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1.
E. A. Rogozhin A. N. Ovsyuchenko S. S. Novikov A. V. Marakhanov 《Seismic Instruments》2011,47(4):295-306
Resulting from the seismotectonic study of the Sambian Peninsula based on the interpretation of remote sensing data (satellite
images and digital elevation maps), lineaments have been identified. They may be interpreted as active faults and flexure-fracture
zones. These active faults, which are expressed in the form of gentle linear swells or steps in the relief, have been found
and studied during the carried out field works. There are many discovered paleoseismic dislocations in the studied areas of
active faults: fracture displacements, marks of liquefaction (sand dykes), near-fault folds. These seismic dislocations may
indicate seismic shocks of 7–8 intensity points occurring in the neighborhood of a modern Kaliningrad city in recent geological
history. The identified active structures (Yantarny Fault Zone and Bakalino flexure-fracture zone) could control sources of
the 2004 Kaliningrad earthquakes. 相似文献
2.
This paper summarizes the available geological and geophysical material for faults as regards their role in the seismic process. The entirety of the geological and geophysical evidence is used to reveal hidden faults, which are important in influencing the spatial distribution of earthquakes, and to produce a map of the major earthquake-generating faults and lineaments in the Russian northeast. As well as the occurrence of earthquakes at known faults that have surface expression, we find that seismicity tends to occur at the hidden faults and lineaments we have identified, as well as at intersections of faults. We made a quantitative assessment of the relationship of seismicity to tectonic fragmentation of the crust, correlating the density and discordance measure for faults to indicators of seismic activity (rate and energy release of earthquakes per unit area) for the southeast flank of the Okhotsk-Lena seismic region. The results obtained in this study revealed some features in the spatial distribution of earthquakes occurring on land in the Okhotsk-Lena seismic region: the maximum level of seismic activity occurs in areas with moderate values of the discordance measure for faults (12 < ‖D‖ ≤ 18) as identified from gravity data and in zones of increased horizontal gradients of the lines of equal discordance. At these locations, the greatest probability of earthquake occurrence for events of energy class K ≥ 12 corresponds to moderate values of the density of faults visible at the surface (0.12 < τ ≤ 0.16 km?1). 相似文献
3.
Structural, geomorphological, geophysical and volcanological data have been processed for the implementation of a dedicated
GIS through which the structural evolution of the Pleistocene trachytic Cimini volcano (central Italy) has been reconstructed.
The evolution of the Cimini complex includes three main close-in time phases: (1) intrusion of a shallow laccolith, rising
along NW and NE trending faults and stagnating at the contact between the Mesozoic-Cenozoic and the Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary
units constituting the bedrock of the volcano; (2) emplacement of lava domes along radial and tangential fractures formed
by the swelling induced by the laccolith growth; (3) ignimbrite eruptions and final effusion of olivine-latitic lavas. Domes
are both of Pelean and low lava dome type and their morphology was controlled by the location on the inclined surface of the
swelled area. Some domes show to have uplifted upper Pliocene thermally metamorphosed clay sediments, suggesting a cryptodome-like
growth. Comparison of the top of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic units with the top of the upper Pliocene-Pleistocene sedimentary complex,
suggests that the laccolith emplaced in a graben of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary complex filled by the Pliocene–Pleistocene
sediments uplifted by the shallow intrusion. Stress patterns acting on the Cimini area have been deduced analysing the drainage
network and the morphotectonic lineaments. Rose diagrams show a large dispersion of the lineaments reflecting the local presence
of radial and tangential fractures. The most frequent extensional NW and NE trending lineaments have regional significance
and controlled the magma uprise leading to the laccolith emplacement. 相似文献
4.
