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Kevin P. Norton 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(18):5243-5258
Despite being located on high, steep, actively uplifting, and formerly glaciated slopes of the Swiss Central Alps, soils in the upper Rhone Valley are depleted by up to 50% in cations relative to their parent bedrock. This depletion was determined by a mass loss balance based on Zr as a refractory element. Both Holocene weathering rates and physical erosion rates of these slopes are unexpectedly low, as measured by cosmogenic 10Be-derived denudation rates. Chemical depletion fractions, CDF, range from 0.12 to 0.48, while the average soil chemical weathering rate is 33 ± 15 t km−2 yr−1. Both the cosmogenic nuclide-derived denudation rates and model calculations suggest that these soils have reached a weathering steady-state since deglaciation 15 ky ago. The weathering signal varies with elevation and hillslope morphology. In addition, the chemical weathering rates decrease with elevation indicating that temperature may be a dominant controlling factor on weathering in these high Alpine basins. Model calculations suggest that chemical weathering rates are limited by reaction kinetics and not the supply rate of fresh material. We compare hillslope and catchment-wide weathering fluxes with modern stream cation flux, and show that high relief, bare-rock slopes exhibit much lower chemical weathering rates despite higher physical erosion rates. The low weathering fluxes from rocky, rapidly eroding slopes allow for the broader implication that mountain building, while elevating overall denudation rates, may not cause increased chemical weathering rates on hillslopes. In order for this sediment to be weathered, intermediate storage, for instance in floodplains, is required. 相似文献
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晚奥陶世—早志留世之交是地球历史时期中的关键时段,该时段伴有全球生物大灭绝、冈瓦纳冰川以及火山事件。晚奥陶世末期的冰川事件历时相对较短,在中国尚未找到冰川存在的直接证据。为了更好地研究奥陶—志留纪交替时期是否存在古气候的变化,选取了川西南地区新地2井岩心中新鲜的上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组泥页岩样品,通过其主量、微量及稀土元素特征分析,采用多种化学风化指数判定源区风化作用强度及古气候条件。新地2井五峰—龙马溪组所有岩石样品成分变异指数(ICV)均大于1,表明源岩成分成熟度低,属构造活动时期的首次沉积。稀土元素表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦并伴有明显的负Eu 异常,配分模式与花岗岩相似,表明源岩以亲花岗岩、长英质为主;A-CN-K图解、主量元素Al2O3/TiO2值、微量元素Cr/Zr值和Th/Sc值也体现长英质成分为主的物源特征。化学蚀变指数(CIA)、化学风化指数(CIW)和斜长石蚀变指数(PIA)等多种化学风化作用指标均指示,晚奥陶世—早志留世古风化作用强度经历中等—低等—中等、古气候温暖湿润—寒冷干燥—温暖湿润的变化过程。CIA指数的低值指示的五峰组顶部(平均值64.14)、观音桥组(平均值61.7)和龙马溪组底部(平均值64.61)即赫南特期存在短暂的寒冷气候,间接证实了冈瓦纳冰川作用在中国华南地区存在相应的地球化学记录。 相似文献
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近年来,根据泥质岩中常量元素的摩尔数计算出的化学蚀变指数(CIA: Chemical index of alteration)、化学风化指数(CIW: Chemical index of weathering)和斜长石蚀变指数(PIA: Plagioclase index of alteration)被广泛用来反映物源区的风化程度及物源区古气候,这些指数在应用时都有一些严格的限制因素,应给予足够重视。CIA计算公式未排除成岩作用过程中钾交代作用的影响,需要采用A-CN-K[Al2O3-(CaO*+Na2O)-K2O]三角图进行判断,对发生钾交代作用的样品利用A-CN-K三角图或CIAcorr计算公式进行校正。CIW计算公式中去掉了K2O,但没有排除钾长石中的Al元素。PIA计算公式中考虑了钾长石中的Al元素,但只适用于判断母岩中仅含有斜长石而不含钾长石的物源区风化程度。综合分析表明,在判断物源区风化程度及古气候时,CIA的干扰因素相对较少,值得推广。但即使利用从泥质岩常量元素获得的CIA值来判断物源区的风化程度时,仍需要考虑沉积分异作用、再旋回作用、沉积区进一步风化作用以及成土作用、成岩期的钾交代作用的影响,建议首先依据泥质岩常量元素的摩尔数计算出成分变异指数(ICV: Index of compositional variability),然后对ICV>1的样品进行CIA的计算,并利用A-CN-K三角图或CIAcorr计算公式对CIA值进行钾交代作用的校正,该校正过的CIAcorr计算值可用来判断物源区的风化程度。 相似文献
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Lithogenic concentrations of trace metals in soils and saprolites over crystalline basement rocks: A case study from SW Nigeria 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Moshood N. Tijani Olugbenga A. Okunlola Akinlolu F. Abimbola 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2006,46(5):427-438
