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1.
Mt. Amiata （Southern Tuscany, Central Italy） is an extinct Quaternary volcano located in an area still marked by high heat-flow that is caused by deep seated （6-10 km） hot masses related to Pliocene magmatic activity. The anomalous geothermal gradient gives rise, within the Mesozoic limestone formation （Tuscan series）, to geothermal systems that fed the Ca-SO4 thermal springs characterizing this area. Besides of thermal fluids, several cold, dry CO2-rich gas emissions seep out on the NE flank of the volcano. These gas vents mostly consist of large sub-circular craters at variable depth and diameter （5-15 m and 10-50 m, respectively）, and represent a serious hazard for the local population, as testified by the several asphyxia casualties that have been repeatedly occurred within these morphological depressions. In this work, the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Mt. Amiata ＂CO2-rich gas vents＂ and the estimation of both the CO2 flux from the soil and the CO2 distribution in air of their surroundings, has been carried out in order to： （1） assess the origin of gases, （2） recognize the mechanism of formation for these gas emissions and their relationship with local tectonics, and （3） to evaluate the CO2 hazard in the high flux emanations. The chemical composition of the gases is largely dominated by CO2 （up to 98 % by vol） and shows relatively high concentrations of N2, CH4 and H2S （up to 1.1%, 0.9% and 3.9 % by vol, respectively）. These features, coupled with the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures, suggest that the origin of the main gas compounds may be related to the contribution of deep （i.e., thermometamorphic processes on carbonate formations for CO2） and shallow （i.e. thermal decomposition of organic material for CH4, N2 and H2S） sources.  相似文献   

2.
试论稀土铁建造   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
Geological and geochemical characteristics of REE iron formation, a term proposed by Prof. Tu Kuang-chih to specify a special type of Precambrian iron formation rich in REE, are discussed in this paper with special reference to its REE contents, REE distribution patterns, model of formation, the relationship between its development and the multistage evolution of terrestrial crust in China, and its role as an indicator of oxidation status for ancient atmosphere. Major conclusions are as follows: (1) REE iron formation is characterized by high REE concentrations as opposed to very low REE level in normal Precambrian iron formations. (2) REE iron formation was resulted from marine sedimentary-diagenetic process in miogeosyncline or intermediate regions during Proterozoic Era. To some extent,volcanic activity may be responsible for the deposition of ore-forming materials. In a broader sense, it belongs to Fe-bearing dolomite formation. On most REE iron formations there may be later mineralizations such as hydrothermo-metasomatisn, migmatitization and metamorphism superimposed. Generally, REE iron formations share common fundamental features with stratabound ore deposits. (3) It is similar to Precambrian iron formation in the enrichment of light REE.But, the degree to LREE is enriched in REE iron formation is noticed to increase with the increase of total REE eontent. Most REE iron formations are characterized hy the high ratios of ∑Ce/∑Y, Mg Fe/Ca, Na/K, Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, Th/U, Ba/Sr, and etc. (4) The widespread occurrence of REE iron formation indicates a higher REE abundance in terrestrial crust of China and adds further support to the multistage theory regarding the chemical element evolution and differentiation in the terrestrial crust of China. (5) Preliminary data seem to support the time dependence of REE pattern and relative Eu content,  相似文献   

