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1.
Dislocation modelling of an earthquake fault is of great importance due to the fact that ground surface response may be predicted by the model. However, geological features of a fault cannot be measured exactly, and therefore these features and data involve uncertainties. This paper presents a Monte Carlo based random model of faults with finite element method incorporating split node technique to impose the effects of discontinuities. Length and orientation of the fault are selected as random parameters in the domain model, and hence geometrical uncertainties are encountered. Mean and standard deviation values, as well as probability density function of ground surface responses due to the dislocation are computed. Based on analytical and numerical calculation of dislocation, two approaches of Monte Carlo simulations are proposed. Various comparisons are examined to illustrate the capability of both methods for random simulation of faults. 相似文献
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大尺度断层往往控制了沉积盆地的形成和油气成藏,而小尺度断层则影响着注水开发效果和剩余油分布.大尺度断层可以通过二维或三维地震资料识别,而小尺度断层的识别则特别困难.本文提出了一种基于断层分形生长模式和三维地质力学模拟相结合来确定小尺度断层的数量、发育位置和方位的方法,并根据油田开发动态资料来确定小尺度断层对注水开发和剩余油分布的影响.将地震上识别的大尺度断层引入到三维数值力学模型中,模拟大尺度断层形成时期断裂带附近的应力扰动作用,然后结合破裂准则来建立最易发生破裂的方位和最大库伦剪切应力网格,以这两套网格和断层尺度的幂律分布确定的小尺度断层数量为约束条件来确定随机模型,对小尺度断层的密度、产状和发育位置进行定量预测.研究表明:利用分形理论和三维地质力学模拟可以对大尺度断层伴生小尺度断层进行有效预测;小尺度断层对注水开发效果和剩余油分布的影响取决于小尺度断层的规模(断距)以及小尺度断层方位和注采方向的关系. 相似文献
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Stochastic Structural Modeling 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Lars Holden Petter Mostad Bjørn Fredrik Nielsen Jon Gjerde Chris Townsend Signe Ottesen 《Mathematical Geology》2003,35(8):899-914
A consistent stochastic model for faults and horizons is described. The faults are represented as a parametric invertible deformation operator. The faults may truncate each other. The horizons are modeled as correlated Gaussian fields and are represented in a grid. Petrophysical variables may be modeled in a reservoir before faulting in order to describe the juxtaposition effect of the faulting. It is possible to condition the realization on petrophysics, horizons, and fault plane observations in wells in addition to seismic data. The transmissibility in the fault plane may also be included in the model. Four different methods to integrate the fault and horizon models in a common model is described. The method is illustrated on an example from a real petroleum field with 18 interpreted faults that are handled stochastically. 相似文献
4.
lvaro Gonzlez Miguel Vzquez-Prada Javier B. Gmez Amalio F. Pacheco 《Tectonophysics》2006,424(3-4):319
Numerical models are starting to be used for determining the future behaviour of seismic faults and fault networks. Their final goal would be to forecast future large earthquakes. In order to use them for this task, it is necessary to synchronize each model with the current status of the actual fault or fault network it simulates (just as, for example, meteorologists synchronize their models with the atmosphere by incorporating current atmospheric data in them). However, lithospheric dynamics is largely unobservable: important parameters cannot (or can rarely) be measured in Nature. Earthquakes, though, provide indirect but measurable clues of the stress and strain status in the lithosphere, which should be helpful for the synchronization of the models.The rupture area is one of the measurable parameters of earthquakes. Here we explore how it can be used to at least synchronize fault models between themselves and forecast synthetic earthquakes. Our purpose here is to forecast synthetic earthquakes in a simple but stochastic (random) fault model. By imposing the rupture area of the synthetic earthquakes of this model on other models, the latter become partially synchronized with the first one. We use these partially synchronized models to successfully forecast most of the largest earthquakes generated by the first model. This forecasting strategy outperforms others that only take into account the earthquake series. Our results suggest that probably a good way to synchronize more detailed models with real faults is to force them to reproduce the sequence of previous earthquake ruptures on the faults. This hypothesis could be tested in the future with more detailed models and actual seismic data. 相似文献
