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1.
The variability in the Southern Ocean(SO) sea surface temperature(SST) has drawn increased attention due to its unique physical features; therefore, the temporal characteristics of the SO SST anomalies(SSTA) and their influence on extratropical atmospheric circulation are addressed in this study. Results from empirical orthogonal function analysis show that the principal mode of the SO SSTA exhibits a dipole-like structure, suggesting a negative correlation between the SSTA in the middle and high latitudes, which is referred to as the SO Dipole(SOD) in this study. The SOD features strong zonal symmetry, and could reflect more than 50% of total zonal-mean SSTA variability. We find that stronger(weaker) Subantarctic and Antarctic polar fronts are related to the positive(negative) phases of the SOD index, as well as the primary variability of the large-scale SO SSTA meridional gradient. During December–January–February, the Ferrel cell and the polar jet shift toward the Antarctic due to changes in the SSTA that could be associated with a positive phase of the SOD, and are also accompanied by a poleward shift of the subtropical jet. During June–July–August, in association with a positive SOD, the Ferrel cell and the polar jet are strengthened, accompanied by a strengthened subtropical jet. These seasonal differences are linked to the differences in the configuration of the polar jet and the subtropical jet in the Southern Hemisphere. 相似文献
2.
从海平面气压场的波谱分析比较南、北半球大气环流的变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文应用沿纬圈的谐波分析,对1951—1960年各年逐月南、北半球海平面气压进行分解,对比两个半球的副热带(30°N,30°S)及中纬度(50°N,50°S)的超长波活动发现:(1)南、北两个半球月平均大气环流都存在有性质不同的两类变化,即季节性变化与非季节性变化。在海陆对比明显的北半球,不论西风带还是副热带季节性变化都比较清楚。而南半球仅副热带季节性变化明显,西风带则是非季节性变化占优势。(2)南、北两个半球大气环流的季节变化,都有明显的年际差异。通常,北半球夏季建立(南半球是夏季结束)的年际差异大,北半球夏季结束(南半球是夏季建立)的年际差别较小。(3)超长波位置的年际变化与海陆分布有密切关系。陆地面积大的地区,占优势的超长波位置比较稳定,在几乎全为海洋的50°S,则超长波无论占优势与否,波槽位置的年际变化都较大。 相似文献
3.
东亚高空急流是东亚大气环流系统的重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候具有重要影响。以往对东亚高空急流的研究多关注副热带急流及其对天气气候的影响,近年来,学者们在明确区分东亚副热带急流和极锋急流的基础上,从东亚副热带急流和极锋急流协同变化的视角,对东亚高空急流的变化规律和机理及其对我国气候异常的影响,开展了一系列研究,揭示出副热带急流和极锋急流强度的反位相协同变化是以副热带急流强（弱）伴随着极锋急流弱（强）为其主要配置形式和模态,并对应着特定的大气环流形势以及相应的气温和降水异常分布,与冬季冷空气活动、梅雨期降水、极端事件、冬季风等具有密切关系。本文聚焦东亚高空急流协同变化方面的最新研究成果,从东亚高空急流协同变化规律、高空急流协同变化的热力和动力学影响机理、高空急流协同变化气候效应、高空急流与中高纬低频遥相关型的联系等方面进行较为全面的总结,以加深东亚高空急流活动基本特征和变化规律的认识。 相似文献
4.
东亚2005年和2006年冬季风异常及其与准定常行星波活动的关系 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料系统地分析了2005年与2006年冬季欧亚大陆的气温和东亚冬季风的差别及其与北半球准定常波活动的关系。分析结果表明:2005年冬季欧亚大陆中、高纬度地区气温偏低,东亚冬季风偏强;而2006年冬季欧亚大陆中、高纬度地区气温偏高,出现暖冬,东亚冬季风偏弱。分析结果还表明,这两年冬季东亚冬季风的差别不仅是由于西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压的变异所造成,而且是由于北极涛动(北半球环状模)的变化所造成。并且,作者还从这两年冬季北半球准定常行星波活动的差异,在动力理论上进一步讨论了这两年冬季北半球气候和东亚冬季风差异的机理。结果表明:2005年冬季北半球行星波活动为低指数,准定常行星波在高纬度往平流层传播加强,而往低纬度对流层上层传播减弱,造成了行星波E-P通量在高纬度地区对流层中、上层辐合加强,而在副热带地区对流层中、上层辐散加强,引起了北半球高纬度地区极锋急流减弱,而副热带急流加强,这有利于西伯利亚高压的发展,从而引起了东亚冬季风增强;相反,2006年冬季北半球行星波活动为高指数,准定常行星波在高纬度往平流层传播减弱,而往低纬度对流层上层传播加强,造成了行星波E-P通量在高纬度地区对流层中、上层辐散加强,而在副热带地区对流层中、上层辐合加强,引起了北半球高纬度地区极锋急流加强,而副热带急流减弱,这不利于西伯利亚高压的发展,从而引起了东亚冬季风减弱。 相似文献
5.