The goal of the present work is to identify high-seismicity (High) intersections of morphostructural lineaments within the Mediterranean mountain belts (the Alps, Apennines, Balkanides, Dinarides, and the Carpathians). The intersections of lineaments, with the lineaments being boundaries of crustal blocks, were determined by morphostructural zoning. The epicenters of M ≥ 6.0 earthquakes and the intersections were found to be related. We used the KORA-3 recognition algorithm to identify the High intersections, where M >- 6.0 earthquakes can occur, separately for each mountainous country. Most of the High intersections identified here are located on higher-rank lineaments that separate major crustal blocks. The High intersections typically involve contrasting neotectonic movements and an increased crustal fragmentation. The results of this study point to a high seismic potential for the regions studied: we have identified many High intersections where no large earthquakes have yet been recorded. 相似文献
5.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,253(3-4):485-496
Seismic hazard is difficult to assess in regions of low strain rates. A major limitation often relates to the absence of large instrumentally recorded events precluding any comparison between seismological data and paleoseismic or morphotectonic informations. We take advantage of the 1904 Ms∼7.1 earthquake that struck the southern edge of stable Eurasia and investigate if morphotectonic and paleoseismic observations can provide a reliable estimate of the seismic potential of slow-slipping faults. We have conducted a paleoseismic study of the Krupnik normal fault thought to be responsible for the event. A section of the fault bearing remnants of a 2 m-high scarp has been selected at the base of triangular facets. The trenching site locates where the scarp cuts across colluviums washed from the bedrock facetted slopes. We excavated two neighbouring trenches, one across a well-preserved portion of the scarp, and one across a portion degraded by a landslide. The excavations reveal a set of coarse colluvial units faulted against bedrock and affected by secondary fissures. Faulting appears to have resulted from a single event with normal throw greater than 1.3 m that occurred before the emplacement of the landslide. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates of charcoal samples are consistent with the interpretation that the Krupnik Fault slipped recently, most probably in 1904, after a long lasting (> 10 ka) period of quiescence. The morphotectonic and paleoseismic observations yield seismic moment estimates compatible with the instrumental magnitude of the event and indicate that destructive and infrequent earthquakes typify the regional seismic behaviour. 相似文献
6.
S. S. Arefiev E. A. Rogozhin Zh. Ya. Aptekman V. V. Bykova C. Dorbath 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2006,42(10):850-863
This work generalizes the results of tomographic imaging performed by the authors for epicentral zones. Seismic events in North Africa (the M w = 5.8 earthquake of 1985 near the town of Constantine), eastern Anatolia (the Erzincan M w = 6.7 earthquake of 1992), the Lesser and Greater Caucasus (the 1988 Spitak M w = 6.8 and the 1991 Racha M w = 7.0 earthquakes), and northern Sakhalin (the 1995 Neftegorsk M w = 7.1 earthquake) are examined. It is shown how various morphokinematic types of active faults differ in the resulting tomographic images at various depths. A classification of tomographic images of strong earthquake source zones is proposed in accordance with the rank of their generating faults. The sources of the Spitak, Racha, and Erzincan earthquakes are confined to large boundary faults separating tectonic zones. Lower velocity bands are revealed in the tomographic images, and low velocity “pockets” 1–2 km or somewhat more in width penetrating to a depth of up to 15 km are observed near the fault zones. The Constantine and Neftegorsk earthquakes were generated by faults of a lower rank. The source zones of these events are imaged tomographically as narrow gradient zones. 相似文献
7.
The earthquakes of central coastal Peru occur principally in two distinct zones of shallow earthquake activity that are inland of and parallel to the axis of the Peru Trench. The interface-thrust (IT) zone includes the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 17 October 1966 and 3 October 1974. The coastal-plate interior (CPI) zone includes the great earthquake of 31 May 1970, and is located about 50 km inland of and 30 km deeper than the interface thrust zone. The occurrence of a large earthquake in one zone may not relieve elastic strain in the adjoining zone, thus complicating the application of the seismic gap concept to central coastal Peru. However, recognition of two seismic zones may facilitate detection of seismicity precursory to a large earthquake in a given zone; removal of probable CPI-zone earthquakes from plots of seismicity prior to the 1974 main shock dramatically emphasizes the high seismic activity near the rupture zone of that earthquake in the five years preceding the main shock. Other conclusions on the seismicity of coastal Peru that affect the application of the seismic gap concept to this region are: (1) Aftershocks of the great earthquakes of 1966, 1970, and 1974 occurred in spatially separated clusters. Some clusters may represent distinct small source regions triggered by the main shock rather than delimiting the total extent of main-shock rupture. The uncertainty in the interpretation of aftershock clusters results in corresponding uncertainties in estimates of stress drop and estimates of the dimensions of the seismic gap that has been filled by a major earthquake. (2) Aftershocks of the great thrust-fault earthquakes of 1966 and 1974 generally did not extend seaward as far as the Peru Trench. (3) None of the three great earthquakes produced significant teleseismic activity in the following month in the source regions of the other two earthquakes. The earthquake hypocenters that form the basis of this study were relocated using station adjustments computed by the method of joint hypocenter determination. 相似文献
8.
