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1.
《Geoforum》2015
People’s reasons for visiting national parks have been well researched. So too have their park activities and how diverse activities potentially affect visitors’ park experiences (e.g. perceptions of overcrowding). Far less research has examined how park users’ environmental values might affect their perceptions of other users and the appropriateness of different activities – a potential source of conflict. Relationships between personal environmental values and environmental and social perceptions are complex and interactive in the context of park visitation. Visitors’ encounters with other users can powerfully affect their experience and enjoyment of parks, in turn reflecting such factors as values-related expectations and judgments in the context of national parks. Personal and social values may also play an important role in influencing whether different activities are perceived as ‘out of place’ in the context of national park place meaning, yet the conceptualization of values within geographic literature on parks remains comparatively weak.This paper utilizes a definition of values, derived from a concise review of the geography and social psychology literatures, to explain the results of survey research we undertook within national parks in Queensland, Australia. We use a ‘values-behavior hierarchy’ conceptual framework to consider how the personal environmental values of a sample of park visitors (n = 404) potentially affected patterns of park visitation, user activities, and user conflicts. Findings suggest that visitors’ environmental values shaped how they perceived other park users and the appropriateness of their activities. This has international implications for geographic research and other disciplines and professions involved in national park visitation, park use, and human impacts, on and of these powerful places. 相似文献
2.
Crime mobility: Spatial modelling of routine activities of arrestees and substance abusers in South Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Weir-Smith 《GeoJournal》2004,59(3):209-215
Routine activity theory proposes that a crime will take place within a criminal's area of social interaction. This space is
delimited by his/her workplace, residence and/or place of recreation. This theory, however, has not been tested to include
substance use, especially in the South African context. Therefore, where such substances are obtained and used the location
of subsequent criminal activities needs to be incorporated in this theory. Given this context, the paper tests the hypothesis
that as drug users expand their activity sphere they also expand their crime space. The analysis is based upon an HSRC national
survey of arrestees in which data on their place of work, residence, leisure and drug obtaining were collected. These data
were linked by GIS and analysed to establish relationships between the social interaction sphere and drug obtaining of the
respondents. This expected expanded behaviour is analysed spatially and used to identify hot spots and high priority areas
for police intervention. These results assist in making predictions about places where substances can be expected to be obtained.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
John Overton 《Geoforum》2010,41(5):752-762
Geographers have developed a keen interest in the social production of space - in the way meanings and values are ascribed to places as a result of changing social, cultural and political processes. There is a need to explore this approach further, seeing how social and economic values of places are inter-related and how these values are constructed in often deliberate and concerted ways. There is also a need to explore how such values are consumed: how the values in place are traded, appropriated and redistributed, both through the products of places and in land markets. This paper examines the New Zealand wine industry where certain wine regions have been identified and developed in ways which attempt to emphasise their distinctiveness in terms of wine quality and thus enhance the value of the wine produced. Different strategies have been employed in this process of place construction and this reflects the differential role of capital, striving on the one hand to increase the price and marketability of the products of distinctive places but, on the other, careful not to over-inflate land values and thus restrict further expansion. The paper suggests that the issue of consumption of space, involving a complex relationship amongst land, capital and place, is worthy of further exploration. 相似文献
4.
This study identifies the daily activity pattern of a city slum in Calcutta and analyzes the socio-economic correlates and proposes activity pattern models. The study area, Tangra slum is located in a low-lying poorly drained area where cheap land has led to the development of a large number of factories, and a cattle slaughter house; places of employment for unskilled labor. The ideal location of the slum in relation to entertainment, medical clinics, transportation nodes, shopping facilities has generated a diverse activity pattern. Activities were observed to be of two natures, essential and non-essential. The two types of activities differed in their frequency with the essential activities having high frequency and the non-essential having low frequencies. Typically it was also observed that high frequency activities were limited to a radii of 5 km (3 miles) from the slum whereas, the low frequency activities radiated for 100–160 km (60 to 100 miles) from the slum. 相似文献
5.
