共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 593 毫秒
1.
从深对流发展必须满足的对流层低层有足够强的湿层、层结不稳定和足够强的触发机制出发,对2002年7月11～15日由东北冷涡诱发的一次连续强风暴生成的环境条件进行了诊断分析。结果表明:低层暖湿条件是冷涡强对流预报的关键,强大的冷涡由于冷性层结深厚难以诱发强的对流性天气,而其分裂的次涡度中心或弱的冷性低涡配合低层暖湿气流常常产生突发性强对流性天气;强的风垂直切变引发的斜压不稳定和垂直运动是强对流触发和维持的重要条件,风暴发生前边界层到500 hPa风向随高度顺转超过90°,随着对流性天气的发展,850 hPa以上风垂直切变逐渐减小,而850 hPa以下可能受低层冷丘产生中高压的影响,切变有增大的趋势;冷涡诱发的强对流性天气常常位于高空急流出口区左侧,但在实际预报业务中需要配合散度场来进行综合判断。 相似文献
2.
采用一个准地转三层模式,对于高低空不同层结及不同风速铅直廓线下的斜压不稳定性问题进行了分析和讨论。指出:(1)大气层结特征对斜压不稳定的影响不仅表现在对不稳定临界波长和临界风速切变的制约上,而且其铅直分布的不均一性决定了大气的各个层次对斜压不稳定的贡献大小;扰动的斜压发展主要取决于静力稳定度较小的那些层次内的热力、动力学条件,在这些层次内,扰动也最为明显。(2)高低空风速比中空为大的“高低空强风型”风速铅直分布最有利于扰动的不稳定发展,在这种风速铅直廓线下,不稳定波波谱较宽,不稳定波临界波长和最不稳定波波长也较短。 相似文献
3.
N. Chaumerliac R. Rosset M. Renard E. C. Nickerson 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1992,14(1-4):43-51
Gases emitted in the planetary boundary layer can be transported very efficiently to the free troposphere through vertical motion along a frontal surface. A mesoscale numerical model was used to simulate the vertical transport of a tracer by clouds during frontogenesis in a moist atmosphere (an evolving Eady wave) in order to illustrate such vertical transport conditions. It is shown that the efficient vertical transport of a tracer occurs only when clouds are present, either when a surface or an in-situ source is considered. Insoluble, partially soluble, and soluble tracers are studied in order to determine the relative importance of vertical transport and scavenging on their redistribution. 相似文献
4.
The impacts of stratospheric initial conditions and vertical resolution on the stratosphere by raising the model top, refining the vertical resolution, and the assimilation of operationally available observations, including conventional and satellite observations, on continental U.S. winter short-range weather forecasting, were investigated in this study. The initial and predicted wind and temperature profiles were analyzed against conventional observations. Generally, the initial wind and temperature bias profiles were better adjusted when a higher model top and refined vertical resolution were used. Negative impacts were also observed in both the initial wind and temperature profiles, over the lower troposphere. Different from the results by only raising the model top, the assimilation of operationally available observations led to significant improvements in both the troposphere and stratosphere initial conditions when a higher top was used.
Predictions made with the adjusted stratospheric initial conditions and refined vertical resolutions showed generally better forecasting skill. The major improvements caused by raising the model top with refined vertical resolution, as well as those caused by data assimilation, were in both cases located in the tropopause and lower stratosphere. Negative impacts were also observed, in the predicted near surface wind and lower-tropospheric temperature. These negative impacts were related to the uncertainties caused by more stratospheric information, as well as to some physical processes. A case study shows that when we raise the model top, put more vertical layers in stratosphere and apply data assimilation, the precipitation scores can be slightly improved. However, more analysis are needed due to uncertainties brought by data assimilation. 相似文献
5.