Central America is divided into seven segments based on differences in the strikes and positions of volcanic lineaments in the historically active volcanic chain. This block-like pattern is also seen in the contrasting volcano morphology, recent fault patterns and the distribution of shallow earthquakes. Discontinuities in the deep seismic zone can be identified at some segment margins. The boundary areas between the segments are characterized by faulting transverse to the volcanic lineaments, frequently accompanied by basalt cinder cone fields, by concentrations of shallow earthquakes and by catastrophic historic eruptions. This volcanological, structural and seismological data can be explained by a segmented converging plate margin. At shallow depths the underthrust lithosphere is broken along tear faults into 100 to 300 km long segments. The separate segments descend into the mantle with different strikes and dips and give the geology its segmented character. Evidence for similar segmented converging plate margins is found in Mexico and in other parts of the circumpacific and alpine belts. 相似文献
9.
本文根据强震区域分布特征与大地貌的相关性,127个地震断层面解,18个大地震破裂带资料和地震断裂带的平均滑动速度等方面的资料,提出了中国大陆地震应力调整场动态模型。最后,基于此模型讨论了中国地震活动性问题 相似文献
10.
在许多地震触发研究案例中,不少学者都利用大地震造成的库仑应力变化研讨其对后续地震的影响,但众多结果中存在的共同规律尚未得到很好的统计与归纳。基于库仑应力变化理论,通过统计多个地震序列与典型事件中库仑应力研究结果,分别从震级,触发距离,触发地震库仑应力变化(ΔCFS)以及触发时间4个方面进行分析。结果表明,静态库仑应力的最优影响范围在5～50 km间,触发地震的应力条件多在0.01～0.4 MPa,触发地震震级与距离和主震震级无明显对应关系;动态触发的作用范围在100～2500 km间,主震震级通常较高,触发地震的震级都小于主震震级,在几个典型远程触发的事件分析中,主震震级与可触发距离呈正相关,但触发次数与其他所分析因素均无关;震后应力转移的三种机制,从理论上合理地解释了长时间尺度延迟触发的现象,但精确计算应力转移的量值可能对库仑应力变化与触发地震之间关系的更合理解释有推动作用,需引起关注。 相似文献
11.
In this study, we purposed to investigate the edge of geostructures and position of existing faults of the Shamakhy–Gobustan and Absheron hydrocarbon containing regions in Azerbaijan. For this purpose, the horizontal gradient, analytic signal, tilt angle, and hyperbolic of tilt angle methods were applied to the first vertical derivative of gravity data instead of Bouguer gravity data. We obtained the maps that show the previous lineaments which were designated by considering the maximum contours of horizontal gradient, analytic signal maps, and zero values of tilt angle, hyperbolic of tilt angle maps. The geometry of basement interface was also modeled utilizing the Parker–Oldenburg algorithm to understand the sediment thickness and coherency or incoherency between the gravity values and basement topography. The lineaments were held a candle to most current tectonic structure map of the study area. It was seen that the techniques used in this study are very effective to determine the old and new lineaments in the Shamakhy–Gobustan and Absheron regions. The epicenter distribution of earthquakes within the study area supports the new lineaments which are extracted by our interpretation. We concluded that better comprehension of Azerbaijan geostructures and its effect on the large scale works will be provided by means of this study. 相似文献
12.
Estimation of Maximum Earthquakes in Northeast India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We attempt to estimate possible maximum earthquakes in the northeast Indian region for four seismic source zones, namely EHZ,
MBZ, EBZ, and SHZ, which encapsulates the various seismogenic structures of the region and also for combined source zones
taken as a single seismic source regime. The latter case exhibits a high maximum earthquake estimate of MW 9.4 (±0.85) through Bayesian interpretation of frequency magnitude distribution with Gamma function implicating a moderate
deviation from the standard Gutenberg Richter model at the higher magnitudes. However, tapering Gutenberg Richter models with
corner magnitudes at MW 8.01, 8.7 and 9.1, respectively indicated maximum values corresponding to MW 8.4, 9.0, and 9.3. The former approach was applied to each of the source zones wherein the data are presented in parts according
to the data completeness, thereof. EHZ, MBZ, EBZ and SHZ are seen with maximum earthquakes of MW 8.35 (±0.59), 8.79 (±0.31), 8.20 (±0.50), and 8.73 (±0.70), respectively. The maximum possible earthquakes estimated for
each individual zone are seen to be lower than that estimated for the single regime. However, the pertaining return periods
estimated for the combined zone are far less than those estimated for the demarcated ones. 相似文献
13.