Information generated and transmitted over social networks, can help with understanding the development of events that are taking place in reality. With the great increase in usage of smart mobile devices, it is expected to have more data related also to location. Identifying the location of events is of great significance especially in case of disaster or other emergency. Unfortunately, social networks such as ‘Twitter’, ‘Facebook’, and ‘Instagram’, do not always support accessibility to information related to the exact location of neither the user nor the device. For example, in ‘Twitter’, <4 % of the messages carry the precise GPS position. This is due to privacy reasons, device settings and social network regulations. In this study, we use the content of the textual messages to detect the user’s location or, better, the location of the event. Predefined keywords and a set of filters were used to extract and analyze data acquired from the social networks. The analyses of these data focused, in this step, on geographical locations. Findings show that names of places as communicated over the networks corresponded, in many instances, to the actual locations of the events. In the case of major events (in terms of National impact), the volume of messages with location names increase dramatically relative to ‘normal’ periods when there are no ‘extreme’ events. It was also found that 14 % of the messages included the name of the city or even the street name, related to the event. 相似文献
6.
Youth gambling has become an important public health issue in Canada and elsewhere owing to the known associations between
gambling and delinquency, family dysfunction and suicide. Modern electronic and virtual gambling activities like video lottery
terminals (VLTs) may have particular appeal to youth who have been raised in social environments that are increasingly dependent
on information and communication technologies. The main objective of the study was to explore why youth gamble and what makes
gambling activities like VLTs popular to youth in the places where youth live, study and play. The research is framed within
a population health perspective that recognizes the role of social and physical environments in influencing health-related
behaviours. Group discussions were conducted with youth to explore the popularity and appeal of gambling and VLTs, and how
gambling fits into the daily routines of youth and the spaces they occupy. Methodologically, this research was conscious of
responding to calls in the literature to analyze focus groups as an interactive group process rather a collection of individual
responses, and to exercise analytic rigour by explicitly making the research team’s positionality and the data collection
process transparent. Group discussions revealed gender differences in the appeal of particular gambling activities with young
males being more likely to discuss poker, dice, sports-betting and online gambling as exciting social activities, while females
described lottery and scratch (instant win) tickets as fun solitary activities. Substantive results point to the need for
interventions to address social aspects of gambling that appeal, in particular, to young males potentially through increased
provision of healthier alternatives to social engagement and greater attention to young people’s use of space. 相似文献
7.
This research explores the relationship between geographic and social media network space. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to perform a geo-enhanced network analysis and to create an example social media network using a select location identified in the study area as important in the results of the geo-enhanced network analysis. A straightforward, non-technical example is provided to the readers on how location data and social media network data can be overlaid to visualize potential local firm to firm and firm to customer connections in geographic and social media network space. An example of how to identify these potential connections locally through social media networks using Twitter is demonstrated. By considering the geographic location in network structures, it is possible to convey the role distance plays in discerning prospective local social media marketing partners, and also track the spread of information flow through social media networks.
相似文献8.
Different models are used to evaluate the seashore effects of the tsunami generated by an asteroid impacting the shallow-water
plateau in the northwest basin of the Black Sea. The shortest distance between the impact location and the coast is about
185 km. The tsunami’s effects on the coastal regions depend on many factors among which the most important is asteroid size.
The tsunami generated by a 250-m asteroid reaches the nearest dry land location in 35 min and needs about 2 h to arrive all
over the Black Sea coast. The run-up value is about 2 m high on Turkish and Crimean coasts. In the western Black Sea regions,
the wave height is about 3 m. The run-up values strongly depend on bathymetry and topography peculiarities. The run-up values
in case of the tsunami generated by a 1,000-m-sized asteroid are up to five to six times larger than in case of the 250-m
impactor, depending on location. Differences between the tsunami’s dynamics on coastal regions situated in the proximity of
deep water and shallow water, respectively, are outlined. Aspects concerning accidental or deliberate nuclear explosions are
briefly referred. Possible social consequences and prevention are shortly discussed. 相似文献
9.
