共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 92 毫秒
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近40年中国平均气候与极值气候变化的概述 总被引：47，自引：0，他引：47
随着中国气象局对近50年来逐日气象观测资料的释放,人们从不同的角度对中国平均气候和极端气候的分布特征有了更多的了解.从目前研究的结果来看,这些认识需要有一个集成,即需要有一个总体的归纳和解释.通过中国近40年来的温度极值和降水极值事件的分析认识到全球增暖和区域环流异常决定着气候极值事件的分布格局.与全球增暖相联系的是:我国微量降水在空间上表现为一致的减少趋势,我国北方寒潮事件显著减少,冷夜和冷日的减少与暖夜和暖日的增多并存,以及极端强降水有增多的趋势.与东亚季风气流和西风带气流异常对应的我国有效降水在区域分布上发生了显著变化,东部季风区中的"北涝南旱"从1970年代末转型为"南涝北旱",与华南的偏干一起形成了东部季风区降水从华南、长江到华北的"-、 、-"异常分布型,但华南在1991年出现了转湿的突变;东北和西北先后从1983年和1987年前后转为暖湿气候.极端温度和极端降水趋势的空间分布与平均温度和平均降水趋势的空间分布一致. 相似文献
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影响我国短期气候异常的关键区：亚印太交汇区 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
WU Guo-xiong 吴国雄 李建平 周天军 陆日宇 俞永强 朱江 穆穆 段安民 任荣彩 丁一汇 李维京 何金海 王凡 于卫东 乔方利 袁东亮 齐义泉 《地球科学进展》2006,21(11):1109-1118
围绕国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“亚印太交汇区海气相互作用及其对我国短期气候的影响”,介绍了“亚印太交汇区”（AIPO）的概念,从气候系统多圈层相互作用的角度,阐述了研究AIPO区海气相互作用的科学意义;在分析国内外海气相互作用影响气候研究发展动态的基础上,指出AIPO区是影响我国短期气候的关键区;研究AIPO区海气相互作用对我国短期气候的影响也是国民经济发展需要亟待解决的重要课题。介绍了项目拟研究的关键科学问题,指出该项目的最终研究目标为：揭示AIPO季节到年际尺度的海气相互作用特征,从而提出该关键区海气相互作用影响我国短期气候异常的理论框架,为改进东亚季风的季度—年际变化预测提供理论和方法。 相似文献
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近年来随着极端天气/气候事件的频发,应对极端天气/气候事件的要求极其紧迫。目前气象资料对极端天气/气候事件的研究相对较短,由此作者提出利用石笋记录重建历史年际、年代际极端天气/气候事件的构想。通过对目前已有的石笋极端天气/气候事件研究实例分析总结,认为洞穴石笋沉积速率相对较快,石笋中标志性结构构造特征的存在,有利于石笋记录到极端天气/气候事件。同时就目前的研究现状,作者提出建立准确年代标尺、选择生长速率相对较快和存在标志性结构构造特征、能记录到极端气候的石笋,以及提高采样分辨率和与其他记录相互验证等作为石笋极端气候研究的工作要求,同时就文石笋研究极端天气/气候事件提出文石笋可能更加容易记录到极端天气/气候事件的个人新认识。 相似文献
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近年来随着极端天气/气候事件的频发,应对极端天气/气候事件的要求极其紧迫。目前气象资料对极端天气/气候事件的研究相对较短,由此作者提出利用石笋记录重建历史年际、年代际极端天气/气候事件的构想。通过对目前已有的石笋极端天气/气候事件研究实例分析总结,认为洞穴石笋沉积速率相对较快,石笋中标志性结构构造特征的存在,有利于石笋记录到极端天气/气候事件。同时就目前的研究现状,作者提出建立准确年代标尺、选择生长速率相对较快和存在标志性结构构造特征、能记录到极端气候的石笋,以及提高采样分辨率和与其他记录相互验证等作为石笋极端气候研究的工作要求,同时就文石笋研究极端天气/气候事件提出文石笋可能更加容易记录到极端天气/气候事件的个人新认识。 相似文献
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近年来，我国在气候问题中的数值模拟式研究方面有了相当大的发展。这主要表现在气候模式水平的迅速提高，以及利用气候模式进行了大量的气候数值模拟和预报试验研究工作。对我国１９９１￣１９９４年在这方面的主要研究进展进行了系统的总结。 相似文献
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印度洋偶极子是热带印度洋中重要的年际变率之一,对印度洋周边国家乃至全球的气候有着重要的影响,关于其形成机制及气候影响的研究对于气候预测具有重要意义.主要回顾了近10年印度洋偶极子的相关研究进展,包括印度洋偶极子的基本特征、与热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动之间的关系、与亚洲夏季风之间的关系、对全球气候的影响以及全球变暖背景下的变化等.印度洋偶极子与热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动之间的关系体现为二者之间是相互影响的,但不同类型的印度洋偶极子对热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动的影响机制尚不明确,还需进一步的研究.印度洋偶极子与亚洲夏季风之间的关系体现为二者之间存在强烈的相互作用,印度洋偶极子与印度洋东部夏季风环流之间存在相互促进作用,而印度洋偶极子与印度夏季风环流之间的相互作用尚需进一步研究.此外,研究表明全球变暖背景下极端正印度洋偶极子的发生将增多,同时极端印度洋偶极子对我国极端气候事件的发生有着重要影响.以往的研究主要集中于单独的印度洋偶极子或印度洋偶极子和热带太平洋中厄尔尼诺—南方涛动的结合对我国极端气候的影响,而印度洋偶极子与中高纬环流系统或泛热带海洋之间的协同作用对我国极端气候事件的影响还亟需相关研究.对印度洋偶极子的系统性回顾可为未来印度洋偶极子的研究提供一定的科学基础. 相似文献