西太平洋副高脊线北抬至25°N的OLR特征及诊断分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
取西太平洋副热带高压脊线北抬至 2 5°N日期和射出长波辐射 (OLR)月平均资料为素材 ,确定副高脊线北抬至 2 5°N指数和异常年例 ,揭示异常年例的OLR特征 ,进行诊断判据分析 ;主要结果有 :(1 ) 6月东亚中低纬地区的OLR距平场由中纬向低纬若呈偏低 (高 )、偏高 (低 )、偏低 (高 )分布时 ,副高脊线北抬至 2 5°N易于偏早 (迟 ) ;(2 )在分析诊断判据时 ,上一年 1 1月侧重南半球澳大利亚地区OLR所显示的信息 ;而当年三月侧重西太平洋辐合区OLR所显示的信息。 相似文献
6.
江南春季连阴雨的频数特征及其前期环流信号 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
围绕发生在江南地区的春季降水,旨在分析江南春雨发生频数的主要特征及其与前期的副热带急流和温带急流的联系。结果表明,江南春雨以持续4 d及以上的连阴雨为主(简称春季连阴雨),主要发生在13—27候,分布于(22.5~30 °N,105~120 °E)的江南地区。春季连阴雨发生频数在江南地区整体呈减少趋势,年际变率全场差异不大。江南春季连阴雨的主要时空异常模态表现为全场一致变化,其时间序列以年际变率为主并呈现多时间尺度特征。从前期信号来看,第13候(即春雨发生时)的前10天至前35天内,当持续存在偏弱的温带急流和偏北的副热带急流共同配置时,有利于春雨期连阴雨事件的发生。 相似文献
7.
A study has been made, using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research
re-analysis 500 hPa geopotential height data, to determine how intraseasonal variability influences, or can generate, coherent
patterns of interannual variability in the extratropical summer and winter Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. In
addition, by separating this intraseasonal component of interannual variability, we also consider how slowly varying external
forcings and slowly varying (interannual and longer) internal dynamics might influence the interannual variability of the
Southern Hemisphere circulation. This slow component of interannual variation is more likely to be potentially predictable.
How sea surface temperatures are related to the slow components is also considered. The four dominant intraseasonal modes
of interannual variability have horizontal structures similar to those seen in both well-known intraseasonal dynamical modes
and statistical modes of intraseasonal variability. In particular, they reflect intraseasonal variability in the high latitudes
associated with the Southern Annular Mode, and wavenumber 4 (summer) and wavenumber 3 (winter) patterns associated with south
Pacific regions of persistent anomalies and blocking, and possibly variability related to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO).
The four dominant slow components of interannual variability, in both seasons, are related to high latitude variability associated
with the Southern Annular Mode, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, and South Pacific Wave variability associated
with Indian Ocean SSTs. In both seasons, there are strong linear trends in the first slow mode of high latitude variability
and these are shown to be related to similar trends in the Indian Ocean. Once these are taken into account there is no significant
sea surface temperature forcing of these high latitude modes. The second and third ENSO related slow modes, in each season,
have high correlations with tropical sea surface temperature variability in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, both contemporaneously
and at one season lag. The fourth slow mode has a characteristic South Pacific wave structure of either a wavenumber 4 (summer)
or wavenumber 3 (winter) pattern, with strongest loadings in the South Pacific sector, and an association simultaneously with
a dipole SST temperature gradient in the subtropical Indian Ocean. 相似文献
8.
Kevin Hamilton 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):40-54
Abstract The zonal wavenumber spectra of the geopotential heights of the 300‐ and 500‐mb surfaces in the Southern Hemisphere were determined for each month between May 1972 and November 1979 using daily operational analyses produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. During over one‐quarter of the “summer” months (November through March) there are very prominent peaks at zonal wavenumber five in the region of the mid‐latitude jet (～35–60°S). Frequently wavenumber five totally dominates the eddy fields in individual daily maps so that height contours in mid‐latitudes take on virtually pentagonal shapes. During periods when wavenumber 5 is prominent, it is observed to propagate eastward in a very regular manner with a period of about eleven days. All these findings are consistent with Salby's (1982) earlier results concerning the Southern Hemisphere height fields during the first few months of the FGGE experiment. There is little evidence for a similar phenomenon in the winter circulation of the Southern Hemisphere. 相似文献
9.