In this study, an assessment of the lithogenic concentrations of trace metals in soils and saprolite over basement rock units in Ibadan, SW-Nigeria is presented in respect of bedrock types and geochemical controls on the weathering-associated release of trace metals. Consequently, soil, weathered and fresh rock samples from the Precambrian Basement of SW Nigeria were collected from three different bedrock units within Ibadan metropolis and subjected to mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The analytical results revealed major proportions of oxides in the range of 18–20% Al2O3, 2–6% Na2O and 1–6% K2O for weathered profiles over granite-gneiss and pegmatite units, compared to 2–3% Al2O3, <0.5% Na2O and <1.0% K2O over schist-quartzite. For the trace elements, weathered profiles on granite-gneiss and schist-quartzite settings exhibit similar enrichment trends (enrichment factor, EF l) for most of the trace elements, unlike the pegmatite bedrock. However, enrichments are relatively greater in the top soil unit compared to the intermediate saprolite unit, especially for Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Rb, Sr and Ba, a situation attributed to leaching and redistribution within the weathered profiles through pedogenetic process and percolating groundwater.Furthermore, the estimated weathering indices using Ruxton Ratio (RR = {SiO2/Al2O3}) and Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA = 100{Al2O3/[Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O]}) revealed RR of 2.9–3.7 and CIA of 54–73% for granite-gneiss and pegmatite units, implying medium levels of weathering, compared to RR of 30.8–35.5 and CIA of >60% for schist-quartzite units, which suggest weak chemical weathering. Also, the estimated high percentage loss, especially for Pb, Rb, Sr, Ba relative to the bedrocks, shows that the trace elements can be mobilized within the weathering profiles even at a low degree of chemical weathering. Such weathering-induced release of trace metals is of environmental significance as natural lithogenic input sources and as background reference for future monitoring of possible human/anthropogenic impacts. 相似文献
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Mineral weathering and elemental transport during hillslope evolution at the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lixin Jin Ramesh Ravella Paul R. Bierman Timothy White 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(13):3669-100
Located in the uplands of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province of Pennsylvania, the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHO) is a tectonically quiescent, first-order catchment developed on shales of the Silurian Rose Hill Formation. We used soil cores augered at the highest point of the watershed and along a subsurface water flowline on a planar hillslope to investigate mineral transformations and physical/chemical weathering fluxes. About 25 m of bedrock was also drilled to estimate parent composition. Depletion of carbonate at tens of meters of depth in bedrock may delineate a deep carbonate-weathering front. Overlying this, extending from ∼6 m below the bedrock-soil interface up into the soil, is the feldspar dissolution front. In the soils, depletion profiles for K, Mg, Si, Fe, and Al relative to the bedrock define the illite and chlorite reaction fronts. When combined with a cosmogenic nuclide-derived erosion rate on watershed sediments, these depletion profiles are consistent with dissolution rates that are several orders of magnitudes slower for chlorite (1-5 × 10−17 mol m−2 s−1) and illite (2-9 × 10−17 mol m−2 s−1) than observed in the laboratory. Mineral reactions result in formation of vermiculite, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite, and minor kaolinite. During weathering, exchangeable divalent cations are replaced by Al as soil pH decreases.The losses of Mg and K in the soils occur largely as solute fluxes; in contrast, losses of Al and Fe are mostly as downslope transport of fine particles. Physical erosion of bulk soils also occurs: results from a steady-state model demonstrate that physical erosion accounts for about half of the total denudation at the ridgetop and midslope positions. Chemical weathering losses of Mg, Na, and K are higher in the upslope positions likely because of the higher degree of chemical undersaturation in porewaters. Chemical weathering slows down in the valley floor and Al and Si even show net accumulation. The simplest model for the hillslope that is consistent with all observations is a steady-state, clay weathering-limited system where soil production rates decrease with increasing soil thickness. 相似文献