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A boundary element model for stress/stability analysis of underground excavations in the vicinity of faults is presented. The boundary element formulation adopts the fictitious stress method for the simulation of excavation boundaries and the displacement discontinuity method for the representation of faults. The numerical model employs the Barton–Bandis non-linear joint model for the modelling of the fault behaviour and linear elastic behaviour for the rock. An incremental-iterative in situ stress relaxation algorithm is implemented for the non-linear analysis of the faults. Both deformation and peak strength models of Barton–Bandis are incorporated for modelling the mechanical behaviour of the fault. The non-linear deformation of fault considers the effects of coupling between shear and normal stresses and displacement, joint closure, joint separation, hardening followed by post-peak or residual behaviour. The peak strength model employs a mobilized non-linear shear strength envelope. The differences between linear and non-linear simulation of the fault models are discussed. A comparison of model predictions with the classical Mohr–Coulomb peak strength model with constant joint stiffness is presented. The numerical model is used for a case study of Canadian hard rock underground mine. The shear and normal displacements along the fault during four mining sequences with backfill simulation are presented and discussed. 相似文献
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3D structural modeling is a major instrument in geosciences, e.g. for the assessment of groundwater and energy resources or nuclear waste underground storage. Fault network modeling is a particularly crucial step during this task, for faults compartmentalize rock units and plays a key role in subsurface flow, whether faults are sealing barriers or drains. Whereas most structural uncertainty modeling techniques only allow for geometrical changes and keep the topology fixed, we propose a new method for creating realistic stochastic fault networks with different topologies. The idea is to combine an implicit representation of geological surfaces which provides new perspectives for handling topological changes with a stochastic binary tree to represent the spatial regions. Each node of the tree is a fault, separating the space in two fault blocks. Changes in this binary tree modify the fault relations and therefore the topology of the model. 相似文献
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地质断层三维构模技术研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对包含断层的复杂地质体三维构模技术展开讨论并提出相应的解决方案。分析了实际勘察所获取的断层数据类型,设计了标准的断层数据库格式;系统地评价了两类基本的断层构模方法（即基于地层恢复的断层构模技术和基于分区插值的断层构模技术）,分析了各自的特点和不足,在此基础上提出了断层与地层的统一构模技术;该技术既能应用于同沉积断层,又能适应断层终止于地层内部的情况,还能处理具有多值面的逆断层构造的拟合问题,在理论上能够构造任意复杂的断层系统。通过北京奥运公园场址的断层构模实例验证了该方法的有效性。 相似文献
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汊涧斜坡带位于金湖凹陷西斜坡南部,第三系沉积期间主要经历了吴堡和三垛运动,形成了复杂的断裂体系,属复杂断块油藏,区内低级序断层较为发育。根据断层平面展布确定阜宁期最小主应力方向为北北西350°,采用有限元法建立地质模型并进行构造应力场数值模拟,计算得出各应力分布,并据此对低级序断层发育规律进行预测。研究表明,汊涧斜坡带阜宁期最大、最小主应力均为水平方向,形成的低级序断层具有张扭性特征;低级序断层的发育主要受最大与最小主应力差值及剪应力控制,主应力差值控制断层优势发育地区,平面剪应力控制断层走向,剖面剪应力控制断层倾向。 相似文献
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JUNCTION BETWEEN GANJIANG FAULT AND TANLU FAULT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO MINERALIZATION 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The concept of fault junction is proposed to describe the relationship between the two faults by the authors. The junction relationship between Ganjiang and Tanlu faults is analyzed in this paper, and this has been elucidated through numerical simulation about the tectonic stress field analysis. Numerical simulation of the tectonic stress field conducted for the major mineralization stage of the Jiujiang-Ruichang junction area reveals that the stress Feld of the junction structure at the major mineralization stage shows a relatively close relationship with the formation of the ore deposits (occurrences). 相似文献
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Dongxiao Feng 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(3):60
Transtensional basins containing petroleum reserves are common in eastern China. To better understand the evolution of the oil reservoirs, we investigated the generation mechanism of the Huimin sag transtensional structure, eastern China. We analyzed three-dimensional seismic surveys and drill-core data and concluded that most faults in the Huimin sag are planar or listric with negative flower-structured vertical profiles. The main faults are ENE- and E-striking: the Linshang fault belt to the north and the Xiakou fault belt to the south. Seismic profiles indicate three sets of basement faults in the Huimin sag, striking NNE, ENE, and NNW. The NNW-striking basement faults originated in the middle Triassic; the ENE and NNE faults formed during the late Jurassic. During the Paleogene, the Huimin sag was subjected to N–S extensional forces that reactivated the ENE faults, leading to dextral strike-slip displacement in the Linshang and Xiakou faults, which were oblique to the extensional direction. This generated the conjugate brushed-shaped Linshang and Xiakou fault system, producing a typical oblique extensional basin with characteristic transtensional structure. To reconstruct the evolution of the transtensional structure in Huimin sag, we used Lagrangian analysis software to model the main faults in the western Huimin sag. The simulation verified the re-activation of the NE-, ENE-, and NNW-striking faults under the N–S extension. The NNW fault faded, while the other two strengthened, producing brush-shaped fault systems and E–W- and ENE-striking normal faults. The simulation results show good agreement with the field-data analysis. 相似文献
