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1.
Erika Nagy 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):221-230
In late nineteenth century Hungarian cities there were strong contrasts between the inner ‘urban’ core and the rural periphery
in terms of housing conditions, accessibility and lifestyle. Rural-urban fringe zones in the Great Plain were quite distinctive
because the Turkish period was followed by an outflow of population which resulted in scattered settlement around the urban
centres. The fringe could be regarded simply as a zone of transition, but the differences between urban centres and their
immediate surroundings were gradually reduced through the industrialisation of the larger towns in the communist period. A
study of Szeged examines the expansion of the fringe zone and its gradual urbanisation through the growth of housing as people
have moved out from the centre to live among the rural population which increasingly turned from agriculture to commuting.
Villages on either side of Szeged's administrative boundary accommodated more migrants from the city during the 1980s and
experienced a gradual positive change in the quality of life as people escaped from the decaying residential blocs in the
centre. During the years since 1989 there has been further migration, coupled with a growth of small businesses and a big
improvement in services (shopping, running water, sewage and telecommunications). Further change may be expected in line with
the forces of counterurbanisation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
China has experienced considerable migration from inland to coastal areas since the reforms of 1978, with migrants becoming
an important population in many coastal cities. Compared with non-migrants (long-term residents), migrant vulnerability to
typhoons is considered high due to limited access to job opportunities, social security, information, and other resources;
however, there is no research on vulnerability of this population sector to natural hazards. This initial study analysed the
perceptions and personal experiences of migrants living in Shanghai of typhoon hazards. During May 2010, empirical data were
collected using an online questionnaire and face–face interviews. Response data indicated that risk knowledge of migrants
was significantly lower than among non- migrants; differing risk perceptions between the groups were consistent with levels
of personal typhoon experience; statistically significant differences in hazard knowledge within the sample also related to
education and occupation; a variety of strategies to cope with typhoon hazards was being applied by residential committees;
and that migrants were not generally recognised as a vulnerable group requiring special consideration in hazard risk management.
To reduce the vulnerability of migrants to typhoons, we recommend expanding the range of accessible communication technologies
distributing warning information; organising more educational and training programmes, at government and corporate level,
to increase community awareness of natural hazards; encouraging local residential committees to promote social networks and
engagement for migrants; and providing corporate incentives to develop insurances specifically for migrant needs. Further
research is necessary to assess the differences in vulnerability between different types of migrants. 相似文献
3.
A.G. Champion 《Geoforum》1987,18(4)
This paper uses the official annual population estimates to examine changes in the scale of urban-rural shift in the distribution of the British population since the 1960s. These reveal that the level of population deconcentration at regional and more local scales stood at its highest at the beginning of the 1970s and that since the mid 1970s the rate of population loss experienced by London and several other large cities has diminished markedly. An analysis of the components of population change reveals that trends in net migration have been primarily responsible, though generally reinforced by trends in natural change rates. It is concluded that, contrary to the impression of counterurbanisation being largely a feature of the 1970s as has generally been conveyed by the decennial analyses of Census data, most of that decade featured the downwave of a longer cycle of decentralisation which had its origins at least as early as the first half of the 1960s. Explanations for the rise of counterurbanisation in Britain should be sought primarily in this earlier decade, whereas the circumstances of the 1970s now appear more appropriate for explaining the subsequent slowdown in the process. This paper puts forward five sets of factors which seem to accord with this temporal pattern and which are believed to form a suitable starting point for its fuller explanation. 相似文献
4.
F.-J. Kemper 《GeoJournal》1998,46(1):17-28
This paper examines the spatial patterns and extent of residential segregation in Berlin at the time of unification, and also
considers changes since that date. Residential segregation is differentiated into three components - demographic, socio-economic
and ethnic. For all these dimensions, segregation depends on housing provision and the rules of admission to various segments
of the housing market. The former differences in housing regulations in East and West Berlin are therefore of importance,
as well as changes since unification. The paper shows that before unification demographic segregation was more prominent in
East Berlin, whilst socio-economic segregation was more pronounced in West Berlin. Ethnic minority communities in West Berlin
had developed from the immigration of guestworkers and their families, with moderate levels of segregation: however in East
Berlin there were very few foreign contract workers present throughout the 1980s. In spite of the short time-period since
unification, there are clear signs of convergence between the segregation patterns in the two parts of the city. Nevertheless,
it is argued that population movements between East and West are still remarkably low, so that differences in the population
patterns will continue to exist for some time to come.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Although some scholars describe migrant farmers as ‘exceptional resource degraders’ others do not. This paper uses evidence from the transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana, to examine whether there are substantial differences between households of migrants and the host population regarding agricultural land use. The aim is to determine whether migrants are more destructive of the land (and hence the environment) than the host population. This will be examined using a standard model of the determinants of agricultural land use, to which we add variables representing demographic impacts, including in-migration. The data used are from a household survey undertaken in 2002 among 110 migrant and 142 host population farming households in central Ghana. Results are mixed. We find no support for the hypothesis that households with migrants are less likely to consider the long-term effects of land use by increasing the land area in cultivation, but at the same time there is evidence of use of more land-intensive agricultural practices which tend to degrade farm land over time. 相似文献
6.