This study addresses the need for women risk communication and highlights the potential role of Women Welfare Associations (WWAs) of Bandung, Indonesia, as risk communicators. A risk communication framework is modeled for women’s risk communication process. A set of indicators in social, institutional, and economic resilience activities (SIERAs), with a scope of 45 activities covering three different disaster periods, were developed to characterize the delivery process of risk information by women in WWAs through their activities at sub-district and ward levels. The data were collected through a questionnaire survey method using the risk communication SIERA approach. Women’s leaders at wards were surveyed concerning their perceptions on these 45 scopes of SIERA, ongoing activities, and their risk information source and dissemination process. Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship between the variables such as periods of disaster, types of activities (social, institutional, economic), and attributing factors (location, population, and education institution) in finding variations in risk communication activity that functions for women and communities. Five risk communication processes of WWAs are identified and implemented that work for women in Bandung. When their perceptions and ongoing activities are compared, activities such as dissemination of disaster risk information, conveying early warnings to their peers, and involvement of the local government have been confirmed to match the risk communication plans and implementation of WWAs. These indicate that WWAs’ activities in Bandung implement a certain degree of risk communication that is embedded in their activities. The results confirm that women through their social networks can become active agents of change and thus act beyond their usual domestic roles and responsibilities in order to contribute to the overall enhancement of community resilience.
相似文献10.
研究区位于河南省方城县,大地构造位置处于伏牛山东麓,熊背-拐河金多金属成矿带。区内构造活动强烈,岩浆活动频繁,集地层、构造和岩浆活动于一体,是金多金属矿的成矿有利地区。区内燕山期花岗岩极为发育,两侧早期存在的两条规模巨大的韧性剪切带：黄土岭-郭沟和上官庄-薄地川韧性剪切带,明显构成“一体两带”的有利成矿环境。矿区成矿热液来源于上地幔岩浆水,并混合了部分热卤水,经多期分溢、沉淀,最终在构造有利部位形成矿体。研究认为矿区分为南、北两个成矿带,各个成矿带存在不同的成矿特征及矿化富集规律。 相似文献
11.
Hürriyet G. Ögdül 《GeoJournal》2000,51(4):321-328
Planners assume that old neighbourhoods have an atmosphere in which social relations can easily flourish. They also regard the strong social ties within a neighborhood as the guarantee for the success of housing rehabilitation. This article argues that existence of social cohesion in a neighbourhood is not necessarily an advantage in a process of modernisation and rehabilitation. In some cases the community may constitute a closed `island' especially in places where communities have historically inherited an hierarchical character. The article is based on a recent research project dealing with urban communities in inner city areas of Istanbul, especially those containing migrant populations which seemingly have strong community ties. The historical background of the community from the Ottoman period is examined in the first part of the article. The roots of the community as a territorial administrative unit (mahalle) and its modification in contemporary migrant communities are analysed. The second part of the article presents the results of two case studies. One of the case studies is a social housing district where the migrant community is mixed and social relations with the rest of the city are relatively well developed. The other case study area is an historical district where strong social ties create an introverted character of the community in spite of its central location. The result of the study reveals that urban `communities' in a city like Istanbul have both negative and positive aspects. Primarily it is important to assess and understand the degree of `opennes' of the community to the outer world. In any action to be taken planners should look not only inside the community, but also at its 'outer' relations. 相似文献
12.
This paper provides a critical review of two broad categories of social ecological theories of crime, social integration and place-based theories, and their relationships to spatial assessments of crime patterns. Social integration theories emphasize the role of neighborhood disorganization on crime, while place-based theories stress the social interactions within and between places as a source of crime. We provide an analysis of the extent to which these two types of theorizing describe processes and mechanisms that are truly ecologic (identify specific interactions between individuals and their environments) and truly spatial (identify specific movement and interaction patterns of individuals and groups) as they endeavor to explain crime outcomes. We suggest that social integration theories do not provide spatial signatures of sufficient specificity to justify the application of spatial statistical techniques as quantitative arbiters of the theory. On the other hand, place based theories go some way toward addressing these issues because the emphasis is placed on understanding the exact physical and social characteristics of place and the activities that occur around locations as sources of crime. Routine activities and crime potential theories attempt to explain clustering or “hot spots” of crime in ways that give clear spatial dimension by looking at micro-spatial interactions between offenders and targets of crime. These theories have strong ecological implications as well, since they contain specific statements about how people use the space around them and how these patterns of use are related to patterns of criminal activity. We conclude by identifying a set of requirements for successful empirical tests of geospatial theories, including the development of valid measures of key theoretical constructs and the formulation of critical empirical assessments of geospatial hypotheses derived from motivating theory. 相似文献
13.