Michael E. Wysession Emile A. Okal Kristin L. Miller 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,135(2):261-359
We establish here a comprehensive database of intraplate seismicity in the Pacific Basin. Relocation and analysis of 894 earthquakes yield 403 reliable intraplate earthquakes during 1913–1988. These numbers do not include earthquake swarms, which account for another 838 events. Most of the remainder (304 events) are actually plate boundary earthquakes that have been erroneously located in intraplate regions. A significant number occur in recent years when location capabilities should have guarded against this situation. Relocations involve a careful linear inversion ofP andS arrivals, accompanied by a Monte Carlo statistical analysis. We have also attentively removed the high number of clerical errors and nuclear tests that exist in epicenter bulletins.A geographical examination of the relocated epicenters reveals several striking features. There are three NW-SE lineaments north of the Fiji Plateau and in Micronesia; diffuse seismicity and incompatible focal mechanisms argue against the southernmost, discussed byOkal
et al. (1986) andKroenke andWalker (1986), as the simple relocation of the Solomon trench to the North. Besides another striking lineament, along the 130°W meridian, there is also a strong correlation between seismicity and bathymetry in certain parts of the Basin. In the Eastcentral Pacific and Nazca plates there are many epicenters on fracture zones and fossil spreading ridges, and hot spot traces like the Louisville, Nazca and Cocos Ridges also display seismicity. 相似文献
14.
M. Caputo V. Keilis-Borok E. Oficerova E. Ranzman I. Rotwain A. Solovjeff 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1980,21(4):305-320
In accordance with a map of lineaments in the Italian region, the intersections of lineaments where, according to the results of previous studies, strong earthquakes may be expected to occur, have been identified. The parameters used for the pattern recognition method are mostly based on elevation and slope. Many control experiments were carried out to test the validity and stability of the results obtained. Results show several locations where strong earthquakes have not occurred in historic times, but where they may occur in the future. 相似文献
15.
A. I. Lutikov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2008,44(3):181-192
A rational choice of the scalar seismic moment and ordering index is proposed that can be advantageously used for the monitoring of source zones of strong earthquakes in order to predict the development of a seismic situation. These parameters are the main characteristics of seismotectonic deformation. The ordering index characterizes a regular change in time of chaotization and ordering phases of the seismic process related to the occurrence of strong aftershocks. Using the December 5, 1997, Kronotskii (M w = 7.8) and December 26, 2004, Sumatra (M w = 9.0) earthquakes as an example, temporal variations of the studies parameters in the aftershock zones of these earthquakes are analyzed in detail. 相似文献
16.
Microzonation of the city of Basel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
During the past centuries, the city of Basel has suffered damage caused by earthquakes. One extraordinary event described in historical documents is the strong earthquake which occurred in 1356. The 1356 event, one of the strongest earthquakes in northwest-Europe, was obviously much stronger than the low-magnitude earthquakes observed in the area during this century. Even though the present seismicity in the Basel area is low, strong earthquakes have to be expected due to the city's geographical location close to the northern boundary of the African-European convergence zone, at the southern end of the Rhinegraben. A crucial step towards preparedness for future events and mitigation of earthquake risk involves a microzonation study of the city. The study is carried out in three steps: (1) a detailed mapping of the geology and geotechnical properties of the area, (2) measurement, interpretation and modelling of ambient noise data, and (3) numerical modelling of expected ground motions during earthquakes. A qualitative microzonation of the centre of Basel is presented, and it is discussed by comparing it to the historically reported damage of the 1356 earthquake. 相似文献
17.