3.
Since industrial revolution, the ＂greenhouse effect＂ is one of the most important global environmental issues. Of all the greenhouse gases, CO2 is responsible for about 64% of the enhanced ＂greenhouse effect＂, making it the target for mitigation, so reducing anthropogenic discharge of carbon dioxide attracts more and more attention. Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep saline aquifers is one of the most promising options. But because unknown fractures and faults may exist in the caprock layers which can prevent the leakage of CO2, CO2 will leak upward into upper potable aquifers, and lead to adverse impacts on the shallow potable aquifers. In order to assess the potential effect of CO2 leakage from underground storage reservoirs on fractures and water quality of potable aquifers, this study used the non-isothermal reactive geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT developed by Xu et al to establish a simplified 2-D model of CO2 underground sequestration system, which includes deep saline aquifers, caprock layers, and shallow potable aquifers, and study and analyze the changes of mineral and aqueous components. The simulation results indicated that the minerals of deep saline aquifers and fractures should be mainly composed of aluminosilicate and silicate minerals, which not only enhance the mass of CO2 sequestrated by mineral trapping, but also decrease the porosity and permeability of caprock layers and fractures to prevent and reduce CO2 leakage. The results from deep saline aquifers showed that the mass of carbon dioxide trapped by minerals and solution phases is limited, the rest remained as a supercritical phase, and so once the caprock aquifers have some unknown fractures, the free carbon dioxide phase may leak from CO2 geologic sequestration reservoirs by buoyancy.  相似文献   

4.
The well-preserved Mesoproterozoic succession in the North China platform consists mainly of three llthological associations including peritidal quartz sandstone, shallow marine and lagoonai dark to black shales, and shallow epeiric carbonates, with a total thickness of up to 8 000 m. In addition to well-documented microplants, macroalgae, and microbial buildups, abundant microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) and mat-related sediments have been recognized in these rocks. Intensive microbial mat layers and MISS are especially well preserved in the carbonates of the upper Gaoyuzhuang (高于庄) (ca. 1.5 Ga) and lower Wumishan (雾迷山) (ca. 1.45 Ga) formations, Indicating diversified microbial activities and a high organic production. In these petrified blomats, putative microbial fossils (both coccoidal and filamentous) and framboidal pyrites have been identified. The abundance of authigenic carbonate minerals in the host rocks, such as, acicular aragnnites, rosette barites, radial siderites, ankerites, and botryoidai carbonate cements, suggests authigenlc carbonate precipitation from anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) under anoxic/euxinic conditions. Warm climate and anoxic/euxinic conditions in the Mesoproterozoic oceans may have facilitated high microbial productivity and organic burial in sediments. Although authigenic carbonate cements may record carbonate precipitation from anaerobic methane oxidation, gas blister (or dome) structures may indicate gas release from active methanogenesls during shallow burial Bituminous fragments in mat-related carbonates also provide evidence for hydrocarbon generation. Under proper conditions, the Mesoproterozoic mat-rich carbonates will have the potential for hydrocarbon generation and serve as source rocks. On the basis of petrified biomats, a rough estimation suggests that the Mesoproterozoic carbonates of the North China platform might have a hydrocarbon production potential in theorder of 10×108t.  相似文献   

5.
To understand the influence of fluid CO_2 on ultramafic rock-hosted seafloor hydrothermal systems on the early Earth,we monitored the reaction between San Carlos olivine and a CO_2-rich NaCl fluid at 300 C and 500 bars.During the experiments,the total carbonic acid concentration(∑XO_2) in the fluid decreased from approximately 65 to 9 mmol/kg.Carbonate minerals,magnesite,and subordinate amount of dolomite were formed via the water-rock interaction.The H_2 concentration in the fluid reached approximately 39 mmol/kg within 2736 h,which is relatively lower than the concentration generated by the reaction between olivine and a CO2-free NaCl solution at the same temperature.As seen in previous hydrothermal experiments using komatiite,ferrous iron incorporation into Mg-bearing carbonate minerals likely limited iron oxidation in the fluids and the resulting H_2 generation during the olivine alteration.Considering carbonate mineralogy over the temperature range of natural hydrothermal fields,H_2 generation is likely suppressed at temperatures below approximately 300℃ due to the formation of the Mg-bearing carbonates.Nevertheless,H_2 concentration in fluid at 300℃ could be still high due to the temperature dependency of magnetite stability in ultramafic systems.Moreover,the Mg-bearing carbonates may play a key role in the ocean-atmosphere system on the early Earth.Recent studies suggest that the subduction of carbonated ultramafic rocks may transport surface CO_2 species into the deep mantle.This process may have reduced the huge initial amount of CO_2 on the surface of the early Earth.Our approximate calculations demonstrate that the subduction of the Mg-bearing carbonates formed in komatiite likely played a crucial role as one of the CO_2 carriers from the surface to the deep mantle,even in hot subduction zones.  相似文献   