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珙县恐龙化石埋藏地自流井组泥质岩地球化学特征及其对物源区和古风化作用的指示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
四川珙县恐龙化石埋藏地是四川盆地早侏罗世重要的恐龙化石点,恐龙化石埋藏于下侏罗统自流井组之中。对该恐龙化石埋藏地自流井组泥质岩的常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征进行了研究,并根据其地球化学特征讨论了物源区性质、构造背景以及物源区的风化特征。常量元素和稀土元素表明其物源区以长英质岩石为主,构造背景为被动大陆边缘;反映化学风化程度的C IA指数及成分成熟度的ICV指数,表明物源区经历了较强的化学风化作用,反映了早侏罗世恐龙生活在一个温暖潮湿的古气候环境之中。 相似文献
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Abigail L. Langston Gregory E. Tucker Robert S. Anderson Suzanne P. Anderson 《Applied Geochemistry》2011
Understanding the relationship between subsurface flow paths on hillslopes and chemical weathering of bedrock is fundamental to understanding the timing and mechanisms that weather bedrock to saprolite. The link between chemical weathering of bedrock and contact time with reactive water along flow paths motivates this study. Water drives the chemical alteration of rock into saprolite, yet connected porosity generally declines with depth into the weathered profile. Saprolite formation, therefore, reflects coupled weathering and permeability development over time. This study uses numerical modeling and soil-moisture monitoring to explore the hydrology of the unsaturated zone and the influence of fracture density, hillslope gradient, and permeability contrasts within the saprolite development horizon on saprolite development. 相似文献
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K. S. Sajinkumar S. Anbazhagan A. P. Pradeepkumar V. R. Rani 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2011,78(3):249-257
The climatic condition of Western Ghats has influenced the process of weathering and landslides in this mountainous tract
along the southwest coast of India. During the monsoon period, landslides are a common in the Western Ghats, and its intensity
depends upon the thickness of the loose unconsolidated soil formed by the process of weathering. Debris landslides with a
combination of saprock, saprolite and soil, indicate the role of weathering in landslide occurrences. This paper reports on
how the weathering in the windward slope of Western Ghats influences the occurrence of landslides and the factors which accelerate
the weathering process. Rock and soil samples were collected from the weathering profile of hornblende gniess and granite
gneiss. The chemical analysis and the calculated Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicate the significant weathering and
its possible influence on landslide occurrences in the study area. Mainly, the CIA value of lateritic soil and forest loam
indicated the extent of high chemical weathering in this region. Rainfall is the dominant parameter influencing the chemical
weathering process. In addition, deforestation, land use practices and soil erosion are some of the other important factors
accelerating the weathering process and landslide occurrences in the region. The locations of the previous landslides superimposed
on geology and soil show that most of the landslide occurrences are associated with the highly weathered zone, particularly
lateritic soil and the ‘severe’ (rock outcrop) erodability zone. 相似文献
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Chemical and physical weathering in a hot‐arid,tectonically active alluvial system of Anza Borrego Desert,California 
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下载免费PDF全文 Investigation of chemical and physical weathering of bedrock and alluvial sediment in the Anza Borrego Desert, California, sheds light on weathering processes in hot‐arid systems and clarifies interpretations of climate from alluvial sediment. All of the alluvial sediment in the study area emanates from Cretaceous tonalite of the Peninsular Range, enabling exploration of the effects of external variables – climate, transport distance and tectonics – on the physical and chemical properties of the sediment. Chemical weathering in this area is dominated by plagioclase alteration