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Water resources play an important role in supporting the economic and social development of China. The impact of climate change on water resources has become a bottleneck in this process, especially for major projects, with surface water and groundwater systems experiencing considerable impacts. The annual natural recharge of fresh groundwater is 8 840×10~8 m~3, which accounts for approximately 31% of the water resources. Groundwater is the most significant water source for many cities and energy bases, and it is also the main source acting as a buffer against extreme climate events caused by climate change. However, most of the groundwater in China buried deeply and unevenly, which increases the difficulty of investigating and exploiting this resource.This paper illustrates the general conditions of China water resources and hydrogeological hazards, such as karst sinkholes, surface subsidence, and soil salinization, caused by climate change, El Nino, La Nina, other climate events and human activities and presents the regulatory measures enacted to mitigate these issues in China.The China Geological Survey(CGS) has organized professional teams to investigate and evaluate groundwater resources and the environment since 1999. Based on these investigations, the total quantity, expected exploitable quantity and current exploited quantity of groundwater in whole China have been evaluated. In addition, an evaluation of the groundwater pollution caused by climate change throughout China and key areas has been conducted. At present, the CGS is conducting national groundwater monitoring projects and establishing regional engineering and technical measures for water resource exploitation and utilization. 相似文献
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Analysis of extreme low-temperature events during the warm season in Northeast China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The trends of global warming are increasingly significant, especially in the middle and high latitude regions of the northern
hemisphere, where the impact of climate change on extreme events is becoming more noticeable. Northeast China is located in
a high latitude region and is sensitive to climate change. Extreme minimum temperatures causing cold damage during the warm
season is a major type of agro-meteorological disaster in Northeast China, which causes serious reductions in crop yield.