Yath Awan Yath 《GeoJournal》1991,25(1):19-26
Immigration into the three towns of Khartoum, Khartoum North and Ondurman has been a monopoly of Sudanese from other provinces of the north for many years. Even after the relaxation of movement between the different regions, few southerners ventured Khartoum. More than seven years ago, a second civil war broke out. Its consequences in the South have been a wide-spread devastation of both rural and urban areas, a progressive increase of war and famine related deaths and the upsetting of inter-ethnic harmony in the transitional zone as an echo of the political situation in the country. As a survival move, southern Sudanese fled from their towns and home villages in massive waves. Arriving in Khartoum, which was already congested with overstrained social services, they joined an existing body of impoverished population, which has settled in virtual shanty towns scattered throughout the greater metropolitan area. Disadvantages emerging from the economic exigences of their forced migration have been sustained within the general framework of government policy implementation as regards settlement in Khartoum with only an ambiguous reference to the distinctness of their ordeal. The result is that they become more disadvantaged then others. This paper examines the factors that are operating in the housing choice and residential location of Dinka ethnic group migrants using the example of Gereif West and Suq el Markazi. The result shows that the residential location is strongly affected by the response to an immediate objective situation, while the choice of tenure reflects the underlying function of the migrants' attitudes towards permanent stay in the town. 相似文献
7.
This paper develops an ethnographic study of a small rural based ‘creative cluster’, called Krowji, situated in the town of Redruth in West Cornwall, UK. The dominant geographies of creative industries research and policy in recent years have an acknowledged urban bias together with a focus on narratives of agglomeration. This paper sits alongside research that brings to the fore ‘other’ geographies of cultural production, and reflects an increasing interest in work on creativity in rural areas. Following work by Storper and Pratt, we explore Krowji’s complex interdependencies, investigating ‘the relations within, without and across the cluster’. We focus on the relationships between Krowji and its surrounding area together with the spatialities and temporalities of the relations that occur across and beyond the cluster. We address the dynamics and durability of relations formed within the cluster also paying attention to their disconnections. In offering this analysis we develop a valuable counterpoint to the urban bias of much work on creative clusters and we contribute to work that is looking more closely at the temporalities and spatialities of cultural production. Further, we point towards the value of ethnographical research on the creative industries. 相似文献
8.
Mark Blacksell 《Geoforum》1990,21(4)
This paper discusses the theory, method and results of the Exeter Access to Justice in Rural Britain project which examined the question whether rural inhabitants are disadvantaged in terms of their access to legal services by comparison with people in urban areas. Analysis of the spatial distribution of solicitors in private practice in England and Wales revealed rural areas to be relatively well provided for. An interview survey of a random sample of solicitors in Devon and Cornwall showed some important differences between rural and urban solicitors, with the former being less specialized and more conservative in orientation. A parallel survey of managers of CABs, providing a limited legal service, also revealed some perceived differences between rural and urban bureaux and some spatial unevenness in distribution. Surveys of rural clients, supported by parallel studies elsewhere in Britain, suggest that remote rural communities harbour cases of considerable deprivation with respect to legal services. 相似文献
9.
Peter M. Ward 《Geoforum》1976,7(5-6)
The paper describes spatially the zonal movements of residents to three squatter settlements established at different time periods in Mexico City. In addition, moves are related to the dynamics of the low income housing system and previous theories of intra-city squatter migration behaviour are evaluated. The data corroborate the concept that the traditionally accepted pattern of centre to periphery, tenement to squatter settlement movements has altered. Direct movement into the periphery on the part of incoming migrants is increasingly important, and older established squatter areas are the most important suppliers of population in recent invasions. The implications for the distribution and structure of housing opportunities for future low-income populations in Mexico City are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Bibhash Nath Sukumar Basu Mallik Doris Stüben Debashis Chatterjee Laurent Charlet 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(4):873-884
This study aims at finding out possible relation between lithology and spatial pattern of dissolved arsenic (As) in groundwater
around Chakdaha municipality, West Bengal, India. Satellite image, coupled with electrical resistivity survey and borehole
drilling helps to delineate surface and sub-surface lithological framework of the As affected alluvial aquifers. The satellite
imagery demonstrate that the high As area are presumably under active flood plain environment (low-lying areas), that constantly
receive organics due to periodic flooding. Thick low resistive (fine-grained) layer was observed at the top around the high
As areas, which, however, not found in low As areas. The result suggests that hydraulic properties of the surface/sub-surface
soil/sediment have an important control on the fate and transport of As in the aquifer. This study demonstrates that electrical
resistivity tools can be effectively used for the reconnaissance survey in characterizing the plausible lithological framework
of an alluvial aquifer containing As. 相似文献
11.
