盐岩台地内部的非暴露浅滩发育时期,颗粒滩发育于微地貌高地、并具有相对更大的沉积速率,因而颗粒滩发育期形成的等时地质体厚度可近似反演沉积期微地貌的相对高低,并在分析等时地质体厚度或沉积微地貌与风化壳岩溶储层发育关系的基础上,指出了区内高能生屑滩主要在泸州-江津、自贡-大足以及青神-资中一线呈带状分布,受控于泸州古隆起雏形和乐山-龙女寺继承性古隆起。结果表明沉积期微地貌恢复对于钻探程度高、资料品质差的盆地老区的沉积微相研究具有重要意义,并对储层预测和深化老层的开发潜力研究具有重要参考意义。 相似文献
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鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上石炭统本溪组(羊虎沟组)沉积特征对于预测其砂体展布、油气勘探具有重要意义。在野外地质考察、岩心观察和薄片研究的基础上,对本溪组(羊虎沟组)进行了岩石学特征、沉积相类型和空间展布规律等方面的研究。本溪组(羊虎沟组)岩石类型主要为灰白色中-粗砂岩和深灰色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩,夹多层煤、灰岩和泥灰岩;主要发育浅海陆棚、障壁岛、潮坪、潟湖和扇三角洲沉积。鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起西部主要发育扇三角洲、障壁岛和潟湖沉积相,东部主要发育扇三角洲、潟湖、障壁岛和浅海陆棚沉积相,中间过渡带主要为潮坪沉积。自北向南依次发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、潮坪、潟湖和浅海陆棚等沉积。总体上来讲,本溪组(羊虎沟组)为一套海陆交互相沉积建造,具有东、西分异的沉积格局。 相似文献
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The Travenanzes Formation is a terrestrial to shallow‐marine, siliciclastic–carbonate succession (200 m thick) that was deposited in the eastern Southern Alps during the Late Triassic. Sedimentary environments and depositional architecture have been reconstructed in the Dolomites, along a 60 km south–north transect. Facies alternations in the field suggest interfingering between alluvial‐plain, flood‐basin and shallow‐lagoon deposits, with a transition from terrestrial to marine facies belts from south to north. The terrestrial portion of the Travenanzes Formation consists of a dryland river system, characterized by multicoloured floodplain mudstones with scattered conglomeratic fluvial channels, merging downslope into small ephemeral streams and sheet‐flood sandstones, and losing their entire discharge subaerially before the shoreline. Calcic and vertic palaeosols indicate an arid/semi‐arid climate with strong seasonality and intermittent discharge. The terrestrial/marine transition shows a coastal mudflat, the flood basin, which is usually exposed, but at times is inundated by both major river floods and sea‐water storm surges. Locally coastal sabkha deposits occur. The marine portion of the Travenanzes Formation comprises carbonate tidal‐flat and shallow‐lagoon deposits, characterized by metre‐scale shallowing‐upward peritidal cycles and subordinate intercalations of dark clays from the continent. The depositional architecture of the Travenanzes Formation suggests an overall transgressive pattern organized in three carbonate–siliciclastic cycles, corresponding to transgressive–regressive sequences with internal higher‐frequency sedimentary cycles. The metre‐scale sedimentary cyclicity of the Travenanzes Formation continues without a break in sedimentation into the overlying Dolomia Principale. The onset of the Dolomia Principale epicontinental platform is marked by the exhaustion of continental sediment supply. 相似文献
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PIRET PLINK-BJÖRKLUND 《Sedimentology》2005,52(2):391-428
