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1.
戈壁中蕴含了丰富的动植物资源,蛛形纲节肢动物是戈壁中重要的节肢动物类群,在戈壁生态系统食物网中扮演重要角色。以河西走廊中部典型砾质戈壁为研究区,2018年和2019年逐月监测了蛛形纲节肢动物种类及数量。结果表明：砾质戈壁有22个蛛形纲节肢动物种或属,Steatoda albomaculata、Xysticus spp.、Philodromus spp.、Gnaphosa spp.、Mesobuthus martensii、Mitopus morio和Karschia sp.是该区主要的蛛形纲节肢动物种或属。蛛形纲节肢动物活动密度及物种丰富度变化趋势一致,2018年蛛形纲节肢动物活动密度及类群丰富度均在4月出现峰值,2019年蛛形纲节肢动物的活动密度及类群丰富度均在6月达到峰值。平腹蛛科、逍遥蛛科、硬体盲蛛科、蟹蛛科、球蛛科和卡尔避日蛛科是主要的蛛形纲节肢动物类群,2018年卡尔避日蛛科、硬体盲蛛科和蟹蛛科活动密度均显著低于2019年,而平腹蛛科、逍遥蛛科和球蛛科活动密度变化趋势相反。逍遥蛛科主要在春季活动,2018年和2019年逍遥蛛科活动密度均在3月出现峰值;蟹蛛科和硬体盲蛛科主要在秋季活动,2018年和2019年蟹蛛科活动密度均在9月出现峰值,硬体盲蛛科活动密度在8月和10月出现峰值。卡尔避日蛛科、平腹蛛科和球腹蛛科等3个类群2018年活动密度在4月出现峰值,2019年在6月或10月出现峰值。降水的月动态变化对蛛形纲节肢动物月动态变化影响较小,蛛形纲节肢动物的活动密度及类群数与月平均温度均呈显著二次曲线关系。此外,研究还发现钳蝎科活动密度与月平均温度和降水量均呈显著正相关,蟹蛛科活动密度与月降水量、狼蛛科和平腹蛛科活动密度与月平均温度呈显著正相关。总之,温度及降水变化是蛛形纲节肢动物月和年活动节律变化的重要影响因子,它们调节了蛛形纲节肢动物群落结构的动态变化。 相似文献
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收获蚁蚁穴是荒漠生态系统中重要的微生境,它的存在会改变植被和土壤环境,从而影响动植物的分布。本研究以戈壁荒漠收获蚁（Messor desertus）蚁穴为研究对象,利用陷阱法调查秋季蚁穴边缘及毗邻裸地微生境蜘蛛、甲虫、蚂蚁、螨类和跳虫5种典型地表节肢动物类群的种类组成及数量,结合植被和土壤环境要素变化确定荒漠收获蚁活动及其塑造的蚁穴对5种地表节肢动物多样性的影响。结果表明：秋季蚁穴地表节肢动物的活动密度、类群数和多样性指数均显著高于毗邻裸地微生境,分别是裸地的2.9倍、2.5倍和4.5倍;蚁穴微生境蛛形纲、蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落组成与毗邻裸地明显不同,蚁穴显著提高了蛛形纲和弹尾目的活动密度和类群数,蚁穴微生境蛛形纲的活动密度与弹尾目的活动密度呈显著正相关;pRDA排序结果表明,土壤电导率及土壤黏粒、全氮、全磷和全钾含量是影响蚁穴和裸地微生境地表节肢动物分布的主要土壤因子。荒漠收获蚁蚁穴通过富集资源和改善土壤环境强烈影响秋季蛛形纲、蜱螨目螨类和弹尾目等地表节肢动物的聚集,而阎甲科和粪金龟科等鞘翅目和蚁科的活动对蚁穴存在的响应不敏感。 相似文献
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思茅茶园土壤节肢动物群落与生境关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对云南思茅６种不同生态类型茶园土壤节肢动物群落的调查,获取土壤节肢动物３２０９个,分属５纲２１目。优势类群为中小型土壤节肢动物中的蜱螨目和弹尾目;原尾目、鞘翅目、膜翅目、蜘蛛目和结合目等大型土壤节肢动物为常见类群。结果表明：多层次茶园群落中,其土壤节肢动物类群、数量、密度较高;土壤节肢动物群落多样性指数则以生境条件好、管理措施强、茶叶产量高的７－９龄茶园好于生境条件差、管理强度弱、产量低的３龄和３０龄单一种植茶园;随土壤层深度的增加,土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数量逐渐减少。 相似文献
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植被富集持久性有机污染物研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植被富集环境中持久性有机污染物(POPs)的途径有多种,其中以植物叶片富集大气POPs为主要的途径。因此,植被(地衣、苔藓、草地、松针和树皮)被广泛用作被动采样器,以动态地监测不同时间和空间尺度上大气POPs 的污染水平与特征。大气—植物的气体交换过程影响着POPs 的大气传输,进而影响POPs 在区域甚至全球尺度上的空间分布。研究发现,植被是POPs全球循环的"汇区"。植物富集的POPs会进入陆生食物链,并随食物链营养级的升高而产生生物放大效应,对人体健康产生潜在的威胁。本文简要介绍了植被对POPs富集的研究进展,综述了地衣、苔藓和草地作为被动采样器监测大气POPs时空分布的研究,并指出了目前研究中亟待解决的问题及未来可能的研究方向。 相似文献
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在稻鸭共作系统中,鸭子在田间的觅食活动对稻田系统中节肢动物群落可能产生的影响已引起了较多关注。本研究通过设置稻鸭共作（RD）、常规稻作（CC）和对照（cK）3-ff处理的小区试验来研究稻鸭共作对稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,稻鸭共作和常规稻作处理区中节肢动物群落的个体数比空白区均有不同程度的减少;稻鸭共作处理区节肢动物群落的个体数、Simpson指数（D）和Shannon指数（H’）均高于常规稻作区;在晚稻生长的分蘖期和孕穗期,稻鸭共作处理区节肢动物群落的个体数、丰富度指数（R）、D、和H’均高于常规稻作区。稻鸭共作有利于维持稻田系统中节肢动物群落的多样性。与施用化学农药和肥料所引起的节肢动物群落丰富度和多样性降低相比,稻鸭共作对稻田节肢动物群落的多样性影响相对较低。 相似文献