In this paper, we analyzed the temporal and spatial trends in the frequency of extreme minimum temperatures during the warm
season (from May to September) during 1956–2005 in Northeast China. Abrupt climatic changes were identified using the Mann–Kendall
test. The results show that the frequency of extreme minimum temperature days during the warm season in Northeast China decreases
significantly from 1956 to 2005 with a background of climate warming. The highest number of extreme minimum temperature days
occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, and there was an abrupt climatic change in 1993. The spatial analysis identified that the
north and southeast of the region experienced a larger decrease in the number of extreme low temperature days than the west
and south of the region. Rice, sorghum, corn, and soybeans are most vulnerable to cold damage. In severe low temperature years,
the average crop yield was reduced by 15.2% in Northeast China. 相似文献
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Jing-Li Fan Qiao-Mei Liang Xiao-Jie Liang Hirokazu Tatano Yoshio Kajitani Yi-Ming Wei 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(3):1937-1956
Extreme climatic events are likely to adversely affect many countries throughout the world, but the degrees among countries may be different. China and Japan are the countries with high incidences of extreme weather/disaster, both facing with the urgent task of addressing climate change. This study seeks to quantitatively compare the impacts of extreme climatic events on socioeconomic systems (defined as vulnerability) of the two countries by simulating the consequences of hypothetical same degree of electricity disruption along with extreme events. To do that, two computable general equilibrium models are constructed, by using which three-stage scenarios are simulated for China and Japan, respectively. The results reveal that China and Japan have unequal socioeconomic vulnerabilities to extreme events. (1) Negative impact of the same degree of power outages is bigger on China’s socioeconomic system than on that of Japan, and this difference is more obvious in the very short-run scenario. (2) The decline of China’s GDP, total output, and employment levels is 2–3 times higher than that of Japan, while the difference of the resident welfare levels is sharper, which of China drops 3–5 times of Japan. (3) Structural factors are the main reason for vulnerability differences between China and Japan, including the differences of expenditure structure, factor input structure for production of life requirement sectors, material and energy dependence for the production of industrial sectors, and usage structure of services outputs. Based on these findings, some policy implications and recommendations for fairness issues on climate change adaptation are proposed. 相似文献
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M. T. Amin A. A. Alazba M. N. ElNesr 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(1):27-36
Water management in Saudi Arabia is facing major challenges due to the limited water resources and increasing uncertainties caused by climate change. The rainfall and temperature records of the Saudi meteorological data for more than three decades were analyzed for policy suggestions in water sectors based on the changing rainfall patterns. The trends in the annual aridity and rain indices were also examined to define the changing climate conditions and for determining the dry months in different cities of the Kingdom. An increased annual and maximum rainfall was observed for six cities while a decreasing trend in both annual and maximum rainfall was observed for the same number of cities highlighting the variability of rainfall in the whole region. An increasing maximum rainfall with decreasing annual rainfall was observed for the rest of the cities signifying the more extreme rainfall evens and resulting floods of short durations. The changing rainfall trends were also observed for different months during 31 years of the recorded period in addition to the varying climate pattern for different cities within the same district. Finally, these preliminary assessments of any systematic changes in view of the increased rain intensities and extreme climate events are viewed to demonstrate the value rainwater harvesting and management as a local adaptation to the climate variability and extreme in the Kingdom. 相似文献