6.
The conversion of CO2 into H+ and is a relatively slow reaction. Hence, its kinetics may be rate determiningin carbonate rock dissolution. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), which is widespread in nature, was used to catalyze the CO2 conversion process in dissolution experiments of limestone and dolomite. It was found that the rate of dissolution increases by a factor of about 10 after the addition of CA at a high CO2 partial pressure (Pco2) for limestone and about 3 at low Pcoj for dolomite. This shows that reappraisal is necessary for the importance of chemical weathering (including carbonate rock dissolution and silicate weathering) in the atmospheric CO2 sink and the mysterious missing sink in carbon cycling. It is doubtless that previous studies of weathering underestimated weathering rates due to the ignorance of CA as an activator in weathering, thus the contribution of weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink is also underestimated. This finding also shows the need to examine the situ distribution and activ  相似文献   

7.
The Lajeado Group in the Ribeira Belt,southeastern Brazil,corresponds to an open-sea carbonate platform,comprised of seven overlapping siliciclastic and carbonatic formations,intruded in its upper portion by the Apiai Gabbro.These rocks have a Neoproterozoic tectonometamorphic overprint related to arc magmatism and the Brasiliano collisional orogeny.Geochronological constraints are given by new UPb SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS data for Lajeado Group detrital zircons and for magmatic zircons from the Apiai Gabbro.The youngest detrital zircons in the Lajeado Group are 1400-1200 Ma,and constrain its maximum age of deposition to be 1200 Ma,whereas the 877 ± 8 Ma age for magmatic zircons in the Apiai Gabbro give the minimum age.Detritus source areas are mainly Paleoproterozoic(2200-1800 Ma)with some Archean and Mesoproterozoic contribution(1500-1200 Ma),with distal or tectonic stable cratonic character.The Lajeado Group should be a Stenian-Tonian carbonate platform passive margin of a continent at this time,namely the Columbia/Nuna or the Rodinia.The Apiai Gabbro displays similar age to other intrusive basic rocks in the Lajeado and Itaiacoca groups and represents tholeiitic MORB-like magmatism that we relate to the initial break-up of a Mesoproterozoic continent and the formation of the Brasiliano oceans.  相似文献   

8.
Zonal distribution of seepage hydrocarbon-induced altereb carbonates over oil/gas reservoirs is a common phenomenon observed in the field.The authors considered that the continuous production of CO2 within the “alteration chimney ”gives rise to a significant difference in physical and chemical properties between its interior and the surrounding country rocks.And it is this difference that has promoted the erosion and precipitation of carbonates,thus leading to the zonal distribution of seepage hydrocarbon-induced altered carbonates over oil/gas reservoirs.This may be a reasonable interpretation of the phenomenon described above.  相似文献   

9.
Based on lead isotope data, it has been shown that lead in the Beishan stratabound sphalerite-pyrite deposit came mainly from the oldland and its underlying basement rocks and, subordinately, the Devonian itself or the seawater at that time. As to its primary source, upper crust lead was predominant. while lower crust lead or upper mantle lead was subordinate. Sulfur was formed mainly through bacterial reduction of marine carbonates. The carbon and oxygen isotopic analyses for carbonate rocks and minerals have demonstrated that carbonate rocks in the Beishan area are normal marine sediments. The isotopic characteristics of the carbonate rocks are intermediate between those of the northern Guangdong and central Hunan, but closer to those of the central Hunan basin. The formation of the Beishan deposit underwent: a depositional-diagenetic mineralization stage and a successive post-diagenetic enrichmentremoulding one.  相似文献   