The climate and natural variability of the large-scale stratospheric circulation simulated by a newly developed general circulation model are evaluated against available global observations. The simulation consisted of a 30-year annual cycle integration performed with a comprehensive model of the troposphere and stratosphere. The observations consisted of a 15-year dataset from global operational analyses of the troposphere and stratosphere. The model evaluation concentrates on the simulation of the evolution of the extratropical stratospheric circulation in both hemispheres. The December–February climatology of the observed zonal mean winter circulation is found to be reasonably well captured by the model, although in the Northern Hemisphere upper stratosphere the simulated westerly winds are systematically stronger and a cold bias is apparent in the polar stratosphere. This Northern Hemisphere stratospheric cold bias virtually disappears during spring (March–May), consistent with a realistic simulation of the spring weakening of the mean westerly winds in the model. A considerable amount of monthly interannual variability is also found in the simulation in the Northern Hemisphere in late winter and early spring. The simulated interannual variability is predominantly caused by polar warmings of the stratosphere, in agreement with observations. The breakdown of the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex appears therefore to occur in a realistic way in the model. However, in early winter the model severely underestimates the interannual variability, especially in the upper troposphere. The Southern Hemisphere winter (June–August) zonal mean temperature is systematically colder in the model, and the simulated winds are somewhat too strong in the upper stratosphere. Contrary to the results for the Northern Hemisphere spring, this model cold bias worsens during the Southern Hemisphere spring (September–November). Significant discrepancies between the model results and the observations are therefore found during the breakdown of the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex. For instance, the simulated Southern Hemisphere stratosphere westerly jet continuously decreases in intensity more or less in situ from June to November, while the observed stratospheric jet moves downward and poleward.This paper was presented at the Third International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 4–8 Sept. 1995 under the auspice of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg. Editor for these papers is L. Dümenil. 相似文献
10.
中低纬相互作用是热带环流研究的内容之一,但以往的研究多偏重于北半球。近年来由于资料条件有所改善,对南半球中低纬相互作用的研究日多。Ramaswamy等(1978)对印度季风中断期和活跃期南半球中纬的盛行流场作了对比[1]。Nicholis(1977)总结了印尼和新几内亚多雨和少雨月澳州高纬地区环流特征上的差别,指出热带降水与副热带西风强度有显著相关。这些工作对南半球中低纬环流相互作用的天气事实作了一定程度的揭露。 相似文献
11.
A survey of the spatial and temporal behavior of the atmospheric general circulation as it relates to both polar regions is presented. The review is based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), updated using ECMWF operational analyses. The analysis spans 1960–2005 in the Northern Hemisphere, but is restricted to 1979–2005 in the Southern Hemisphere because of difficulties experienced by ERA-40 prior to the modern satellite era.The seasonal cycle of atmospheric circulation is illustrated by focusing on winter and summer. The huge circulation contrasts between the land-dominated Northern Hemisphere and the ocean-dominated Southern Hemisphere stand out. The intensification of the North Atlantic Oscillation/Northern Annular Mode and the Southern Annular Mode in DJF is highlighted and likely due to warming of the tropical Indian Ocean. The Arctic frontal zone during northern summer and the semi-annual oscillation throughout the year in the Southern Hemisphere are prominent features of the high latitude circulation in the respective hemispheres.Rotated principal component analysis (RPCA) is used to describe the primary modes of temporal variability affecting both polar regions, especially the links with the tropical forcing. The North Atlantic Oscillation is a key modulator of the atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic sector, especially in winter, and is the dominant control on the moisture transport into the Arctic Basin. The Pacific-South American teleconnection patterns are primary factors in the high southern latitude circulation variability throughout the year, especially in the Pacific sector of Antarctica where the majority of moisture transport into the continent occurs. 相似文献
12.