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《Journal of Structural Geology》1988,10(3):239-247
Displacement gradients on single fault surfaces are a function of the maximum displacement on a fault and the dimensions of the fault surface. Data on the maximum lateral dimensions (widths) and maximum displacements on normal faults and thrusts, with maximum displacements from 4 mm to 40 km, are used to derive an expression relating width, displacement and material properties. The basis of this expression is a fault growth model in which width is proportional to the square root of displacement. Width/displacement ratios vary systematically with the size of a fault from values of ca 30,000, which are characteristic of a single slip event, to about 10 in the case of thrusts with displacements of 40 km. Rocks from which the fault data are derived have a likely range of shear moduli from ca 0.1 to ca 30 GPa, which is sufficient to account for the range of data.Data on widths and maximum displacements of 308 fault traces recorded on British coalmine plans are shown to be consistent with variation of shear modulus of about half an order of magnitude. Data on 58 further fault traces are shown to be consistent with the fault growth model. Synsedimentary faults may have growth curves characteristically different from those of other faults.It is suggested that the increase in dimensions of a fault is a postseismic process of subcritical crack propagation for which the significant material property is fracture toughness. 相似文献
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赣江断裂与郯庐断裂接合作用及其成矿意义 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
在研究断裂之间相互关系时发现,赣江断裂与郯庐断裂之间的关系与“限制”或“载接”等其它的复合现象有明显区别,由此本文提出了描述断裂带之间衔接关系的名词——“接合”。接合是指两条呈雁列的走滑断裂的相互作用对位于其间的横向断裂的改造。经过对赣江断裂与郯庐断裂之间的接合关系的分析研究和数值模拟,发现“九瑞”接合区内由接合作用所产生的构造应力场与成矿具有明显的对应关系。 相似文献
13.
Yvon Halbwachs Gabriel Courrioux Xavier Renaud Philippe Repusseau 《Mathematical Geology》1996,28(5):625-656
The consistent geometric and topological representation of a fault network is possible through a method based on the implementation of 3-dimensional Generalized maps (3-G-map) enabling all subdivisions of space to be represented. The fault network is modeled as an assemblage of polygonal faces from a set of geometric data on the faults and a knowledge of the relationships between the faults. The resultant model is expressed in terms of a 3-G-map in which volume, surface, and topological information is constructed taking into account computed intersections between faults and known interception relations. The fault network can be edited through an interactive 3-D viewer which provides several tools for navigating within the 3-G-map. Information relevant to a fault network, such as block geometry, connectivity, adjacencies, and connectivity relationships, can be obtained by exploring the data structure of the 3-G-map. The fault network architecture is made comprehensive through interactive modeling and visualization. 相似文献
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Gu Y.Dai J. 《大地构造与成矿学》2015,(1):53-61
Study of fault growth in deep area of the Gaoyou Sag has great significance for the understanding of the structural evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of the Gaoyou Sag. Based on high-precision 3D seismic data, the displacement-length relationship and throw data of faults are integrated to reconstruct the growth of the boundary fault and secondary faults in the eastern deep area of the Gaoyou Sag and controlling factors of the fault growth are discussed by analyzing the tectonic stress field and numerical simulation. This study revealed that the Zhen 2 boundary fault had six segments which grew independently in the Eocene Dainan Period and subsequently linked into four segments in the Eocene Sanduo Period. The Zhen 2 fault growth included two phases: short rapid lateral lengthening initially in Dainan Period, followed by a longer phase of slip accumulation and linkage of segments in the Sanduo Period. The strike of Zhen 2 fault which is widely and gently undulate kept in step with Zhen1 extensional boundary fault that controlled the structural evolution of the Subei Basin. The structure of Zhen 2 fault tips is contributed to interaction of fault segments. Two segments overlapped and linked with its neighbor by relay zone, otherwise the segments kept away from the fault and linked near the tip of the fault which interacting the growth progress. The secondary faults are linked alternatively by segments of NEE strike and EW strike and the segments of NEE strike are developed initially in the Dainan Period. Numerical simulation demonstrated that the extensional direction in the area of secondary faults is parallel to the extensional direction of the region and barely influenced by the Zhen 2 boundary fault. The orientational change of the tectonic stress field between the Paleocene and Eocene led to the linkage of secondary faults, which means that the segments of NEE strike are developed by pre-existing fabrics of the Paleocene and the segments of EW strike linked the NEE segments later in the Eocene. ©, 2015, Science Press. All right reserved. 相似文献
15.