10.
远硅质建造磷块岩微相研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
孟祥化 《地球化学》1979,(2):132-144,i010
The two phosphatic formations distributed in Yunan-Guizhon-Sichuan(Lower Cambrian)and Hubci-Hunan-Guizhou(Late Sinian)which were originally thought to be terrestrial carbonate deposits should be regarded as tele-siloceous formation in character as is evidenced by regional formation sequence patterns. The implications of this observation arc discussed with respect to tectonic and prospecting for P,I, and other base metals. In the light of detailed investigation on mierophase composition microphase Zoning and those features concerning depositional environment and geochemistry a mechanism of phosphate accumulation is proposed with special reference to the role of dynamic chemistry, F, palaeotectonics and palaeoelimatology. It is pointed out by the author that the proposal of chemical deposition suggested by A. V.Kazakov is in conflict with the model of microphase zonation and formation sequence patterns. The relationship is also dealt with between the ratios of CO2/P2O5 and F/P2O5 on the one hand and the mechanism of phosphate accumulation on the other.  相似文献   

11.
A simple synthesis of various forms of calcium carbonate with spherical and 'floral' morphologies is reported. Vaterite formation occurs at approximately 25 degrees C, aragonite at approximately 70 degrees C and calcite at about approximately 80 degrees C. These are produced when CO2 is reacted with an aqueous solution of calcium chloride in the presence of ammonia. These conditions may have existed at the surface of Mars in the past, leading us to conclude that such mineral formations may be common there. Although the initial phases are modified over time with changing temperature and pressure conditions, they still influence the final morphology of the carbonates observed. A comparison of these structures with those found in the Martian meteorite ALH84001 suggests, but does not confirm, a non-biogenic origin for the ALH84001 carbonates.  相似文献   

12.
湖北大冶铁山地区缝合线三维形态模拟及其成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
广泛发育于碳酸盐岩中的缝合线构造可以用来分析构造应力方位、计算岩层的有限应变和恢复原始地层厚度;同时,缝合线可以是石油、天然气和地下水的储积场所和运移通道。湖北大冶铁山地区发育有大量的缝合线构造。通过影像云纹法和GIS技术恢复了采自该地区的数枚缝合线标本的三维数字形态。利用该模型对缝合线的尺度、坡角、粗糙度、谷底点分布、二维剖面形态和压溶量等进行了定量分析,完善了缝合线的几何形态学研究并在此基础上对其成因进行了解释,认为铁山地区的缝合线主要由成岩压实作用和压溶作用形成,缝合线在从初始到各种复杂形态的发展过程中主要受两个因素控制：一是岩石的力学性质;二是由主压应力引起的局部应力集中而产生的溶解释放。   相似文献   

13.
The Oligo-Miocene carbonates pertaining to the Bolognano Formation, cropping out at the Majella Mountain, Italy, are diffusely crosscut by bed-parallel structural elements such as compaction bands and pressure solution seams. These bed-parallel structural elements formed under a vertical loading, during the progressive burial of the carbonates. The present work focuses on the control exerted on their development and distribution by compositional, sedimentological and pore network characteristics of the studied carbonates. The main results are consistent with the following statements: (i) bed-parallel compaction bands developed only within the poorly cemented, porous grainstones (2D porosity > 10%; 3D porosity > 15%); (ii) distribution of these bands was strongly controlled by both sorting and sphericity of the carbonate grains, as well as by the amount of intergranular macroporosity; (iii) bed-parallel pressure solution seams formed, mainly, within the fine-grained packstones, which are characterized by small amounts of clayish matrix (2–4% of total rock volume), and well-sorted, spherical carbonate grains.Considering the impact that burial-related, bed-parallel structures may have on fluid flow, the results provided in this contribution can help the management of subsurface geofluids, and overall prediction of carbonate reservoir quality, by mapping/simulating/assessing carbonate facies.  相似文献   