梅雨锋的典型结构、多样性和多尺度特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
在天气尺度梅雨锋的天气学定义基础上,利用GMS-5静止卫星红外云图、常规气象探空资料、NCEP再分析与最终分析资料对2002年长江流域典型梅雨期6月26—28日和二度梅期间7月23日、1998年5月梅雨与7月二度梅共4个梅雨锋个例进行了分析与比较,归纳了梅雨锋结构多样性;并着重对典型梅雨期的梅雨锋发展过程、水平以及垂直结构进行了多种物理量场(包括风场、温度场、急流、锋区、假相当位温、散度、垂直速度、静力稳定度等)的综合分析。结果表明,不同的个例,不同的地区和时期,一次梅雨过程的不同阶段,梅雨锋的结构和性质都有可能不同,它可以从比较接近极锋的性质过渡到接近赤道锋的性质。在水平结构上梅雨锋是在高、低纬度不同尺度的环流系统共同作用下形成的,从而造成了梅雨锋结构具有丰富的多样性。对典型梅雨锋结构进行综合分析表明梅雨锋对流层中下层锋面由强假相当位温水平梯度形成;梅雨锋南侧为暖湿气团、北侧为变性气团;梅雨锋南面为西南季风、北面为偏东气流;梅雨锋的上升运动和强降水主要发生在梅雨锋的前沿;梅雨锋上方对流层上半部存在与副热带高空急流相配合的高空副热带锋;对流层上部的高空热带东风与副热带高空西风急流构成了梅雨锋降水的高空辐散流场。根据典型期梅雨锋以及二度梅倾斜型梅雨锋的对流层上、中、下水平环流特征,给出了梅雨锋的多尺度概念模型,主要包括中低纬度系统相互作用、对流层高层的行星尺度的环流系统副热带高空西风急流、高空热带东风急流与南亚高压、对流层中层的副热带高压与北方的短波槽以及对流层低层的行星尺度季风和切变线。 相似文献
13.
The ability of an atmospheric general circulation model to reproduce fundamental features of the wintertime extratropical Southern Hemisphere (SH) circulation is evaluated with emphasis on the daily variability of the SH mean flow and the mean flow-transient perturbations interaction. Two 10-year simulations using a new version of the LMDZ GCM with a stretched grid scheme centered at 45 °S and forced by climatological SST are performed: a high (144Ꮡ) and low (64Ꭹ) horizontal resolution runs. The performance of both simulations was determined by comparing several simulated fields (zonal wind, temperature, kinetic energy, transient eddy momentum and heat fluxes, Eliassen-Palm fluxes, Eady growth rate and baroclinic conversion term) against the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast reanalyses (ERA). High and low-resolution simulations are similar in many respects; in particular, both experiments reproduce the main patterns of the southern extratropical large-scale circulation satisfactorily. Increasing resolution does not improve universally some spurious aspects of the low resolution simulation (e.g. the cold bias in the high polar troposphere, the debilitated subtropical jet, the low baroclinic conversion rate). Those aspects present little sensitivity to the model resolution. The interaction between transient eddies and zonal mean flow are examined. The low-resolution experiment is able to qualitatively represent the acceleration/deceleration of the mean flow by transient perturbations, south/north of 30 °S with an accuracy similar to that of the high-resolution experiment. Although both experiments represent the baroclinic structure of the mean flow satisfactorily, the model underestimates some transient properties due to the underestimation of the baroclinic conversion term in middle latitudes. Such misrepresentation does not improve with increasing resolution and is related to the relatively weak meridional temperature gradient and the inadequate geographical distribution of the eddy heat fluxes. In particular, the eddy kinetic energy is always underestimated. Eddy kinetic energy does not improve convincingly with increasing resolution, suggesting that the adequate representation of the storm tracks is highly influenced by the physical parametrizations. 相似文献
14.
In this study,the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset was used to analyze the variability modes of the winter upper-level wind field over Asian mid-high latitude region.As shown by the results,the dominant variability modes of the winter upper-level wind field over Asian mid-high latitude region are characterized by the out-of-phase variation in the intensity of the subtropical and temperate jets over East Asia and the meridional shift of the subtropical jet axis,on interannual and multiannual scales,respectively.The first leading variability mode can be used as a good measure to represent the integral variation of atmospheric general circulation in Asian mid-latitude region.Composite analyses suggest that the first leading variability mode of the winter upper-level wind field is intimately related to the atmospheric circulation and temperature anomalies in the northern hemispheric mid-latitude region. 相似文献
15.
Typical Structure, Variety, and Multi-Scale Characteristics of Meiyu Front 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Meiyu front plays an important role in summer rainfall in central China. Based on the GMS-5 satellite images, NCEP reanalyses （2.5°×2.5°） and final analyses （1°×1°） data, and meteorological conventional sounding observations, the horizontal and vertical structures of the Meiyu front were summarized using multiple diagnostic variables, including winds, temperature, jet stream, front, pseduo-equivalent potential temperature, divergence, vertical motion, static instability, etc. In this paper, four cases were selected and analyzed, two of which are in 26-28 June and 23 July 2002 during the Experiment on Heavy Rain in the Meiyu period in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the others are in May and July 1998. The two cases in July 1998 and July 2002 are the secondary Meiyu front cases. The results show that the structures and characteristics of the Meiyu front are different for various cases, or at various places and time, or at various stages of one case, and the frontal characteristics can be converted from the polar front to the equatorial front. Because of the interaction of the different scale circulations in the high and low latitudes, the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front has various forms.