observed in both bedrock outcrops and sediment, evinced most clearly by changes in the Eu anomaly. Biotite chemical weathering, manifested by interlayer K+ loss, is not evident in bedrock, but clearly observed in the sediment. Despite the weak intensity of chemical weathering (Chemical Index of Alteration = 56 to 62), fine‐grained (<63 μm) sediment displays a clear weathering trend in A–CN–K space and contains up to 25% clay minerals. Physical abrasion and grain‐size reduction in biotite during transport predominates in the sediment, whereas physical (insolation) weathering affecting bedrock is inferred from estimates of differential thermal expansion of mineral phases in response to extreme temperature changes in the study area. Chemical alteration and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area both increase within the active Elsinore fault zone at the distal end of the depositional transect, reflecting tectonic‐induced fracturing and associated accelerated weathering. Extensive fracturing, together with a more humid Pleistocene climate, probably facilitated in situ bedrock weathering, preceding arid alluvial deposition in the Holocene. This study demonstrates that both climate and tectonic processes can affect chemical and physical weathering, resulting in alteration of plagioclase, leaching of K+ from biotite in the sediment and formation of clay minerals, even in hot, arid systems. 相似文献
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头寨滑坡玄武岩腐岩的岩石化学和矿物学特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用化学全分析、薄片鉴定及扫描电镜等测试、观察手段,分析了头寨滑坡发生的岩体玄武岩及其腐岩玄武岩腐岩的岩石化学和矿物学特征。化学全分析结果表明新鲜玄武岩与核心石在除Fe外,其它组分无明显的改变;核心石在转变为腐岩过程中Si、Ca、Na、Mg等元素逐渐流失,Fe、Al等逐渐富集,同时烧失量LOI和化学蚀变指数CIA显著增加,硅铝比逐渐减少。薄片鉴定表明主要矿物化学风化作用顺序为玻璃质、辉石、斜长石,与造岩矿物风化稳定性序列一致,腐岩中主要的次生矿物为蒙皂石及绿泥石。在扫描电镜下观察到风化前锋形态曲折,风化前锋附近矿物呈现物理裂痕,沿着解理面更易出现,风化前锋两侧的岩石矿物形态差异显著。岩体的化学-物理耦合风化作用不仅表现在宏观尺度上,而且在细观-微观的尺度上更为明显。铁元素的价态变化存在于玄武岩腐岩形成的整个过程之中并导致岩石体积增大,从而产生物理裂纹。 相似文献
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以往地质学家认为吉林省南部震旦纪万隆组与上覆八道江组之间是整合接触。笔者经过野外考察和室内研究 ,认为二者应为风化壳不整合接触关系。化学分析显示 ,风化壳泥岩与下伏母岩白云质灰岩相比化学成分发生巨大变化 ,粘土化矿物元素 (SiO2 Al2 O3 )与CaO和LOI的淋失相反 ,从 13.5 7%增加到 5 5 .6 3% ,具明显的风化成土特征。化学蚀变系数 (CIA)和质量迁移系数分析给出了相同的结果 :CIA值达到了 39.4 3% ,Ca元素的质量迁移系数达到 - 0 .97,几乎全部淋失 ,表明化学风化作用明显。综合研究表明 ,该风化壳处于碳酸盐岩风化成土的第二阶段 ,即母岩中“不溶物”在风化过程中逐步堆积形成残积土的阶段 ,为二级层序界面 相似文献
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常用化学风化指标诸如帕克风化指数（WIP）、化学蚀变指数（CIA）、成分变异指数（ICV）、CIX指数和αAlE常被用于评价源区化学风化强度,但利用以上化学风化指标评价化学风化强度时要考虑不同指标的控制因素,否则会导致风化评价结果失真。文章认为以最常用化学风化指标探究源区化学风化过程时,应在了解源区地质信息的情况下,选取合适的的细粒物质或悬浮物作为样品减弱粒度的控制作用,通过酸处理去除杂质,再利用Sc/Th-CIA 判别图反映物源信息,Th/Sc-Zr/Sc判别图进一步判别沉积分异和沉积再旋回的控制作用,进而选取ICV＞1的样品排除再旋回作用的干扰,用A-CN-K图或Panahi（2000）提出的公式进行钾交代作用的校正,最终通过CIA计算得出源岩化学风化强度。为确保准确反映源区风化情况,利用SPSS进行CIA受控因子分析,进而构建研究区的特征风化指标。 相似文献
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选取了贵州高原喀斯特地区的典型硅酸盐风化剖面(毕节邓家湾剖面)和碳酸盐岩风化剖面(安顺平坝剖面)作为研究对象,以贵州地区的铝土矿剖面和中国黄土作为对比,对其元素分布特征及化学风化作用和强度与进行了研究。结果表明:SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3均为两个剖面含量最高的组分,但由于成土母质的化学组分不同,元素分布差异比较明显;同时由于经历的化学风化阶段并不相同,两个剖面的化学蚀变指数(CIA)值相差较大,邓家湾剖面经历了中等强度的风化作用,而平坝剖面的风化强度则十分强烈,CIA反映了土壤剖面的化学组成的差别,以及成土母质、风化成土过程和程度上的差异;虽然两个剖面稀土元素总量都较高,但配分模式存在着明显的差异,剖面的形成基本上是由于各自基岩的风化作用形成的,受中国黄土的影响并不明显。 相似文献
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通过分析辽南七顶山黄土覆盖的红色风化壳地球化学特征,研究其发育特征并与湘桂黔滇青藏陕甘红色风化壳发育特征进行比较,为了解黄土覆盖的红色风化壳发育特征及不同地区红色风化壳发育特征的空间差异提供初步依据。化学元素实验表明,七顶山剖面红色风化壳主量元素平均值分布呈现如下趋势:SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > K2O > CaO > MgO > Na2O,化学蚀变指数（CIA）介于83.19 ~ 86.89,盐基淋溶率（ba）介于0.26 ~ 0.35,铝饱和指数A/NK介于6.10 ~ 7.47,A/CNK介于3.93 ~ 4.99,S/A介于5.24 ~ 6.47,S/R介于4.53 ~ 5.50。结果表明:七顶山剖面红色风化壳呈正风化序列,是下伏基岩原地风化的产物,化学组成以SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3为主,三者之和超过86%,处于还原环境,属于脱硅脱铁富铝阶段,发育于近似亚热带的气候条件,处于高等化学风化水平。辽南在116.13 ~ 90.48 Ma B.P.至17.70 ~ 9.44 Ma B.P.时具备红色风化壳发育的气候条件,结合残存红色风化壳和石芽的情况,可以认为其开始发育于中新世中期或更早。辽南红色风化壳第四纪以前为二阶段发育过程,即夷平—成壳、切割—红化期,第四纪至今仅有切割—红化期。湘桂黔滇青藏陕甘辽红色风化壳元素组合特征高度一致,各区域红色风化壳风化强度、风化方向接近,除辽南呈现较弱的脱硅脱铁富铝趋势外,其他区域均表现为脱硅富铝铁化趋势,这暗示了黄土覆盖下的红色风化壳处于还原环境。纬度因素和经度因素对红色风化壳脱硅富铝铁化进程影响程度接近,相较于经度因素,纬度因素对红色风化壳碱金属及碱金属盐基淋溶作用影响程度更大,总体而言,在母岩影响较小的前提下,纬度控制下的气候因素是决定红色风化壳发育的主要因素。 相似文献
18.