14.
缝合线研究的新进展——以湖北大冶铁山地区为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
为深入研究碳酸盐岩中的压溶作用,加深对压溶作用的认识和理解,以常见的缝合线构造为例,结合前人的研究成果和现代科技手段对湖北大冶铁山地区的缝合线构造进行了全面深入的研究,得到以下研究成果:丰富了缝合线类型;结合计算机技术获得了缝合线的三维形态;总结了缝合线形成中的一些主控因素;论述缝合线在应力分析、应变测量等传统领域及在能源资源等新领域的应用;对缝合线研究中存在的问题及分歧进行了评述并指出今后几年的研究重点。认为缝合线构造其实是一种不规则的压溶曲面;缝合线的形成是各种主控因素相互间复杂作用的结果;有关各主控因素的作用地位和特点方面的研究结果又可以为缝合线构造的实际应用提供理论依据。  相似文献   

15.
海相碳酸盐岩成岩作用与排烃特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
与泥页岩以缓慢压实为主的成岩作用不同,碳酸盐岩的成岩以胶结和交代作用为主,并在浅埋处几乎失去其所有的原生孔隙和沉积水。碳酸盐岩在埋藏条件下处于近完全封闭的压实流环境中,深埋和地温升高除形成小规模的压溶作用(如缝合线)外,其他类型的成岩作用很微弱。在进入有机质生烃的门限深度后,低丰度有机质虽可生成一定数量的烃类,但碳酸盐岩不像泥岩那样可以脱出大量压实水,烃的运移既无"载体",又无异常高压作为动力和造缝条件,烃类很难大规模运移。在其后的成岩作用中,烃类或分散于封闭的晶间孔隙中,或与矿物结合形成晶包有机质和包裹体有机质,造成碳酸盐岩含烃率常常高于泥页岩。  相似文献   

16.
Halite-impregnated carbonates in the Dawson Bay Formation of Saskatchewan lie between beds of halite and are buried to a depth of 1 km. They exhibit two different diagenetic styles – some resisted compaction and had high pre-salt porosities; others contain compaction-broken fossils and pressure-solution seams. The uncompacted rocks, together with the difficulty of explaining how halite cement could enter the Dawson Bay after overlying bedded halites were deposited, suggest that halite cementation occurred early with only a few tens of metres of overburden. Early diagenetic compaction is suggested by the presence of unbroken, displacive skeletal halite crystals, which cross-cut compaction structures, and by the difficulty of explaining how (1) later compaction could occur in halite-cemented rocks and (2) how pore-fluids could be expelled after surrounding rocks lost their permeability. The organic-rich nature of many carbonates may explain why compaction was both early and extensive, but this explanation fails to explain how similar compaction developed in horizons with lower organic contents. Chemical compaction may also have been enhanced by aragonite dissolution during seawater evaporation or brine dilution. Early chemical compaction in Dawson Bay carbonates indicates that compaction in other carbonates need not signify deep burial diagenesis; neither can compaction be used indiscriminately to identify other diagenetic events as being of deep burial origin. Early halite cementation, as in the Dawson Bay Formation, preserves carbonates at early diagenetic stages and may thus preserve geochemical information unmodified by later diagenesis.  相似文献   

17.
CO2深部咸水层地质封存被认为是减缓温室效应的一种有效的工程技术手段。针对神华鄂尔多斯105 t/a CO2捕集与封存(CCS)示范项目,用数值模拟方法对CO2在地层中的运移过程进行了详细地刻画,分析了CO2的流动迁移、地层压力积聚过程及地层封存潜力。数值模型不但可以为工程的顺利进行提供技术支撑,而且可以节省人力财力。首先,根据实际监测数据对模拟参数进行校准,得到了合适的压力拟合曲线,确定了主要的水文地质参数。然后,对为期3 a的CO2续注工程进行预测,详细分析了CO2的晕扩散、溶解情况、地层压力变化情况、储层封存潜力等。得到如下结论：CO2在3 a内的最大迁移距离约为350 m;水裂可以有效提高CO2的注入性;隔离层能有效防止CO2逃逸。研究表明,尽管鄂尔多斯盆地属于低渗咸水层仍然能够有效安全地封存CO2。  相似文献   

