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1.
在浅层地下水资源评价中建立正确的降雨入渗概念模型及其相应的数学模型,是十分重要的。本文将入渗的概念模型总结为活塞式、扩散式和捷径式三种类型,认为在非饱和入渗过程中捷径式是普遍的;由于降雨的随机性,入渗补给的数学模型宜采用随机模型。 相似文献
2.
Rainwater infiltration during typhoons tends to trigger slope instability. This paper presents the results of a study on slope
response to rainwater infiltration during heavy rainfall in a mountain area of Taiwan. The Green-Ampt infiltration model is
adopted here to study the behavior of rainwater infiltration on slopes. The failure mechanism of infinite slope is chosen
to represent the rainfall-induced shallow slope failure. By combining rain infiltration model and infinite slope analysis,
the proposed model can estimate the occurrence time of a slope failure. In general, if a slope failure is to happen on a slope
covered with low permeability soil, failure tends to happen after the occurrence of the maximum rainfall intensity. In contrast,
slope failure tends to occur prior to the occurrence of maximum rainfall intensity if a slope is covered with high-permeability
soil. To predict the potential and timing of a landslide, a method is proposed here based on the normalized rainfall intensity
(NRI) and normalized accumulated rainfall (NAR). If the actual NAR is higher than the NAR calculated by the proposed method,
slope failure is very likely to happen. Otherwise, the slope is unlikely to fail. The applicability of the proposed model
to occurrence time and the NAR–NRI relationship is evaluated using landslide cases obtained from the literature. The results
of the proposed method are close to that of the selected cases. It verifies the applicability of the proposed method to slopes
in different areas of the world.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
3.
强降雨作用下强风化泥岩降雨入渗特性试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土体降雨入渗特性是实施坡面泥石流和土体滑坡发育过程研究的重要因素。研制了人工降雨土柱入渗试验装置,实施了10、20、30、40、50、60 mm/h共6种降雨强度下强风化泥岩的入渗试验,最长降雨历时105 min。试验结果表明：可将土体入渗过程可分为无压入渗、有压入渗和饱和入渗3阶段,其中土体的入渗率在无压入渗阶段和饱和入渗阶段均随降雨历时增长近似为常数,在有压入渗阶段则快速降低;通过定义降雨作用下土体入渗锋,包括初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋,分析了入渗锋所处位置随降雨强度的变化关系,初始入渗锋和终止入渗锋之间的幅值随降雨强度的增大而变宽;提出了可表征重庆地区侏罗系强风化泥岩入渗过程的土体降雨入渗公式。研究成果对于构建重庆地区降雨诱发型滑坡及坡面泥石流的预测预报模型有积极意义。 相似文献
4.
Water infiltration characteristics of unsaturated soil slope and its effect on suction and stability 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
Bujang B. K. Huat Faisal HJ. Ali T. H. Low 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(5):1293-1306
Rainfall has been considered the cause of the majority of slope failures and landslides that happened in regions experiencing
high seasonal rainfalls. The mechanism of the failures was mainly due to the lost of matric suction of soils by rainwater.
This paper presents the results of a laboratory model study on the effect of slope angle and surface cover on water infiltration
into soil and soil matric suction. A field infiltration test is carried out for comparison. A parametric study is also done
to examine the effect of permeability ratio, development of perched water table and rainfall intensity on the factor of safety
against instability of a soil slope. Results of the model study show that different surface covers on slopes have an effect
on the water infiltration. Generally the covered surface (grass or geosynthetic net) has a lower infiltration rate compared
with the bare (no cover) surface. On the effect of slope angle, it was observed that water infiltration decrease with increase
in the slope steepness. With regards to the movement of the wetting front, it appears that water infiltration is more at the
toe compared with the top of the model slope. Based on the parametric study, it is found factor of safety of the slope against
instability drops for slope with higher ratio of permeability for the permeable and impermeable stratum. As the perched water
table is formed, the factor of safety decreased. The rainfall intensity also has a marked effect on the slope factor of safety.
The higher the intensity of the rainfall, the higher is the infiltration rate into the soil, hence the lower is the factor
of safety against slope instability. 相似文献
5.
以积水条件下Green-Ampt入渗模型为基础,拓展其在变雨强中入渗率和累积入渗量计算形式。结合上述理论基础,选用饱和-非饱和土壤水、热和溶质运移模拟软件Hydrus-1D,探讨了常降雨与变雨强的入渗差异和饱和导水率、土壤类型对变雨强入渗过程的影响。研究表明：相对于常降雨,变雨强更利于雨水入渗,累积入渗量显著增加;其他水力参数不变,饱和导水率越大,入渗率与变雨强随时间变化曲线重合率越高,雨强控制时间越长,累积入渗量相应也越大;其他水力参数作用效果不容忽视,其影响作用可与饱和导水率达到相似效果。正确了解变雨强下入渗过程及影响因素,有助于准确地把握实际降雨入渗情况,对指导水力工程有重要的实际意义。 相似文献
6.