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Spatio-temporal distributions of climate disasters and the response of wheat yields in China from 1983 to 2008 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate disasters are now on the rise and more likely to increase in frequency and/or severity under climate change in the future. To clearly illustrate spatial–temporal distributions of climate disasters and the response of wheat yields to disasters over the past three decades, several disaster indices including the impact of climate disasters, the sensitivity to climate disasters and the response index of wheat yield losses to climate disasters were defined and calculated. The impact and sensitivity indices were examined by the agricultural production losses due to climate disasters, and the response of wheat yields to climate disasters was assessed by wheat yield loss compared with the 5-year moving average. The results showed that the indices of climate disaster impacts and sensitivities as well as response index of wheat yields to climate disasters could represent the spatial–temporal distributions of climate disasters well in the whole China. Droughts in northern China had higher impacts and sensitivities than those in southern China during the period 1983–2008, but the impacts of floods were opposite. In northern China, although impacted area by drought was larger than that by flood, the flood sensitivities were larger than drought sensitivities when flood happened. Although drought significantly affected wheat yields in most of the regions with drier conditions during 1983–2008 in major wheat-producing regions, better management practices like irrigation and drought-tolerant cultivars applied in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain can adapt to climate disasters especially droughts. To ensure the stability of agricultural production, future food security will need to be achieved through quantifying the relative effects of climate disasters and effective adaptation to increasingly frequent extreme climate events. 相似文献
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新疆阿尔泰山地区极端水文事件对气候变化的响应 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
新疆北部阿尔泰山地区受西风带气流影响, 降水丰沛, 尤其冬季积雪厚而稳定, 山区产流发育了额尔齐斯河与乌伦古河, 从西到东形成主要支流十余条. 在全球气候变化下, 山区气温上升明显, 极端降水增多, 气候变暖带来的水循环加快, 极端水文事件也趋于增多. 由于冬季气温升高, 春季积雪消融提前, 春季融雪洪水提前, 洪峰流量增强; 夏季极端降水增加, 使得暴雨洪水增多. 由于冬、 春季积雪增多, 雪灾发生频率增加, 春季的融雪洪水灾害危害增强. 极端水文事件引起的自然灾害已经威胁到阿勒泰地区的牧业生产、 交通安全和水资源供给, 应加强水文水资源安全对气候变化的应对措施, 提高水资源安全保障, 减缓气候变化的危害. 相似文献
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中国西北干旱区降雪和极端降雪变化特征及未来趋势 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
降雪是中国西北干旱区水文系统中关键的组成要素, 同时也是对气候变化极为敏感的因子。利用中国西北干旱区的89个气象站点逐日气象资料结合IPCC-CMIP5气候情景数据, 研究了该区域降雪和极端降雪的时空变化特征, 并分析了其对气候变化的响应机理及未来变化趋势。结果表明： 1971—2010年, 我国西北干旱区年降雪量显著增加, 但降雪次数却明显减少; 年极端降雪发生次数占总降雪次数的比例不足3%, 但其对年降雪量的平均贡献可达1/4, 且极端降雪量和发生次数的增加是近40年西北干旱区降雪总量增加的主要原因。极端降雪发生时的气温要比非极端降雪发生时的气温平均高3.3 ℃; 当气温在1 ℃以下, 降雪强度随气温升高而增大, 该变化特征基本符合克劳修斯-克拉伯龙方程理论, 气候变暖是导致极端降雪显著增加的主要原因。在RCP4.5气候情景下, 我国西北干旱区未来年降雪次数将大幅减少, 年降雪量将在（2040±5）年前后达到峰值随后下降, 年极端降雪量和发生次数预计（2060±5）年左右达到峰值; 相比基准期, 2050s西北干旱区所有站点的年降雪发生次数都将明显减少, 区域平均年降雪量将减少5%, 而年极端降雪量和发生次数有微弱的增加, 分别增加约2%和4%。 相似文献
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为厘清黄龙钙华退化受气候变化调控规律,探究影响钙华沉积的生物与非生物因素对气候变化产生的响应,通过对钙华相关研究的专著及文献进行分析,从直接影响气候变化的水文因素和大气二氧化碳浓度出发,探索其对钙华退化的影响,表明水文过程及气候变化引起的极端事件是导致钙华退化的主要原因:（1）适宜的气候加速钙华沉积,极端的气候则会引起钙华退化;（2）气候变化主要是通过影响极端降水导致钙华退化,如干旱使钙华裸露受风化侵蚀而洪涝灾害使钙华受冲刷或被稀释效应影响;（3）全球变暖导致藻类大量富集,亦会破坏钙华。在钙华保育过程中,一方面应避免因极端气候事件对钙华的破坏,并在其发生时因势利导,缓解其负面效应对钙华的影响,另一方面提倡节能减排,抵御区域二氧化碳浓度升高导致的藻类大面积滋生,以便更好地保护钙华景观。 相似文献