18.
羌资5井位于藏北羌塘盆地,该井钻遇二叠系龙格组及展金组。储层主要是龙格组及展金组中的碳酸盐岩,其主要岩性是微晶灰岩、粒屑灰岩、生物屑灰岩、角砾灰岩以及粉/细晶白云岩。储集空间主要为孔隙,另发育裂缝。孔隙可分为粒间孔、粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、晶间孔及晶间溶孔、沿缝合线发育的溶孔;裂缝可分为构造缝、压溶缝和溶蚀缝。物性数据显示,孔隙度变化范围在0.3%~2.3%,平均值为1.31%;渗透率变化范围在(0.0034~0.0062)×10-3μm2,平均值为0.0044×10-3μm2,储层评价为差。影响碳酸盐岩储集物性的因素主要是成岩作用和构造作用。有利成岩作用主要是压溶作用、溶蚀作用、白云石化作用;不利的影响因素是压实作用、胶结作用、重结晶作用、硅化作用等。  相似文献   

19.
《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(6):917-936
Carbon dioxide disposal into deep aquifers is a potential means whereby atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases may be reduced. However, our knowledge of the geohydrology, geochemistry, geophysics, and geomechanics of CO2 disposal must be refined if this technology is to be implemented safely, efficiently, and predictably. As a prelude to a fully coupled treatment of physical and chemical effects of CO2 injection, the authors have analyzed the impact of CO2 immobilization through carbonate mineral precipitation. Batch reaction modeling of the geochemical evolution of 3 different aquifer mineral compositions in the presence of CO2 at high pressure were performed. The modeling considered the following important factors affecting CO2 sequestration: (1) the kinetics of chemical interactions between the host rock minerals and the aqueous phase, (2) CO2 solubility dependence on pressure, temperature and salinity of the system, and (3) redox processes that could be important in deep subsurface environments. The geochemical evolution under CO2 injection conditions was evaluated. In addition, changes in porosity were monitored during the simulations. Results indicate that CO2 sequestration by matrix minerals varies considerably with rock type. Under favorable conditions the amount of CO2 that may be sequestered by precipitation of secondary carbonates is comparable with and can be larger than the effect of CO2 dissolution in pore waters. The precipitation of ankerite and siderite is sensitive to the rate of reduction of Fe(III) mineral precursors such as goethite or glauconite. The accumulation of carbonates in the rock matrix leads to a considerable decrease in porosity. This in turn adversely affects permeability and fluid flow in the aquifer. The numerical experiments described here provide useful insight into sequestration mechanisms, and their controlling geochemical conditions and parameters.  相似文献   

20.
全球新元古代冰期的记录和时限   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
赵彦彦  郑永飞 《岩石学报》2011,27(2):545-565
化学沉淀碳酸盐矿物在沉积后很容易受到各种作用的影响,其中最重要的是其在成岩阶段所经历的成岩作用。碳酸盐沉积物在成岩过程中主要受大气降水、海水和埋藏过程中孔隙流体的控制,经历一系列压实、溶解、矿物的多相转变、重结晶、胶结等成岩作用,逐渐转变为固结的岩石。在成岩过程中,由于孔隙流体与沉积流体之间的异同以及温度的变化,碳酸盐沉积物的原始矿物成分、地球化学特征可能会很好的保存下来,但在许多情况下,也可能会改变,从而使我们无法准确反演碳酸盐沉积物在沉积时水体的特征。因此,我们在应用碳酸盐岩重建相关古环境和古气候变化的时候,必须要通过有效的方法来对碳酸盐岩是否受到成岩作用的影响进行鉴定。  相似文献   

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