Eighteen coastal-plain depositional sequences that can be correlated to shallow- to deep-water clinoforms in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen were studied in 1 × 15 km scale mountainside exposures. The overall mud-prone (>300 m thick) coastal-plain succession is divided by prominent fluvial erosion surfaces into vertically stacked depositional sequences, 7–44 m thick. The erosion surfaces are overlain by fluvial conglomerates and coarse-grained sandstones. The fluvial deposits show tidal influence at their seaward ends. The fluvial deposits pass upwards into macrotidal tide-dominated estuarine deposits, with coarse-grained river-dominated facies followed further seawards by high- and low-sinuosity tidal channels, upper-flow-regime tidal flats, and tidal sand bar facies associations. Laterally, marginal sandy to muddy tidal flat and marsh deposits occur. The fluvial/estuarine sequences are interpreted as having accumulated as a series of incised valley fills because: (i) the basal fluvial erosion surfaces, with at least 16 m of local erosional relief, are regional incisions; (ii) the basal fluvial deposits exhibit a significant basinward facies shift; (iii) the regional erosion surfaces can be correlated with rooted horizons in the interfluve areas; and (iv) the estuarine deposits onlap the valley walls in a landward direction. The coastal-plain deposits represent the topset to clinoforms that formed during progradational infilling of the Eocene Central Basin. Despite large-scale progradation, the sequences are volumetrically dominated by lowstand fluvial deposits and especially by transgressive estuarine deposits. The transgressive deposits are overlain by highstand units in only about 30% of the sequences. The depositional system remained an estuary even during highstand conditions, as evidenced by the continued bedload convergence in the inner-estuarine tidal channels. 相似文献
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基于多年来对盆地周缘大量的野外露头勘察以及盆地内部分钻井岩心描述,主要从沉积环境、岩石类型、岩石沉积结构及构造、古生物化石等众多方面,对鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积体系类型和特征以及古地理环境的整体演化进行了全面、系统的研究。结果表明,中新元古代长城期至蓟县期,主要由陆相—滨浅海相沉积转变为碳酸盐潮坪沉积。早古生代辛集期至朱砂洞期,主要由盆地西南缘的环古陆砂坪沉积演变为云坪沉积;馒头期至三山子期,主要发育开阔海台地沉积,但范围变化相对较大;冶里期至亮甲山期,主要由盆地东南缘的环古陆泥云坪沉积演变为云坪沉积;马家沟期大规模海侵形成了广阔的浅水陆表海沉积;峰峰期以台地前缘斜坡和大陆斜坡海槽沉积为主;平凉期盆地南部出现了台地边缘浅滩;背锅山期仅在盆地西南角分布开阔台地及台前斜坡沉积。晚古生代—中三叠世本溪期为填平补齐时期,发育潮坪—潟湖—障壁岛—浅海陆棚沉积:太原期,盆地东部浅海陆棚沉积范围减小;山西期至纸坊期,盆地均主要以三角洲沉积和浅湖沉积为主,但各期沉积范围均有变化。晚三叠世延长期—白垩纪,主要为湖泊沉积并伴有曲流河、辫状河以及三角洲等沉积体系:延长期长7油层组沉积时期湖侵范围最大;富县期至安定期,以曲流河、三角洲和浅湖沉积为主,但浅湖沉积范围在不同时期有明显变化,安定期出现深湖沉积;芬芳河期主要为冲积扇沉积。白垩纪盆内沉积范围变小,主要发育沙漠沉积和浅湖沉积。 相似文献
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奥陶纪末的赫南特期爆发全球冰川事件,渝东南-黔北地区赫南特期沉积的观音桥组,从岩相、古生物组合、古环境等方面表现出该地区对赫南特期冰川事件的响应。通过对观音桥组沉积特征的分析,发现其主要分为3类:一类为颗粒灰岩,细分为泥晶生屑砂屑灰岩和亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩等,含珊瑚等化石,代表了中高能量的浅滩环境;一类主要为粉砂质灰岩、粉砂质泥灰岩组合,含腕足类及三叶虫动物群,沉积环境为潮坪。这两类是近岸沉积,主要受相对海平面下降的影响。另一类为形成于浅海陆棚环境的混合岩相,包括泥灰岩与钙质泥岩组合、粉砂质泥岩与泥质粉砂岩组合及含炭泥灰岩;生物包括三叶虫、笔石及腕足等,尤其是标志性冷水型Hirnantia动物群的短暂繁盛,表明其受海水温度变凉的影响较大。潮坪靠近黔中古陆分布,局部发育浅滩,远离古陆变为浅海陆棚环境。总体上,观音桥组沉积环境比五峰组与龙马溪组黑色笔石相页岩的缺氧滞留深水陆棚环境更浅、相对海平面及水温更低,是赫南特期冰川事件直接影响的结果。 相似文献
17.