《Journal of Structural Geology》1988,10(3):225-237
The widely accepted faulting theory of Anderson fails to explain three more coeval sets of faults or faults developed in a three-dimensional strain field. Reches has developed a model which suggests that four sets of faults, arranged in orthorhombic symmetry about the principal strain axes, are necessary to accommodate general, three-dimensional strain. This paper presents the odd-axis model, which recognizes certain geometric and kinematic relationships inherent in orthorhombic fault systems and in the Reches model and presents a practical method for decoding the strain significance of fault systems developed in three-dimensional strain fields. Both the odd-axis model and the Reches model are applied to an array of orthorhombic faults in the northern San Rafael Swell of central Utah with excellent agreement between predicted and observed geometric and kinematic parameters. 相似文献
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祁连山北缘—河西走廊西段晚新生代逆冲推覆断裂发育模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
祁连山北缘—河西走廊西段地处青藏高原东北缘,是我国新构造活动最强烈的地区之一。通过野外对研究区主要活动断裂的调查研究、结合年代学测试和综合分析,认为祁连山北缘—河西走廊西段地区的旱峡—大黄沟断裂、玉门断裂、新民堡断裂和阴洼山断裂都是晚更新世至全新世活动断裂。旱峡—大黄沟断裂形成于中新世晚期,一直活动至今;玉门断裂形成于上新世早期,在距今7.6ka左右和3.2ka左右发生过2次强烈的新构造活动(古地震),也是2002年玉门地震的发震断裂;阴洼山断裂形成于上新世晚期(3.0Ma左右),在距今19.9～21.0ka、8.6～10.0ka、4.1～5.0ka发生过3次强烈的新构造活动,也可能是1785年惠民堡(现新民堡)地震的发震断裂;但是位于近盆地中心的新民堡断裂形成时代明显晚的多,起始于中更新世晚期(0.17Ma左右),在距今28.3ka、4.4ka和1.2ka左右发生过强烈的3次新构造活动。在运动形式上,上述4条断裂均为自南南西向北北东的逆冲推覆。在变形性质上,新民堡断裂以非地震性的蠕滑为主,其他3条断裂主要为地震性的粘滑变形。在祁连山北缘—河西走廊西段的北北东剖面上,逆冲推覆断裂表现为前展-后展复合发育模式,即形成时代最新的是位于酒西盆地中心的新民堡断裂,在酒西盆地中心以南部分的剖面中断裂发育为前展式,由祁连山腹地向河西走廊盆地中心断裂形成时代越来越新,而酒西盆地中心以北部分的剖面中断裂发育为后展式,即从盆地中心到盆地北缘断裂形成时代越来越老。 相似文献
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基于线框架模型的三维地质断层结构模型及其构建技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于地质断层构造的特点,文中提出了一种适合三维断层模拟的数据模型——线框架模型,并基于该数据模型详细描述三维断层结构模型的构建方法,实现了从层面结构的地质模型向块体结构的地质模型进行自动转换的关键算法。线框架模型以方向线框架来表达地质模型的骨架,以方向TIN网来表达地质模型的血肉,具备地质断层结构模型所要表达的各种几何元素与拓扑关系。基于线框架模型的三维地质断层构模技术将地质界面之间的交切在地质界面三角网形成之前就进行处理,将面与面之间的切割操作简化为线与线之间的操作,这种方法不仅能有效地减轻断层地质体构模的复杂程度,而且可以将线与线之间的交线作为地质界面三角网构建时的约束边,从而有效地保证了地质界面之间交切关系的正确性。 相似文献
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针对地质环境中不同断层构造出现交叉、削截等现象而构成的复杂断层网络,本文基于隐函数曲面重建提出了一种三维断层网络隐式建模方法。该方法首先以径向基隐函数曲面重建理论为基础,基于地质剖面图中断层轮廓线数据以及断层产状信息隐式构建三维断层面模型;然后使用二叉树结构描述不同断层间的空间拓扑关系构建断层网络模型;最后,考虑断层建模中产状信息估计的不确定性,定义了断层面法向量概率分布模型,采用信息熵指标定量评价断层模型质量。以贵州水银洞金矿床为实例矿床,选定包含多条断层的区域作为试验区,采用该方法构建了实例三维断层网络模型,结果表明,基于隐函数曲面的三维断层网络建模方法能快速构建区域内多条断层的三维断层网络模型和拓扑结构,有助于复杂断层网络快速建模和三维形态分析,为断层构造定量研究提供基础。 相似文献