南黄海北部晚更新世以来常量元素记录的化学风化作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以南黄海北部高沉积速率柱状样DLC70-3孔作为研究对象,对沉积物的黏土矿物和常量元素地球化学组成进行了综合分析。结果显示,DLC70-3孔沉积物中黏土矿物组合以伊利石为主,其次为蒙皂石,绿泥石和高岭石含量较低;绝大部分样品中伊利石与蒙皂石含量的比值<6,表明沉积物主要来源于黄河物质的输送。研究认为DLC70-3孔沉积物的化学风化指标CIA值受到海平面变化和源区气候变化共同控制,其中源区的气候变化为主要控制因素,而海平面变化造成的机械沉积分异作用主要影响27.80~38.00 m（MIS 4）层位沉积物的CIA值。CIA值显示在MIS 5和MIS 3期大陆化学风化作用较强,与内陆黄土高原地区夏季风和化学风化指标的变化趋势一致,尤其是在MIS 3早期（40~60 ka）记录的化学风化作用非常强,反映了黄河流域地区出现强夏季风降雨过程。 相似文献
19.
甘肃天水全新世黄土-古土壤序列化学风化特征及其古气候意义 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对甘肃天水地区师家崖典型黄土-古土壤剖面化学元素的测定和分析结果表明:该剖面中氧化物SiO2、Fe2O3、K2O和Al2O3含量变化趋势基本一致,均在古土壤层（S0上和S0下）中较高,黄土层（L0、L1和Lt）中较低;而氧化物CaO和Na2O变化呈相反趋势;根据钙镁比（Ca/Mg）、钾钠比（K/Na）、淋溶系数、退碱系数、残积系数和化学蚀变系数（CIA）等化学参数的统计分析结果,揭示了古土壤层形成时期风化成壤作用强烈,黄土层堆积时期风化成壤作用微弱的规律;以Ti为参比,Si、Fe、K和Al相对富集,而Na和Ca发生不同程度的淋溶,总体处于脱Ca、Na的低等化学风化阶段;SJY剖面全新世以来的沉积环境分为化学风化较弱期、波动增强期和减弱期,记录了该区域气候经历了早全新世温凉、中全新世温暖湿润但不稳定,晚全新世凉干的演变过程,对天水地区的古气候变化具有重要意义。 相似文献
20.
华南沿海地表红土地球化学特性变异的自然因素与人类活动干预 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
文章对珠江三角洲和粤西地区地表表层红土的地球化学指标和矿物学指标进行了研究。研究结果表明,全岩的化学蚀变指数(CIA)值主要代表自然作用下化学风化的强度;而硅铝率(或Al2O3SiO2比值)和(高岭石+伊利石)石英比值在全岩研究中代表化学风化与侵蚀作用的共同强度;Al2O3SiO2比值与CIA值的相关关系可以作为区分化学风化作用自然因素变化与侵蚀作用加剧的一种新的分析方法:当样品CIA值异常偏离趋势线时,反映出自然化学风化作用的异常变化,而Al2O3SiO2比值的异常偏离则可能反映了表层侵蚀作用的加剧;结合当地自然环境和人类活动的特点,可以推断人为因素对表层红土剖面地球化学特征变异的干预和对侵蚀作用加剧的贡献 相似文献