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正美国著名教育心理学家布鲁纳认为:"知识的获取是一个主动的过程,学习者不应该是信息的被动接受者,而应该是知识获取过程的参与者"。在知识的获取过程中,教学活动是学生主动学习的平台,是学生能力发展的关键,是教师教学成败的根本。一、辩论比赛活动——提高教学"活跃度"引导学生对某个问题进行辩论,发表各自不同的见解,是培养学生自主学习能力的重要手段之一。在地理教学中,教师将辩论比赛活动引入课堂,让全体学生始终围绕同一辩题,自主选择观点,形成正反两方,并通过正反两方内部讨论、交流及正反两方之间 相似文献
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高密度电法是一种常规电法勘探,具有采集速度快、测点密度高采集数据量大、观测精度高、获取地质信息丰富等特点。本文通过将高密度电法在梓源村滑坡地质调查中的应用,验证了方法的适用性,为滑坡治理提供了物探依据,为今后类似地质灾害调查提供借鉴。 相似文献
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高中地理新教材"活动"栏目是能力、思想和方法的载体,具有探究性、典型性和实践性的特点,是培养地理核心素养的重要课程资源.对于新教材"活动"栏目如何教学,本文以人教版高中必修地理1第四章"地貌"为例,分别从栏目的两种类型展开探讨. 相似文献
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行为同伴选择的社会文化效应研究——中国北京与荷兰乌特勒支的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从活动-移动行为的角度,基于中国北京和荷兰乌特勒支在2007年进行的活动日志调查,通过研究居民非工作活动的同伴选择机制,分析东西方文化价值观的差异而引起的行为方式差异。研究表明,北京居民倾向与家庭成员一起活动,而乌特勒支居民倾向单独或与朋友一起,一定程度表明中国社会倾向集体主义的价值观,而荷兰社会则偏向个人主义。此外,性别和年龄仅对北京居民有显著影响,女性进行较多的联合活动,年长者更倾向选择朋友作为同伴;家庭结构对两城市居民影响均显著,结婚和生子等生命事件会促进居民产生核心家庭成员陪伴的活动;以休闲为目的活动更多的是联合活动。此外,收入、驾照拥有、私家车拥有、居住空间密度等变量也对同伴选择具有一定影响。最后对从行为角度的文化差异分析的未来以及对中荷社会发展的指导意义进行了讨论,提出社会现代化进程中,个人主义可能是追求公平与效率的潜在趋势,但中国社会的良性发展应当充分考虑到儒家思想的传承以及中国人喜爱热闹、需要集体归属感的民族性格,这是建立"和谐社会"的重要方面。同时,从活动-移动行为所表现的社会文化效应分析看,城市规划与管理者需要提供较为完善的公共休闲空间及提供个性化的交往空间与平台。 相似文献
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Shrub is an important factor on structuring ground arthropod communities in desert ecosystems. In this study, in order to determine how shrubs and their species influence ground arthropod distribution patterns in a sandy desert scrubland dominated by two different shrub species, Calligonum mongolicum and Nitraria sphaerocarpa, the ground arthropods were sampled with pitfall traps during spring, summer and autumn. At the community level, total arthropod abundance was shown to be significantly higher under shrubs than in intershrub bare areas in spring; similar patterns occurred in terms of the richness of arthropod groups in the spring and over three seasons, suggesting season-specific shrub presence effects on arthropod activity. In addition, more arthropods were found under N. sphaerocarpa shrubs than under C. rnongolicum shrubs in autumn, suggesting season-specific effects of shrub species of arthropod activity, whereas more arthropods taxa were captured under C. mongoIicum than N. sphaerocarpa. At the trophic group level, the abundances of predator and herbivore arthropods were significantly greater under shrubs than in intershrub bare habitats, whereas herbivore arthropods were more abundant