7.
For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability
analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in
that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’
equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength
of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise,
the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not
be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated
soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration
modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure
modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model.
The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively
triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction
in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant
for large rainfall intensity. 相似文献
8.
Response parameters for characterization of infiltration 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
H. Rahardjo T. H. Ong R. B. Rezaur E. C. Leong D. G. Fredlund 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(7):1369-1380
Rainwater infiltration is of particular interest with respect to slope stability hazard management. The process of rainfall infiltration into unsaturated soil is complex due to the number of soil parameters involved and the random nature of moisture flux boundary conditions. In this paper, the effect of rainfall intensity on infiltration is investigated through the use of finite element seepage modeling for a 5 m high soil column subjected to various rainfall intensities. The numerical modeling study identified three response parameters that can be used to describe one-dimensional infiltration into an unsaturated soil. The response parameters are the depth of wetting front, the matric suction reduction depth, and the sectional infiltration rate. The practical application of the rainfall response parameters in slope stability analysis is illustrated. 相似文献
9.
三峡库区黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
传统的入渗模型未考虑坡角和降雨强度对滑坡入渗过程的影响,为了更好地描述黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗过程,在Green- Ampt入渗模型的基础上推导了考虑坡体倾角和小降雨强度影响的降雨入渗模型。为了获取改进的入渗模型参数,在黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体上进行了双环渗透试验与降雨、土的含水率和基质吸力现场监测。结果表明,黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体饱和渗透系数为4.81×10-5 m/s;降雨时体积含水率增加,降雨停止后体积含水率降低,深部表现出一定的滞后特性;基质吸力变化趋势与体积含水率相反,降雨使其减小,降雨停止后逐渐增大。通过双环渗透试验与现场监测,获取了黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型参数值。将入渗模型计算值与现场监测数据进行对比,该模型计算值与现场监测数据吻合,说明该降雨入渗模型可用于黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗分析。 相似文献
10.
为研究黄土丘陵沟壑区多种因素对撂荒草地入渗特征的影响,采用野外自然降雨观测法,研究不同降雨特征（降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和最大30 min雨强（I30））、土壤前期含水量、坡长（10 m、20 m、30 m、40 m和50 m）和植被盖度条件下土壤入渗特征差异,通过灰色关联度法判断影响撂荒草地入渗特征的主导因子。结果表明:①入渗量随降雨量、降雨历时和I30增加而增大（R2>0.55,P < 0.01）;入渗补给系数随降雨量、I30和平均雨强增大而减小（R2>0.12,P < 0.05）;平均入渗率随降雨强度、I30增加而递增（R2>0.53,P < 0.01）。②入渗量和平均入渗率随前期含水量增加而减少,入渗补给系数随之增加而增大（R2>0.13,P < 0.05）。③入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率总体随坡长增加而增大（R2>0.56,P < 0.01）,但在坡长30 m和40 m之间存在临界坡长。④在入渗效率较高的情况下,植被对土壤入渗的影响并不显著,降雨特征和坡长成为主导因子。 相似文献
11.
12.
交河故城土遗址是国家重点文物保护单位。其周边直立土质崖体的安全稳定性对整个土遗址的保护有着重要的意义。崖体的安全隐患主要在于其顶部存在众多的宽深裂缝,局部崖体顶部甚至出现了较大的临空块体。根据降雨非饱和入渗理论,建立饱和-非饱和降雨入渗模型,并发展了相应的数值模拟技术,详细分析了在一个较为完整降雨入渗过程中土质崖体内部渗流场的分布特征。在此基础上,根据非饱和土强度理论,考虑了降雨过程中土质崖体非饱和区的强度变化及饱和区渗透体积力的影响,选取了一典型剖面,应用强度折减法计算了崖体支护前后的稳定性,并对现有的加固支护措施作了评价。结果表明:所建立的饱和-非饱和降雨入渗模型较好地描述了降雨过程中崖体内部的渗流场分布;降雨过程中崖体的安全系数逐渐减小;在现有加固支护条件下,崖体的整体稳定性较好,但安全裕度略低,建议对崖体局部临空块体采取进一步的加固措施。 相似文献
13.