Umesh Chandra 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1978,16(2):109-131
The historical as well as recent seismicity data and the focal mechanism solutions for 48 earthquakes determined from the observations of world-wide standardized stations network (WWSSN) records, were used to investigate the tectonics of the Himalayan mountain system and vicinity. Seismicity maps of the region showing large earthquakes (magnitude 7.0 and above, and damaging earthquakes that caused fatalities) from the earliest time through 1976, and instrumentally located earthquakes for the period January 1963–March 1974 are presented. Eleven of these earthquakes are estimated to be of magnitude 8.0 and above. The earthquake epicenters generally follow the trend of the mountains with greatest concentrations of seismic activity occurring along the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges, and near the Quetta, Kashmir and Assam syntaxes. Throughout Tibet, however, the distribution of epicenters is rather irregular and no clear trends are apparent. Two aseismic lineaments, one west of the Sulaiman Range and the other in the Assam Valley, are identified. Also, seismic activity in the vicinity of the Counter Thrust (Indus-Tsangpo suture zone) is rather small. Based on the identification of these aseismic lineaments and from a consideration of the geometry and kinematics of the continental collision model, a hypothesis for the origin of the Himalayan syntaxes is presented.Focal mechanism solutions confirm northward underthrusting of the Indian Plate along the Main Boundary Thrust and Main Central Thrust system, and eastward underthrusting along the Burmese Arc. Fault-plane solutions indicate left-lateral motion along the Kirthar-Sulaiman Range, right-lateral motion along the Karakoram Fault, left-lateral motion along the eastern extremity of the Himalayan flank of the Assam syntaxis, and right-lateral motion along the northern part of the Naga Hill flank of the syntaxis. These observations are in agreement with the expected sense of lateral (parallel to the collision boundary) mass movement for the continental collision model. Focal mechanism solutions for three earthquakes in east Afghanistan show NW-SE compression. A near-vertical orientation of the axes of tension in the solutions for two earthquakes in the Hindu Kush region is consistent with the sinking of a remnant slab of oceanic lithospere. Normal fault-plane solutions showing NW-SE extension for two events near Gatok, Tibet, and for the recent Kinnaur earthquake are interpreted to indicate a possible subsurface northern continuation of the Aravalli Range of Peninsular India, and its involvement in the tectonic framework of the region. Focal mechanism solutions of three earthquakes near the southern edge of the Shillong Plateau suggest block uplift of the plateau as a horst along the Dauki Fault. The solution for one earthquake near the Yunnan Graben shows NE-SW extension. 相似文献
18.
在地球及其电离层的静电理论的范畴内,能简单地解释一切跟地震有关的电气现象。电离层由于电子的康普顿散射通常是正电的,地球深部由于电子静电泵离电离层也是正电性的。这些电于形成约1800安的规则连续电流,而正离子必然是突发式流动而形成雷电、火山喷发以及某些类型的地震。地震的主要成因显然是构造应力的释放,但是地震目录中的某些地震可能是被静电爆发作用所触发的。这种地震具备下列两个必要条件:位于深处的正离子能贯穿高电阻的上地幔;在电离层中存在吸引正离子的局部负电异常。大气层电场和“地震—大地电流”的同步联测可能是预报地震的时间和地点的两单而又准确的方法。 相似文献
19.
EXAMPLES OF RESOLUTION IMPROVEMENT IN GEOELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS APPLIED TO GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS1
STEWART K. SANDBERG 《Geophysical Prospecting》1993,41(2):207-227
One simulation and two field examples from New Jersey illustrate resolution improvement in geoelectrical soundings applied to groundwater exploration. Layered-earth parameter resolution is derived from data obtained with the commonly used methods of resistivity, induced polarization (IP) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings. Resolution improvement is achieved by simultaneous inversion of two or more data sets and by constraining parameters of the inverse problem. A quantitative analysis showing the contribution of IP data to the resolution of geo-electric sections is presented. Simultaneous inversion of simple IP data with conventional resistivity and resistivity-TEM data sets resulted in improved parameter resolution. IP data improved resolution in three ways: (1) by decoupling correlated layered-earth parameters, (2) by adding information to a geological interpretation about a second physical property, namely chargeability, and (3) by increasing the electrical information available. 相似文献
20.
本文通过整理和分析青藏高原西北于田地区强震后,地震迁移的空间分布,迁移特征,同时整理和分析与迁移地震相关的青藏高原主要活动构造的结构和地震活动,分析两者之间的关系。得到以下结论:①迁移地震空间分布具有不均匀性,主要分布在活动地块边界,受大型活动构造带控制;②迁移路径主要有三条,第二条路径更为重要,主要沿着昆仑山脉向唐古拉山、巴颜喀拉山及阿尼玛卿山,在若尔盖盆地东北侧折向东南,向岷山、龙门山迁移;③未来5年内在青藏高原西北于田地区可能发生1~2次6.5级左右地震,在龙门山南段等地震空区内可能发生迁移强地震;④1900年以来发生的地震沿先前存在的地震空区分布。 相似文献