under N. sphaerocarpa than C. rnongolicum, and an opposite rule was detected for predator arthropods At the family level, the mean abundances of Carabidae, Curculionidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosidae were significantly higher in the shrub microhabitats than in the intershrub bare habitat, there was no significant difference between habitats on the mean abundances of Formicidae and Tenebrionidae. The study results suggested that shrub presence and shrub species variation are important determinants of ground arthropod assemblages in this desert ecosystem, but the responses of ar- thropods differed among trophic and taxonomic groups. 相似文献
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We studied the distribution in time and in space of desert arthropods as a food resource in order to gain insight into the relationship between foraging activity, foraging microhabitat use, and temporal changes in these parameters, and resource availability. We focused on two primarily insectivorous congeneric species of spiny mice, the common spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) and the golden spiny mouse (Acomys russatus), that overlap in their ecology, but differ in their diel activity patterns. Arthropod availability was higher during the night, suggesting that in terms of resource availability, night should be the preferred activity time for spiny mice. Different taxa were active during day and night, suggesting that temporal partitioning could indeed be a mechanism of coexistence between the two species. Seasonal variation in arthropod availability is reflected in spiny mouse diets, with more arthropods taken during summer, allowing temporal partitioning to be a viable mechanism of coexistence. In winter when arthropod availability drops, the two species exhibit trade-offs in foraging microhabitat use. Seasonal and spatial variability in arthropod availability between habitats conforms to habitat choice. Thus resource availability appears to be a significant factor structuring this rocky desert rodent community. 相似文献
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选择科尔沙地和毛乌素沙地豆科与非豆科灌丛为研究对象,以灌丛外裸沙地为对照,通过手拣法调查了不同灌丛微生境中土壤动物群落组成与多样性,依据相对相互作用强度指数(RII)分析比较了不同水热地带沙地灌丛"虫岛"差异性及影响机制。结果表明:(1)在科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地分别获得36和28个类群,平均个体数分别为76只·m-2和125只·m-2。优势类群分别包括拟步甲科及其幼虫和步甲科,蚁科,常见类群分别为12和20个类群,稀有类群分别为22个和6个类群。(2)土壤动物个体数、丰富度和Shannon指数的灌丛"虫岛"RII值,均表现为毛乌素沙地显著高于科尔沁沙地(p<0.05),并且2种类型灌丛均呈现出正向作用(即聚集作用,RII>0)。(3)在2个沙地所有样地中,只有园蛛科、鳃金龟科幼虫和拟步甲科幼虫3个类群完全表征出灌丛"虫岛"现象。园蛛科和拟步甲科幼虫的灌丛"虫岛"RII值不同地带沙地间无显著差异性(p>0.05),而鳃金龟科幼虫RII值则均存在显著差异性(p<0.05)。豆科与非豆科灌丛在不同地带沙地中对"虫岛"表现出相反的作用结果。(4)群落水平上,毛乌素沙地灌丛"虫岛"作用强度高于科尔沁沙地,与水热等沙地气候条件密切相关,而与灌丛功能特性无关。种群水平上,不同土壤动物类群具有不同的灌丛"虫岛"现象,灌丛功能特性、沙地水热条件或者二者交互作用是其原因。 相似文献