The relationship between environmental contamination, human exposure and the risk to health is a complex and fascinating area of research. This paper reviews a number of earlier studies, which focussed on contamination by Pb and sought to address this complexity. It places them within an historical context of different stages of the evolution of the field of risk analysis as applied to environmental research. A risk framework permits these scientific studies to be discussed in relation to the complex social and political environment within which the risks associated with Pb-rich particulate matter were managed (and policy was developed). This paper undertakes this analysis through a risk governance framework, which allows the relationship between the various functions required for management of the risks to be evaluated. It shows ways that values (including stakeholder concerns and risk perceptions) need to be included along with the science that underpins risk analysis in order to make sustainable judgements. It is such judgements that lie at the heart of risk management decision making. 相似文献
14.
The paper examines women’s involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making among tenants in Ibadan, Nigeria. The data used in the paper is from a larger cross-sectional survey of 721 households on gender and housing in Ibadan, Nigeria. The analysis in the paper focused on 365 subgroup of households that are tenants in the sample survey. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and simple statistical techniques such as frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the data. The result shows that generally there is low involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. There is significant intra-urban variation in the involvement of women in residential location/relocation decision-making. Significant relationships are found between the level of women involvement in residential location/relocation decision-making and their educational level, occupation, and marital status. In addition, significant relationships are found between cultural and social support variables and involvement of women in residential location/relocation decisions. These results suggest that female empowerment and greater involvement in decision-making could be greatly enhanced by improved access of women to education, employment, the provision of good and reliable social support facilities and a reorientation of women’s view about responsibility for household housing provision. 相似文献
15.
土质边坡稳定性影响因素的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
边坡稳定性涉及到诸多因素,引入人工神经网络预测边坡稳定性的方法--误差逆传播学习算法效果显著.边坡稳定性预测系统的输入信息包括岩土体参数、几何参数等,而输出信息则是网络预测的稳定系数和稳定状态.土质边坡主要以圆弧滑移破坏为主,通过人工神经网络预测的结果与实际监测结果的对比分析,证实了BP神经网络在评价土质边坡稳定性方面的效果显著;并在此基础上分析了土质边坡影响因素对边坡稳定性的影响程度. 相似文献
16.
Robert B. Kent 《GeoJournal》1994,33(4):453-458
This study provides a preliminary examination of the temporal and geographic variations of sound in Cajamarca, a provincial city in the Andes of northern Peru. Sound levels were sampled in four neighborhoods of the city each representing different land-use characteristics and hypothetically distinct environmental sound profiles. The sample sites included the central plaza, the business district, a residential neighborhood, and a small residential community on the urban periphery. Sound readings were taken each hour between 6 am and 12 pm on every day of the week. Sound profiles for each location for a weekday, a Saturday, and a Sunday are presented. Distinct decibel profiles emerge, both geographically and temporally. These changing sound patterns reflect the activities of the town's residents as they move between home, work, and social/recreational activities during the course of a week. Cajamarca's sound profiles are believed to be characteristic of other provincial cities throughout the Andean region. 相似文献
17.
Prospectivity mapping is used to define favorable areas for mineral exploration. The location–allocation modeling can help in ranking exploration zones for high-volume low-price industrial minerals. This type of minerals are said to have a high place-value, meaning that they derive much of their value from the fact that extraction points are located close to the demand points. With this aim, a GIS-based location–allocation model of the gypsum resources in Spain is presented in this paper. Results point to the recognition of the most interesting areas that should be investigated and places where new gypsum facilities could be located. Moreover, the model allows evaluation of the relative economic interest of the new areas as compared with the existing ones.Based on this modeling, the geological regions with the greatest potential to place new facilities are located in the northwestern (Cantabrian zone) and north-eastern (easternmost Catalonia) parts of the Iberian Peninsula, with potential market share values higher than 5.25%. Most of the economically interesting gypsum bearing units in these regions are of Mesozoic age, although Neogene deposits of the central part of Catalonia are not ruled out. In addition, the prospectivity analysis map leads to establish an area where the excess of gypsum factories results in a drastic decrease of the market share value within this region (< 1.84 %).The maps obtained with this prospectivity analysis help in the area selection and the target identification phases of a mineral exploration. The model could easily be used for other similar high place-value industrial minerals and rocks. 相似文献
18.