The vertical mesoscale flux in the nocturnal boundary layer is generally considered to be difficult to estimate because of the small mesoscale vertical velocities and the large random variation of the mesoscale fluxes. However, the mesoscale vertical flux of heat, computed from FLOSSII data, varies quasi-systematically with height, stability and time scale. Such systematic variation requires correction for sonic misalignment and averaging over a large quantity of data. The relation of the mesoscale heat flux to the vertical structure of the nocturnal boundary layer is examined. For the most common conditions, the vertical convergence of the mesoscale heat flux acts to reduce the nocturnal cooling rate. Important uncertainties are discussed as well as the need for improved observations. 相似文献
6.
7.
利用PM10日平均值统计资料、NCEP 2.5°×2.5°分析资料以及温江站探空资料,针对2012年发生在成都的13次PM10典型污染过程进行了环流背景、动力条件、稳定度条件以及水汽条件的分析.结果表明：（1）PM10典型污染过程多发生在南支波动较弱的环流型下,我省受偏西气流或西北气流控制.（2）大气中低层垂直运动较弱,低层为弱辐合,辐合层次较低,不利于污染物的水平和垂直扩散.（3）对流层中下层中常有逆温层或等温层存在,大气热力状态较稳定.（4）大气多为上干下湿的状态,湿层较浅薄. 相似文献
8.
James C. McWilliams 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1977,1(5):427-441
The familiar quasigeostrophic equations are reconsidered to consistently include forcing and diffusive processes, as well as auxiliary conditions for making the model a fully determined one in both simply and multiply connected domains. In particular, Newtonian diffusions of momentum in the vertical direction and buoyancy in the horizontal must be excluded. The auxiliary conditions are such as to prevent spurious energy and mass fluxes through the boundaries and to assure the correct circulation magnitudes about interior obstacles (i.e., “islands”). Several examples of consistent model equations are presented where the vertical discretization is explicit. 相似文献
9.
Lei Xiaoen 《大气科学进展》1985,2(2):225-233
Using the turbulent statistical form of the vertical vortex diffusion coefficient K, in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Ekman spiral wind profile, the three-dimensional diffusion equation is solved by the numeri-cal method. The influences of vertical shear of both wind direction and wind speed on pollution trajectory and horizontal diffusion parameters σy are numerically analysed. The expressions of both pollution trajectory and σy, including the factor of wind shear, are obtained. The results show that the vertical shear of wind is important among all factors affecting the mesoscale dispersion. Specifically, from neutral to stable atmospheric conditions, vertical shear of wind makes greater contribution to σy than turbulence, thus it is the most important factor. In this paper, we have compared horizontal dispersion pattern with both Pasquill's dispersion pattern considering wind direction shear, and experimental data collected at 9 different sites rang-ing from 10 to 100 km, and the results show that our dispersion pattern is closer to the experimental values than Pasquill's results, and his correction to shear of wind direction is too large under the stable conditions. 相似文献
10.
11.
对流发展局部气象条件的初步理论分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
分析了线性化后的小尺度动力学方程组出现不稳定解的条件,从而讨论了对流发展的局部天气条件,指出盛行风的垂直二次切变是一个稳定因子。同时指出,大范围对流云成排出现与风速垂直二次切变的存在有关。 相似文献
12.
Xiaohua Yang 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1991,54(1-2):183-208
Nonhydrostatic effects in two-dimensional mesoscale sea breeze systems are investigated by numerical simulations. It is shown that nonhydrostatic effects are directly contributed by the vertical gradients of the vertical velocity variance as well as by the vertical accelerations. It is also shown that a K-type turbulence closure is not suitable in a nonhydrostatic primitive equation model, and a higher-order closure scheme should therefore be used. Results from hydrostatic and fully-nonhydrostatic models are compared for various surface and atmospheric background conditions, such as scale and strength of surface heating, geostrophic wind, stability, surface roughness contrast, Coriolis effect, etc. It is found that for strongly developed sea breeze cases, vertical gradients of vertical velocity variance contribute most to nonhydrostatic forcing in the lower layers, and that the resultant nonhydrostatic pressure gradient acts against the hydrostatic pressure gradient, so that nonhydrostatic simulations produce weaker systems than hydrostatic ones. For weak sea breeze systems, the difference between the two models tends to be small. 相似文献
13.