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恢复人工植被是祁连山自然保护区矿区废弃地修复的主要手段,经过近5年的修复,矿区废弃地修复区地上植被盖度明显提高,但关于作为评价土壤修复效果重要指标的土壤动物群落变化的认识还很有限。以祁连山自然保护区典型煤矿废弃地为研究对象,采用野外调查的方法对比研究了煤矿修复区和毗邻区（原始地貌）大型土壤动物分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）修复区植物丰富度、生物量、盖度及土壤粗砂、有机质、全氮含量均显著低于毗邻区（P<0.05）,而土壤水分、细砂、黏粉粒、全钾和全磷含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）修复区土壤动物活动密度和多样性均显著高于毗邻区,修复区和毗邻区土壤动物均以蝗科（12.7%和55.7%）和蚁科（14.4%和49.6%）为主;进房沟、水磨沟和柳树沟煤矿修复区及毗邻区土壤动物群落相似性分别为39.9%、52.9%和43.4%。（3）土壤有机质含量是影响煤矿修复区和对照区捕食性土壤动物群落变化的主要因子,而草本物种数和土壤粗砂含量是影响植食性土壤动物群落变化的主要因子。总之,人工修复后煤矿废弃地修复区土壤动物个体数均高于对照区,部分矿区修复生境类群丰富度及多样性已经超过了毗邻区,这表明蚂蚁、步甲和蝗虫等地表节肢动物对煤矿矿区覆土恢复植被和封禁等措施驱动的植被和土壤环境变化响应敏感。因此,还需要优化植被及土壤修复模式,提高土壤动物多样性及多功能性,使矿区废弃地生态环境能够得到快速修复。 相似文献
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María Luisa Ávila-Jiménez Stephen J. Coulson Torstein Solhøy & Anna Sjöblom 《Polar research》2010,29(1):127-137
There are over 500 species of arthropods recorded from Svalbard. These animals overwinter either within the soil or on the ground surface, and have to tolerate an environment where the ground is frozen for over 9 months each year. Three cold-tolerance strategies have been described from Svalbard invertebrates: freeze avoidance, freeze tolerance and desiccation. Once in a cold-tolerant state the animals can be extremely cold tolerant in terms of both minimum exposure temperature and period of exposure. How the overwintering capabilities of these animals will be affected by climate changes during the next 100 years, as predicted by climate models, is not yet known. Four principle factors with an impact on overwintering of the terrestrial arthropod fauna are outlined here: (1) warmer winter temperatures, with an increased frequency of extreme events such as freeze–thaw cycles and surface icing; (2) changes in snow fall and snow lie; (3) pollutant load; and (4) dispersal of invertebrates to Svalbard. Finally, areas where further research is required are highlighted: including the development of controlled multi-season field experiments; effect of freeze–thaw cycles; changes in thickness and distribution of snow lie, with the subsequent effects on duration of the summer period; chill susceptibility of soil arthropods; assessing potential colonizing species and the likelihood of these species becoming established; assessing the effect of gene flow from surrounding populations; interactions between pollution and cold tolerance; anoxia stress; and the genetics of cold tolerance. 相似文献
17.