为研究黄土丘陵沟壑区多种因素对撂荒草地入渗特征的影响,采用野外自然降雨观测法,研究不同降雨特征（降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和最大30 min雨强（I30））、土壤前期含水量、坡长（10 m、20 m、30 m、40 m和50 m）和植被盖度条件下土壤入渗特征差异,通过灰色关联度法判断影响撂荒草地入渗特征的主导因子。结果表明：①入渗量随降雨量、降雨历时和I30增加而增大（R2>0.55,P<0.01）;入渗补给系数随降雨量、I30和平均雨强增大而减小（R2>0.12,P<0.05）;平均入渗率随降雨强度、I30增加而递增（R2>0.53,P<0.01）。②入渗量和平均入渗率随前期含水量增加而减少,入渗补给系数随之增加而增大（R2>0.13,P<0.05）。③入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率总体随坡长增加而增大（R2>0.56,P<0.01）,但在坡长30 m和40 m之间存在临界坡长。④在入渗效率较高的情况下,植被对土壤入渗的影响并不显著,降雨特征和坡长成为主导因子。 相似文献
14.
渗透性与降雨强度对堆积层滑坡稳定性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文基于非饱和渗流理论及非饱和土的Fredlund双应力变量强度理论,对一沿岩土接触面滑动的堆积层滑坡模型,分别进行了8种条件下的降雨入渗数值模拟试验,研究了不同土体渗透性及降雨强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:(1)堆积层滑坡的稳定性与土体的渗透性有密切关系,在降雨后的短期内,土体渗透性越好,滑面孔隙水压力升高越明显,滑坡的稳定性降低程度越大;(2)降雨期间,埋深较浅的滑面,入渗雨水能够较快到达,对滑坡稳定性的影响较大;(3)在相同的降雨时间内,降雨强度越大,滑坡稳定性降低速率越快;(4)降雨强度影响着滑坡发生的滞后性,在降雨总量一定的条件下,若降雨强度较大,雨停后,滑坡稳定性继续下降的程度较大;(5)降雨总量控制着滑坡的最终稳定性。 相似文献
15.
Monitored and simulated variations in matric suction during rainfall in a residual soil slope 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aurelian C. Trandafir Roy C. Sidle Takashi Gomi Toshitaka Kamai 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(5):951-961
This research combines field, laboratory and numerical investigations to estimate the development of a wetting front within
a 1.2 m residual soil mantle on a steep forested slope during rainfall events. The field-monitored variations in matric suction
due to rain-water infiltration during various events revealed that the maximum infiltration rate was much higher when the
wetting front resided in the upper 20 cm of soil compared to the case when the wetting front advanced to depths > 20 cm. Laboratory
investigations on soil hydraulic properties (i.e., soil water characteristic curve, and hydraulic conductivity) were useful
to establish the parameters of a multilayer finite-element model for one-dimensional vertical infiltration. These parameters
were subsequently calibrated by matching the predicted and field measured transient pore water pressure responses during actual
rainstorms with irregular rainfall patterns. The calibrated simulation model was used to assess the migration of the wetting
front under uniform rainfall with different intensities. Based on the numerical results, a hyperbolic equation was developed
to predict the duration of uniform rainfall required for the propagation of wetting front to a certain depth for a given rainfall
intensity. The proposed equation was subsequently tested against field-monitored advancements of the wetting front during
real rainstorms with variable rainfall intensity. 相似文献
16.
Rainfall-induced landslides can cause loss of life and damage to property, infrastructure, and the environment. Rainfall patterns affect the pore-water pressure of unsaturated soil slopes, and are related to the slopes’ stability. Four rainfall patterns were chosen to represent natural rainfall patterns for an examination of rainfall infiltration into soil slopes using numerical models incorporating coupled water infiltration and deformation in unsaturated soils. Our analysis showed that rainfall patterns play a significant role in the distribution of the pore-water pressure in soil slopes, and influence the slope stability. The pore-water pressure profile of soil slopes and the factor of safety are affected by the ratio of rainfall intensity and the coefficient of permeability. The depth and shape of the shallow sliding plane of the landslide is closely related to the rainfall pattern; moreover, the results showed a correlation between the factor of safety of the slope and the rainfall intensity. This relationship can be described by a dimensionless rainfall intensity. The nonlinear relationship can be used to estimate the slope stability resulting from rainfall infiltration when the hydro-mechanical coupling in unsaturated soil slopes is considered. 相似文献
17.