《Geoforum》2015
This paper uses the concept of ‘ordinary citizenship’ (Staeheli et al., 2012) to explore the relationship between mobility, citizenship and political space in the European Union. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Britons living in South West France, the paper examines the ways in which citizenship is meaningful to migrants as a complexity of legal frameworks, normative structures and everyday activities. While EU citizenship has been advanced to underpin the formation of a closer Union, we demonstrate that contemporary forms of citizenship among these lifestyle migrants are shaped to a large extent by performances of national belonging, and individual interactions with other people at the local or community level. We argue that a bi-national structure of citizenship, or one based on domicile better accounts for the experiences of these migrants than supranational EU citizenship. 相似文献
12.
引言本文讨论范围包括贺兰山、六盘山、龙门山和大雪山一线以东的广大东北、华北和华南地区及台湾省(简称中国东部)。中国东部自前震旦纪结晶基底形成后(其中华南东部是加里东褶皱基底),古生代时期受地中海构造体系和西太平洋构造体系的控制,主要处于一个三面有地槽带围限、内部为地台的发展阶段。随着属于地中海构造体系的天山和蒙古-大兴安岭地槽带、昆仑山-秦岭地槽带和川西-滇西地槽带于古生代至三迭纪期间逐渐褶皱迴返结束地槽生命后,中国东部受西太平洋构造体系的影响便相应地明显起来,成为中国东部中新生代地质构造发展的主导因素。 相似文献
13.
The provision of care is an increasingly pressing issue in the Global North. With an ageing population and policies encouraging women into the labour market, there is a growing need for workers to undertake paid caring. This poses important and urgent questions about the social organisation of labour markets. Care work typically is low paid and undertaken in precarious, informal, or temporary situations. Many posts are filled by economic migrants, raising concerns about a care deficit in sending countries. In this paper we examine the ‘caring work’ undertaken by migrant workers in a West London Hospital. We employ a twofold characterisation of caring work. Like other bottom-end service sector work, this work is characterised by the face-to-face ‘emotional labour’. However, it also requires ‘body work’: close and often intimate physical contact between carers and those they care for. We argue that both of these aspects are important in understanding how caring work is constructed as poorly regarded and low paid. We show how these features play out in particular ways for migrant workers employed in such caring work. 相似文献
14.
Since the 1980s, the increase of Asian migrants in large cities has contributed significantly to the cultural landscape of
Australia, especially in the city suburbs. Based on the Census and in-depth interviews of 103 Taiwanese migrants, this research
examines the location decisions and residential preferences of Taiwanese migrants in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne. The reasons
for choosing the state, the particular city, and specific area of residence are probed into. The survey shows that migrants
moved to Australia mainly for children’s education, lifestyle and political instability reasons. The main reasons for choosing
to settle in Sydney were favourable business opportunities, and the northern part of Sydney was preferred. Those who chose
Brisbane are attracted by the good climate there, and the residents preferred the Sunnybank area. Melbourne was chosen for
the good education it offers, and areas on transportation lines near good schools are selected. Choice of residence was based
mainly on their needs and their resources which may change over time. In general, they always choose to locate in close proximity
to their family, friends and Taiwanese communities. Their locational choice depends on income and housing budget, proximity
to good schools and shopping centers, and information from friends or earlier migrants. Based on such factors, this study
clearly demonstrates that the Taiwanese immigrants are fundamentally different from early Chinese settlers who once aimed
to settle at Chinatown locations. 相似文献
15.
This paper argues that although the social networks of highly skilled migrants are important, British and Indian scientists in Boston tend not to use expatriate social networks. I demonstrate that wider differences in cultural norms to the indigenous population, homogeneity within a migrant group and length of time spent in the US are not the only factors that affect the participation of highly skilled migrants in expatriate social networks. Other factors such as the size of an expatriate group, the annual flow of migrants to a region as well as the propensity of expatriates to participate in indigenous social networks will also affect the extent to which they participate in these networks. 相似文献
16.