George L. Heritage David J. Milan Andrew R.G. Large Ian C. Fuller 《Geomorphology》2009,112(3-4):334-344
Accurate characterisation of morphology is critical to many studies in the field of geomorphology, particularly those dealing with changes over time. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are commonly used to represent morphology in three dimensions. The quality of the DEM is largely a function of the accuracy of individual survey points, field survey strategy, and the method of interpolation. Recommendations concerning field survey strategy and appropriate methods of interpolation are currently lacking. Furthermore, the majority of studies to date consider error to be uniform across a surface. This study quantifies survey strategy and interpolation error for a gravel bar on the River Nent, Blagill, Cumbria, UK. Five sampling strategies were compared: (i) cross section; (ii) bar outline only; (iii) bar and chute outline; (iv) bar and chute outline with spot heights; and (v) aerial LiDAR equivalent, derived from degraded terrestrial laser scan (TLS) data. Digital Elevation Models were then produced using five different common interpolation algorithms. Each resultant DEM was differentiated from a terrestrial laser scan of the gravel bar surface in order to define the spatial distribution of vertical and volumetric error. Overall triangulation with linear interpolation (TIN) or point kriging appeared to provide the best interpolators for the bar surface. Lowest error on average was found for the simulated aerial LiDAR survey strategy, regardless of interpolation technique. However, comparably low errors were also found for the bar-chute-spot sampling strategy when TINs or point kriging was used as the interpolator. The magnitude of the errors between survey strategy exceeded those found between interpolation technique for a specific survey strategy. Strong relationships between local surface topographic variation (as defined by the standard deviation of vertical elevations in a 0.2-m diameter moving window), and DEM errors were also found, with much greater errors found at slope breaks such as bank edges. A series of curves are presented that demonstrate these relationships for each interpolation and survey strategy. The simulated aerial LiDAR data set displayed the lowest errors across the flatter surfaces; however, sharp slope breaks are better modelled by the morphologically based survey strategy. The curves presented have general application to spatially distributed data of river beds and may be applied to standard deviation grids to predict spatial error within a surface, depending upon sampling strategy and interpolation algorithm. 相似文献
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There are 71 surface sediment samples collected from the eastern Beibu Gulf. The moment parameters (i.e. mean size, sorting and skewness) were obtained after applying grain size analysis. The geostatistical analysis was then applied to study the spatial autocorrelation for these parameters; while range, a parameter in the semivariogram that meters the scale of spatial autocorrelation, was estimated. The results indicated that the range for sorting coefficient was physically meaningful. The trend vectors calculated from grain size trend analysis model were consistent with the annual ocean circulation patterns and sediment transport rates according to previous studies. Therefore the range derived from the semivariogram of mean size can be used as the characteristic distance in the grain size trend analysis, which may remove the bias caused by the traditional way of basing on experiences or testing methods to get the characteristic distance. Hence the results from geostatistical analysis can also offer useful information for the determination of sediment sampling density in the future field work. 相似文献
19.
地统计法在粒径趋势分析中的应用:以北部湾东部为例(英文) 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
There are 71 surface sediment samples collected from the eastern Beibu Gulf. The moment parameters (i.e. mean size, sorting
and skewness) were obtained after applying grain size analysis. The geostatistical analysis was then applied to study the
spatial autocorrelation for these parameters; while range, a parameter in the semivariogram that meters the scale of spatial
autocorrelation, was estimated. The results indicated that the range for sorting coefficient was physically meaningful. The
trend vectors calculated from grain size trend analysis model were consistent with the annual ocean circulation patterns and
sediment transport rates according to previous studies. Therefore the range derived from the semivariogram of mean size can
be used as the characteristic distance in the grain size trend analysis, which may remove the bias caused by the traditional
way of basing on experiences or testing methods to get the characteristic distance. Hence the results from geostatistical
analysis can also offer useful information for the determination of sediment sampling density in the future field work. 相似文献