The results in this paper also show that the typical Meiyu front consists of a narrow band with a high gradient of potential equivalent temperature below 500 hPa, south of which is warm and moist air mass, and north of which is the transformed air mass from the midlatitude ocean or polar continent. Below the mid troposphere, south of the front blows southwesterlies, while north blows easterlies. The ascending motion and precipitation usually occur ahead of the Meiyu front. In the upper troposphere, the subtropical front is above the Meiyu front, but two fronts are separated. In addition, the upper westerly jet stream and the easterlies to the south of the Meiyu front result in the upper divergent flow field.
The multi-scale characteristics of the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front can 相似文献
The results in this paper also show that the typical Meiyu front consists of a narrow band with a high gradient of potential equivalent temperature below 500 hPa, south of which is warm and moist air mass, and north of which is the transformed air mass from the midlatitude ocean or polar continent. Below the mid troposphere, south of the front blows southwesterlies, while north blows easterlies. The ascending motion and precipitation usually occur ahead of the Meiyu front. In the upper troposphere, the subtropical front is above the Meiyu front, but two fronts are separated. In addition, the upper westerly jet stream and the easterlies to the south of the Meiyu front result in the upper divergent flow field.
The multi-scale characteristics of the horizontal structure of the Meiyu front can 相似文献
16.
The coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere has been investigated by analysing low-frequency variations in: (1) the meridional mass flux into the polar cap (north of 60°N), computed separately for the stratosphere and the troposphere; (2) the polar cap mean surface pressure, and (3) the surface level meridional pressure gradient and zonal wind around 60°N. The analysis has been done for the 1979–93 Northern Hemisphere (NH) winters, using ECMWF reanalysis data. The results show that for all winters the meridional mass flux variations in the stratosphere precede those in the troposphere, by about one day. This result can also be obtained qualitatively with a very simple model, based on the zonally averaged zonal and meridional momentum equations. The lag is not very sensitive to the latitude of the southern boundary of the polar cap. The analysed variations in the polar cap mean surface pressure associated with variations in the meridional mass flux, determine most of the variability in the analysed meridional surface pressure gradient and the associated surface zonal wind around 60°N. The results also show that in the stratosphere the Coriolis force associated with the zonal-mean meridional wind is in near-balance with the convergence of the eddy momentum flux, and in the lower troposphere with the zonal frictional force. In summary, the results indicate that in the extratropical northern winter hemisphere, low-frequency variations in the meridional wind in the stratosphere induce low-frequency variations in the zonal wind near the surface. 相似文献
17.
18.
基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了南半球冬季双西风急流现象,指出它发生在600～100hPa的南太平洋上空,其中副热带急流中心位于27.5°S,且在200hPa层风速达到极大值;高纬度急流中心位于60°S,风速随高度增加而增加。在此基础上,利用IAP 9L AGCM（大气物理研究所9层大气环流模式）对双西风急流现象进行了数值模拟。结果表明,该模式很好地再现了双西风急流现象,并成功地模拟出副热带急流的位置、强度以及最大风速的垂直中心层次。对极区急流强度的模拟也比较接近实况,但位置偏南。但模式对40～50°S之间南太平洋风速极小值中心强度的模拟略低于再分析资料。此外,模式对平流层上层单急流位置的模拟与观测结果有较大差异。 相似文献
19.
Effects of meridional sea surface temperature changes on stratospheric temperature and circulation 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model,we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature （SST）.The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex.In the model runs,global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere,while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere.The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere.Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves,the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes.Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer-Dobson circulation （BDC）,but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling,with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase. 相似文献
20.
采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定义了1950-2009年菲律宾越赤道气流强度指数,并研究其与南半球大气环流的关系。结果表明,菲律宾越赤道气流受南半球低层极地高压、绕极低压带和中纬度副热带高压,以及高层巨大的绕极低压影响;南半球环流对菲律宾越赤道气流的影响主要是通过南极涛动的调整,对澳大利亚高压产生影响来发挥作用,从南极涛动发生调整到对越赤道气流及北半球环流产生影响,有约4a的时滞;澳大利亚高压强度和位置的变化对菲律宾越越赤道气流有重要影响,关键区位于澳大利亚高压西北方向的洋面上。 相似文献