一次火箭人工增雨分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据冰晶增长理论和播云条件,完善了以往人工增雨作业指标,提出在有利的天气形势下进行人工增雨作业时,确定水平作业范围的指标为:冷层中冰面饱和区、水汽积分量≥9 mm的区域和水汽垂直输送区的重合区.确定作业高度的指标为:在垂直剖面图上冰面饱和区、水汽垂直输送区和准饱和区的重合区.作业时间应选在水平、垂直指标出现和消失的时间段内.利用MM5中尺度模式的输出结果,以3 h为时间间隔,在0～-30 ℃层之间间隔5 ℃输出计算的各种作业指标预报图和综合图,形成业务化网页.应用作业指标于2007年3月3日在山东省聊城市莘县组织实施了一次火箭人工增雨作业,并对以上指标进行了验证. 相似文献
14.
Correction Of Eddy-Covariance Measurements Incorporating Both Advective Effects And Density Fluxes 总被引：41，自引：17，他引：24
Kyaw Tha Paw U Dennis D. Baldocchi Tilden P. Meyers Kell B. Wilson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,97(3):487-511
Equations are presented to correct eddy-covariancemeasurements for both fluctuations in density andnon-zero mean advection, induced by convergence ordivergence of flow, and spatial source/sinkinhomogeneity, under steady-state and transientconditions. This correction collapses to theWebb–Pearman–Leuning expression ifthe mean vertical velocity is zero, and formally addsthe Webb–Pearman–Leuning expression to the correctionssuggested by Lee for conditions ofnon-zero vertical velocity and source/sink and meanscalar horizontal homogeneity. The equation requiresmeasurement of the mean vertical gradients of thescalar concentration of interest (air temperature,humidity, CO2) as well as an accurateestimation of the mean vertical velocity, in additionto the vertical eddy covariance of the scalar. Simplemethods for the approximation of sensor tilt andcomplex terrain flow angle are presented, to allowestimation of non-zero mean vertical velocities. Theequations are applied to data from a maize crop and aforest to give examples of when the correction issignificant. In addition, a term for thethermodynamic expansion energy associated with watervapour flux is derived, which implies that the sonictemperature derived sensible heat flux will accuratelyinclude this contribution. 相似文献
15.
In air stratified by a specific humidity gradient, the vertical motions result in variations in specific humidity (mixing ratio) near the underlying surface. This, in turn, causes a variation of evaporation from the surface, resulting in horizontal thermal inhomogeneities on the surface, which under certain conditions can strengthen the initial vertical motions. The linear problem of the stability of the system under consideration is solved in this paper, boundaries of the unstable region are defined, and specific values of growth rates of disturbances are investigated. The estimates show that even in a density-stratified atmospheric layer over a moist surface, rapid development of disturbances with horizontal scales of several hundred metres is possible. The horizontal sizes of the most rapidly growing modes, as a rule, are an order of magnitude larger than the vertical sizes. The possibility of observing this instability under natural conditions is discussed. 相似文献
16.
In this paper,a scheme of dual-Doppler radar wind analysis based on a three-dimensional variational method is proposed and performed in two steps.First,the horizontal wind field is simultaneously recovered through minimizing a cost function defined as a radial observation term with the standard conjugate gradient method,avoiding a weighting parameter specification step.Compared with conventional dual-Doppler wind synthesis approaches,this variational method minimizes errors caused by interpolation from radar observation to analysis grid in the iterative solution process,which is one of the main sources of errors.Then,through the accelerated Liebmann method,the vertical velocity is further reestimated as an extra step by solving the Poisson equation with impermeable conditions imposed at the ground and near the tropopause.The Poisson equation defined by the second derivative of the vertical velocity is derived from the mass continuity equation.Compared with the method proposed by O’Brien,this method is less sensitive to the uncertainty of the boundary conditions and has better stability and reliability.Furthermore,the method proposed in this paper is applied to Doppler radar observation of a squall line process.It is shown that the retrieved vertical wind profile agrees well with the vertical profile obtained with the velocity–azimuth display(VAD)method,and the retrieved radial velocity as well as the analyzed positive and negative velocity centers and horizontal wind shear of the squall line are in accord with radar observations.There is a good correspondence between the divergence field of the derived wind field and the vertical velocity.And,the horizontal and vertical circulations within and around the squall line,as well as strong updrafts,the associated downdrafts,and associated rear inflow of the bow echo,are analyzed well.It is worth mentioning that the variational method in this paper can be applied to simultaneously synthesize the three-dimensional wind field from multiple-Doppler radar observations. 相似文献
17.