It is commonly suggested that older non-Western migrants have a higher risk of experiencing multiple forms of disadvantage than native older adults. However, few researchers have studied the life situation and urban conditions of older migrants in relation to each other and in comparison to native older adults with a similar socioeconomic status. This paper investigates whether different groups of older non-Western migrants (of Surinamese, Moroccan and Turkish origin) in deprived neighbourhoods in Amsterdam experience similar or different levels of multiple disadvantage compared to socioeconomically similar native Dutch older residents living in the same neighbourhoods, and explores how multiple disadvantage can be explained in relation to life and residential histories and neighbourhood changes. Analysis of 85 in-depth interviews indicates that all categories of low-income older adults experienced certain levels of disadvantage, although they evaluated their circumstances using different frames of reference. Regarding health, both native-born and migrant older people experienced chronic illness. However, the results of this study suggest that those in the latter group (especially Moroccans and Turks) experienced health problems and related functional limitations at a younger age. Native Dutch older adults were somewhat better off with respect to the availability of household resources, but compared to older non-Western migrants were more likely to experience the negative effects of neighbourhood deprivation. In summary, this study refines common assertions that older migrants are more disadvantaged than native older adults. Differences in experiences of advantage and disadvantage have their origin in differences in life and residential histories and neighbourhood change. 相似文献
17.
A top to bottom lithospheric study of Africa and Arabia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We study the lithospheric structure of Africa, Arabia and adjacent oceanic regions with fundamental-mode surface waves over a broad period range. Including group velocities with periods shorter than 35 s allows us to examine shallower features than previous studies of the whole continent. In the process, we have developed a crustal thickness map of Africa. Main features include crustal thickness increases under the West African, Congo, and Kalahari cratons. We find crustal thinning under Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifts, including the Benue Trough, Red Sea, and East, Central, and West African rift systems, along with less abrupt crustal thickness changes at passive continental margins. We also find crustal thickness differences in North Africa between the West African Craton and East Saharan Shield. Crustal shear wave velocities are generally faster in oceanic regions and cratons, and slower in more recent crust and in active and remnant orogenic regions. Deeper structure, related to the thickness of cratons and modern rifting, is generally consistent with previous work. Under cratons we find thick lithosphere and fast upper mantle velocities, while under rifts we find thinned lithosphere and slower upper mantle velocities. However, we also find the lack of a thick cratonic keel beneath the central portion of the Congo Craton. There are no consistent effects in areas classified as hotspots, indicating that there seem to be numerous origins for these features. Finally, it appears that the African Superswell, which is responsible for high elevation and uplift over large portions of Africa, has had a significantly different impact (as indicated by features such as temperature, time of influence, etc.) in the north and the south. This is consistent with episodic activity at shallow depths, which is well-expressed in northeastern Africa and Arabia today. 相似文献
18.
《Geoforum》2016
Human migration may negatively impact biodiversity and is expected to increase in future, yet the phenomenon remains poorly understood by conservation managers. We conducted a mixed-methods investigation of a contemporary migration of traditional fishers in western Madagascar, a country which has been expanding its protected area system through the establishment of both strict and multiple-use sites, and critically evaluate different models of marine protected area in light of our findings. Interviews with fishers in major destination areas revealed that most migrants come from southwest Madagascar, use non-motorised vessels, and principally target sharks and sea cucumbers. Drivers of the migration include both push and pull factors (i.e. declining resource availability in areas of origin and the continued availability of lucrative resources for export to China). Traditional fisher migrants cause limited social conflict with residents and a number of environmental problems in destination areas: however artisanal fishers with motorised vessels probably represent a greater threat to marine resources than migrants, due to their greater harvesting capacity. We suggest that multiple-use arrangements may be more appropriate than strict protected areas in both source and destination areas, because they integrate the interests of migrants rather than marginalising them: however seascape-scale management provides the best approach for managing the threats and opportunities provided by the migration at the appropriate scale. 相似文献
19.
20.
Geo-referenced data often are collected in small, administrative units such as census enumeration districts or postal code areas. Such areas vary in geographic area and population size and may change over time. In research into drug-related health issues within the United States, U.S. Postal Service ZIP codes represent a commonly used unit for data collection, storage, and spatial analysis because of their widespread availability in health databases through patient contact and billing information. However, the ZIP code was developed for the specific purpose of delivering mail and may be changed at any time, and its design and development does not take into consideration problems that may arise in data collection, analysis, and presentation in health studies. In this paper, we propose a spatial hierarchical modeling approach to quantify trends within ZIP-code based counts when some fraction of ZIP codes change over the study period, that is, when the data are spatially misaligned across time. We propose a data vector approach and adjust the spatial auto-correlation structure within our Bayesian hierarchical model to provide inference for our misaligned data. We motivate and illustrate our approach to explore spatio-temporal patterns of amphetamine abuse and/or dependence in Tracy, California over the years 1995–2005. Uncertainty associated with misaligned data is modeled, quantified, and visualized. The approach offers a framework for further investigation into other risk factors in order to more fully understand the dynamics of illicit drug abuse or dependence across time and space in imperfectly measured data. 相似文献