鄂尔多斯盆地及周缘地区上石炭统本溪组(羊虎沟组)沉积特征对于预测其砂体展布、油气勘探具有重要意义。在野外地质考察、岩心观察和薄片研究的基础上,对本溪组(羊虎沟组)进行了岩石学特征、沉积相类型和空间展布规律等方面的研究。本溪组(羊虎沟组)岩石类型主要为灰白色中—粗砂岩和深灰色、灰黑色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩,夹多层煤、灰岩和泥灰岩;主要发育浅海陆棚、障壁岛、潮坪、潟湖和扇三角洲沉积。鄂尔多斯盆地中央古隆起西部主要发育扇三角洲、障壁岛和潟湖沉积相,东部主要发育扇三角洲、潟湖、障壁岛和浅海陆棚沉积相,中间过渡带主要为潮坪沉积。自北向南依次发育扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘、潮坪、潟湖和浅海陆棚等沉积。总体上来讲,本溪组(羊虎沟组)为一套海陆交互相沉积建造,具有东、西分异的沉积格局。 相似文献
18.
黔南地区早、中泥盆世沉积演化的动力机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
泥盆纪时，黔南地区为一相对稳定的台地，早泥盆世晚期，海水开始漫漫其上.初始发育陆源碎屑沉积体系，中泥盆世发育陆源碎屑～碳酸盐混合体系.空间配置有下列几种类型:滨岸障壁～泻湖～河流体系，碳酸盐缓坡～滨岸障壁～泻湖体系，镶边型碳酸盐台地～泻湖三角洲（潮坪）体系，碳酸盐缓坡～三角洲体系。基底断裂限定了台地和台间沟的延限范围和演化进程，这两种不同沉积背景的沉积演化旋回可能主要受海平面变化控制。 相似文献
19.
四川会理 会东及邻区中元古界昆阳群 ,由下而上可分为力马河组、凤山营组和天宝山组 ,与古元古界河口群为不整合接触 ,其代表年龄值为 1 70 0± 1 0 0Ma～ 1 2 0 0± 1 0 0Ma。对这套地层的沉积学研究 ,前人涉及甚少。笔者在野外考察和室内分析的基础上 ,对其沉积相和沉积环境进行了详细的研究。初步认为研究区的中元古界昆阳群可分为 7种沉积相 ,进而探讨了该区的沉积演化历史。 相似文献
20.
塔里木盆地柯坪地区中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩露头层序地层学研究 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
在前人岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层研究基础上,作者运用层序地层学理论结合沉积微相分析,对柯坪地区中下奥陶统露头碳酸盐岩进行了层序地层解剖。研究区共识别出二种界面类型 (暴露层序不整合界面和淹没层序不整合界面 )、三种准层序组构特征 (潮坪、浅滩和滩下陆棚 )和两种主要类型的体系域构成 (海侵体系域和高位体系域 ),在此基础上把该套碳酸盐岩划分为 7个三级层序,其中Sq1～ 2对应于蓬莱坝组地层、Sq3～ 6对应于鹰山组地层和Sq7对应于大湾沟组地层。Sq1～ 2三级层序由潮坪旋回的藻纹层白云岩、细粉晶白云岩和灰岩组成;Sq3～ 4三级层序由潮坪旋回的藻纹层灰岩和颗粒灰岩组成;Sq5～ 6三级层序由潮下浅滩相旋回的颗粒灰岩组成;Sq7三级层序由滩下陆棚环境藻灰岩和泥质瘤状灰岩组成 相似文献