随着城市迅猛发展,城市土壤性质发生显著变化,不同功能区之间呈现明显差异性。为了深入讨论人为影响方式和程度、污染来源的差别对土壤碳库(特别是黑碳)的影响,本研究以北京市为对象,对比研究了城区和郊区不同功能区(公园、居民区、道路绿化带)土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、黑碳(BC)含量以及含量比值(BC/SOC)的特点,并通过BC/SOC指标对土壤受到的人类活动影响方式和程度进行详细讨论。结果显示,北京市城区不同功能区的土壤SOC富集程度不同,且公园和居民区土壤在人为管理下SOC含量趋于平均;而郊区不同功能区的SOC含量值接近,表明其受人为影响较小,更接近于自然土壤。城区不同功能区的土壤BC含量存在较大差异,由大到小是公园(0.60%~2.28%,平均值为1.56%)、道路绿化带(0.12%~2.20%,平均值为0.62%)、居民区(0.11%~1.15%,平均值为0.35%),其中公园内区域性的翻种、施肥使得BC大量聚集,道路绿化带受到来自交通环境的强烈影响;而郊区不同功能区的BC含量值低且接近,代表了区域土壤BC含量背景值。土壤BC/SOC总体介于0.11和0.5之间,且郊区BC/SOC小于城区,指示了化石燃料和生物质的燃烧均是城区和郊区土壤BC物质的来源,但所占比重不同,且城区是郊区土壤黑碳的重要来源。另外,城区个别地区BC/SOC显著偏高,反映了BC/SOC不但指示土壤污染程度,同时与城市化时间、特定的人类活动密切相关。 相似文献
19.
Landfill site selection using integrated fuzzy logic and analytic network process (F-ANP) 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Locating a suitable place to dispose the municipal solid wastes hygienically (sanitary landfill) is one of the fundamental subjects relating the environmental stability of cities and, in general, the human settlements. This final stage of solid waste management requires observance of a series of principles and criteria mainly including environmental, social, economical, and general acceptance criteria. The set of these criteria along with their sub-criteria causes some complexities in decision making for landfill site selection. Considering effective parameters and criteria, we developed an integrated fuzzy logic and analytic network process (i.e. F-ANP) to locate a suitable location for landfilling municipal solid wastes generated in Kahak Town, Qom, Iran. Our findings revealed that integration of fuzzy logic and ANP can give better idea compared with other models like AHP, fuzzy logic, and ANP (individually). Therefore, this model can be applied in site selection for landfill of other similar places. 相似文献
20.
Dr. Jacob O. Maos 《GeoJournal》1977,1(4):29-35
Conclusion Despite its uniqueness, the vitality inherent in the rural structure of Israel is of particular interest to other developing regions with a predominant rural-agricultural population. Latin American countries, for example, are investing considerable resources in the development of new lands through construction of penetration roads and other infrastructure. Several countries have created regional development authorities; some have policies designed to attract private investments into virgin areas.13) The general emphasis tends increasingly toward state-initiated and planned settlement, often in conjuction with agrarian reform programs — an approach dictated both by economic efficiency and welfare criteria.Past experience has shown that the rural population has to be organized in viable communities in order to become amenable to economic and cultural integration. Communities must likewise be spatially organized in an optimal way that will make it possible to provide them with amenities and so direct their production for the purpose of achieving economic status. At the same time, maximum flexibility must be preserved to fit varying developmental stages, since physical plans once carried into effect are extremely difficult to modify.In order to reduce the social and economic pull of existing urban centers it may be advisable to develop new settlement areas as self-sufficient enclaves, independent to some extent from the facilities existing in the region. The settlements would share the national infrastructure of communications and public services, but would gear their production to regional as well as extra-regional demand, bypassing the traditional local market place. Then, as the new communities consolidate as social and economic entities, the options for collaboration or competition with existing central places can be laid open on a more equitable basis.Admittedly such sheltered development may affect the role of the local intermediary and lessen the commercial activities of the urban sector, but it would also stimulate the development of an independent framework of handling, marketing, and an increasing degree of processing the settlements' produce. These complementary activities would help to retain part of the added value of the production and generate new sources of employment for successive village generations. The delay in the growth for the region's total output may well be worthwhile for achieving that social and economic transformation which in turn may lead to a more balance and sustained development of the entire region.14) 相似文献