2008年1月末九江雨凇转大雪天气过程成因分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对2008年1月25—29日九江市一次雨凇转大到暴雪天气过程的大气垂直结构进行了分析。结果表明,在雨凇和降雪区域中层有暖层,低层有冷层,且存在对称不稳定层结。垂直风切变明显,有利于对称不稳定能量积累和上升气流的形成。高、低空急流辐散、辐合相互垂直,引发的较强上升运动是雨雪天气得以维持的重要条件。东西风向切变使冷、暖气流在雨雪区域上空交汇,形成水平气旋性辐合,产生垂直运动,且与垂直风切变相互作用,促动上、下层动量传递,使高、低空急流维持。雨凇转大到暴雪时,暖层气温降低,垂直风切变向上增强,对称不稳定能量增大,风向切变辐合加大,上升气流和水汽输送加大。 相似文献
18.
A mathematical relation between deformation and vertical vorticity tendency is built by introducing the frontogenesis function and the complete vertical vorticity equation, which is derived by virtue of moist potential vorticity. From the mathematical relation, it is shown that properly configured atmospheric conditions can make deformation exert a positive contribution to vortex development at rates comparable to other favorable factors. The effect of deformation on vortex development is not only related to the deformation itself, but also depends on the current thermodynamic and dynamic structures of the atmosphere, such as the convective stability, moist baroclinicity and vertical wind shear(or horizontal vorticity). A diagnostic study of a heavy-rainfall case that occurred during 20–22 July 2012 shows that deformation has the most remarkable effect on the increase in vertical vorticity during the rapid development stage of the low vortex during its whole life cycle. This feature is mainly due to the existence of an approximate neutral layer(about 700 h Pa) in the atmosphere where the convective stability tends to be zero. The neutral layer makes the effect of deformation on the vertical vorticity increase significantly during the vortex development stage, and thus drives the vertical vorticity to increase. 相似文献
19.
A model for sensible heat flux probability density function for near-neutral and slightly-stable atmospheric flows 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Gabriel G. Katul 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,71(1-2):1-20
The probability density function for sensible heat flux was measured above a uniform dry lakebed (Owens lake) in Owens Valley, California. It was found that for moderately stable to near neutral atmospheric stability conditions, the probability density function exhibits well defined exponential tails. These exponential tails are consistent with many laboratory boundarylayer measurements and numerical simulations. A model for the sensible heat flux probability density function was developed and tested. A key assumption in the model derivation was the near Gaussian statistics of the vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations. This assumption was verified from time series measurements of temperature and vertical velocity. The parameters for the sensible heat flux probability density function model were also derived from mean meteorological and surface conditions using surface-layer similarity theory. It was found that the best agreement between modeled and measured sensible heat flux probability density function was at the tails. Finally, a relation between the intermittency parameter, the probability density function, and the mean meteorological conditions was derived. This relation rigorously links the intermittency parameter to mean meteorological conditions. 相似文献
20.
A sonic anemometer-thermometer was used to measure turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat and related turbulence statistics just above plant canopies in unstable conditions. The stability dependence of transport processes is presented, using observational data in a wide range of instability. The analysis of joint probability distributions of w – u, w – T, w – wu, and w – wT confirmed that just above plant canopies, downdrafts were remarkably efficient for vertical transport of momentum and scalar quantities in near neutral conditions. Furthermore, it was shown that updrafts became more efficient than downdrafts for vertical transport, especially of scalar quantities, in very unstable conditions. 相似文献