基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗特性进行数值模拟研究。通过将裂隙和基质分别离散成有限单元,建立了能充分模拟土中裂隙流、基质流以及裂隙-基质流量交换的离散裂隙-孔隙介质模型。结合"空气单元"的概念,对裂隙土的上边界进行模拟。该方法不仅能描述降雨初期雨水沿裂隙优先入渗的现象,还能描述当降雨量大于裂隙土入渗量时雨水沿地表流走的现象。通过对地表以下2 m深度内低渗含裂隙土体进行模拟,分析了裂隙的几何特征、基质的水力特性、前期水分条件以及降雨强度对非饱和裂隙土降雨入渗过程的影响。结果表明,在非饱和裂隙土中,存在两个主要的渗流过程:一是水沿裂隙优先流动;二是水不断从裂隙吸入基质中,基质吸收水的作用抑制了裂隙中优势流的发展。与裂隙的几何特征相比,基质的水力特性对非饱和裂隙土渗流的影响较大。增大基质的饱和渗透系数可能使由裂隙流主导的渗流过程转变为由基质流主导的渗流过程,而基质的非饱和特性与裂隙土的初始含水率改变了土体的储水能力,从而加速或延缓了降雨入渗至某一深度的时间。降雨强度对土体入渗速率和入渗量均有影响,当超过裂隙土的入渗能力时,多余积水沿地表流走,断面入渗率随... 相似文献
18.
降雨作用下,边坡土体的饱和度及含水率升高,基质吸力减小。随着降雨历时的增长,雨水入渗深度对坡体的稳定性产生影响。然而传统多层结构边坡的入渗计算方法并未考虑随入渗深度不断变化的基质吸力与层间积水点的形成,且忽略饱和层内沿坡体层面流动的部分雨水对入渗过程的影响,亦未考虑潜在滑动面位置随降雨历时的变化。将入渗过程分解为若干个子过程,并基于Green-Ampt（G-A）入渗模型对传统多层结构边坡的入渗计算方法进行改进,以对每个子过程进行求解,最后将其合并为整体入渗过程的解。在此基础上对层间积水点的形成时刻进行计算,进而分析雨水入渗深度与时间的关系,并研究降雨强度与雨水入渗深度对边坡不同位置处（湿润锋、饱和层）稳定系数和滑动面位置的影响。研究表明:（1）基于G-A模型的改进计算方法所得结果比传统多层结构边坡入渗计算方法所得结果更接近于数值模拟结果。（2）对于多层结构土质边坡,其安全系数随着雨水入渗深度的增加不断降低,并且在层间积水点形成时产生突变现象。（3）随着降雨历时和降雨强度的增大,边坡中潜在滑动面位置会产生变化,前期潜在滑动面位置出现在湿润锋处,后期则出现在饱和层交界面处。该方法提高了多层结构边坡传统降雨入渗计算方法的精度,更加全面的对多层结构边坡的稳定性进行评价,其工程应用范围亦得到进一步扩大 相似文献
19.
降雨增湿导致成都黏土基坑边坡出现大范围的大变形或破坏,研究降雨过程中的入渗规律是分析边坡破坏机理及模式的关键。为了分析不同降雨条件下的入渗规律,确定入渗深度的大小,综合模型试验、现场试验和数值模拟结果,得到成都黏土基坑边坡降雨入渗规律及入渗深度的经验公式。结果表明:膨胀土模型试验的渗流相似条件难以完全满足,模型试验结果需要经过现场试验修正。降雨时长是入渗深度的主要影响因素,随着降雨时长、降雨强度的增大,入渗深度增大的速度逐渐减慢,采用分段线性拟合效果较好。成都黏土基坑边坡单次降雨的入渗深度小于1 m。 相似文献
20.
Ding-Jian Wang Hui-Ming Tang Ya-Hui Zhang Chang-Dong Li Lei Huang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(8):321
The paper presents an improved analytical approach for evaluating the time-dependent stability of colluvial landslides during intense rainfall infiltration. The approach comprises two steps: first to simulate rainfall infiltration and then to compute the safety factor. In terms of the irregularity of the natural landslide surface in implementation of the method, the landslide is divided into several soil slices with approximately straight sides. Each single slice is regarded as a finite slope so that the infiltration formula and safety factor can be deduced. The infiltration formula is derived with combination of the Green–Ampt model and mass conservation law considering seepage perpendicular and parallel to slope surface simultaneously. In the modified infiltration model, both size effect and angle effect are vividly observed in the process of rainfall infiltration into the finite slope, while the former of which is not presented in the original Green–Ampt model. The safety factor is computed using the limit equilibrium method, with the influence of infiltrating water on the shear strength, gravity and seepage force of soil slices considered. By case study of the Shuping landslide in Three Gorges, decline in the safety factor and the decrease in the tendency are definite. Specifically under the rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h, the failure of Shuping landslide is most likely to occur at the time of 102 h. In addition, the results highlight shallow failure along the wetting front under intense rainfall. 相似文献