共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感. 相似文献
2.
为了比较裂缝等效介质理论的预测精度,本文利用物理模拟的方法制作了一组9个裂隙密度模型,其中裂隙密度从0增大到12%,裂隙厚度和直径保持不变,分别为0.12mm和3mm.使用0.5MHz的纵横波换能器,采用脉冲透射法得到纵横波的速度和各向异性.然后,将基质的模量、裂缝填充物模量和裂缝参数代入等效介质理论中,计算出纵横波速度和各向异性随着裂隙密度的变化情况.通过纵横波速度的实测值与等效介质理论的定量对比,发现当裂隙密度小于12%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对纵波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.当裂隙密度小于8%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对快横波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.当裂隙密度小于9%时,各向异性自洽理论和NIA(非相互作用近似)理论对慢横波速度的预测与实测值非常吻合.通过纵横波速度各向异性实测值与理论计算值定量对比,发现当裂隙密度小于12%时,Hudson理论和线性滑动理论对纵波速度各向异性的预测与实测值更吻合;当裂隙密度小于6%时,各向异性自洽理论和NIA理论对横波速度各向异性的预测与实测值更吻合. 相似文献
3.
由弹性波纵横波速比计算得到的泊松比,在利用地震波反演地下结构和物质组成时,可以提供比单纯地利用纵波或者横波波速更强的约束. 为了研究不同岩石中泊松比及其各向异性随围压的变化,选取19块典型的岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的3个方向同时测量纵、横波速度,并通过计算得到了泊松比及其各向异性. 结果表明,在大部分样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性有一定的相关性,但在有的样品中泊松比各向异性与纵波速度各向异性没有明显的关系,甚至表现出完全相反的变化规律. 由于泊松比也表现出很强的各向异性,在排除微裂隙的影响后有的仍可以达到30髎以上,在利用实际地震波传播数据通过泊松比反演地下物质结构时必须考虑其各向异性的影响. 相似文献
4.
基于Hudson裂隙理论中等效裂隙模型假设,在均匀介质中嵌入定向排列的薄圆片充填物可构成裂隙介质模型.通过改变充填物薄片的厚度,模拟裂隙的张开度,观测其对纵横波传播的影响.在实验室内用环氧树脂作裂隙模型的基质材料,含硅橡胶的混合低速材料做裂隙充填物.当每个模型中裂隙的直径和个数相等时,仅改变裂隙的厚度,形成了一组相同裂隙密度的裂隙模型.采用超声波脉冲透射法获得了平行和垂直裂隙方向纵横波传播的时间和波形记录.实验表明,在相同裂隙密度条件下,裂隙张开度的变化对纵横波的速度和振幅都有影响,其中纵波振幅的变化比速度变化大得多.横波速度的变化主要反映在慢横波上,振幅的变化快横波比慢横波大.这些特征对地震资料的处理和解释有一定的指导意义. 相似文献
5.
6.
《应用地球物理》2016,(4)
由于裂缝及所含流体的综合作用,含裂缝介质不仅具有速度各向异性,还具有显著的衰减各向异性。衰减各向异性分析可应用于裂缝产状、裂缝密度和尺度等的估计,为储层识别提供重要信息。本文从理论上推导了ATI介质(对称轴沿任意方向的横向各向同性介质)中P波衰减各向异性关系,并据此改进了ATI介质中P波衰减各向异性的测量方法,避免了现有的基于泰勒展开改进的谱比法在应用于宽方位或全方位数据时误差较大的问题,同时基于P波衰减各向异性分析可对裂缝倾角和方位角进行初步估计。结合P波衰减各向异性分析和S波速度各向异性分析,可实现小尺度裂缝的裂缝密度和裂缝尺度联合反演,相比于单独使用横波速度各向异性分析方法或单独使用P波衰减各向异性分析方法,其反演结果更准确、收敛性更好。本文将衰减各向异性分析应用于中国东部某油田的微地震数据,通过衰减倾向各向异性分析提取的裂缝倾角,与微地震监测结果相符。 相似文献
7.
选择４种地壳岩石样品,经干燥或水饱和处理后在不同围压条件下测量了在其中传播的纵、横波的速度及其各向异性．在大气压条件下低孔隙度(＜１％岩样中,水饱和样品中的纵波速度明显地比干燥样品中的高,但横波速度的差别不大．因为在低孔隙度岩样中纵波速度对孔隙流体的反应比横波速度敏感,可以用泊松比的变化来反映随着围压的增加晶粒间流体对弹性波传播特性的影响．根据实验数据,按Ｏ’Ｃｏｎｎｅｌｌ模型分别计算了干燥和水饱和岩样中的裂纹密度,与通过实测体应变曲线得到的裂纹孔隙度十分吻合．利用横波的速度和偏振特性可以推断岩样中定向排列微裂纹的空间取向情况．研究表明,同时测量在岩样中传播的纵、横波的速度,通过Ｖｐ／Ｖｓ比值可以给出有关颗粒边界流体的证据,也可以估计岩样中的裂纹密度． 相似文献
8.
9.
本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性. 相似文献
10.
在含有定向排列裂缝组的多孔岩石地层中,特别是碳酸盐岩储集层,弹性波的传播和衰减,因受诸如裂缝闭合、尺寸、及其填充的流体和走向等因素影响,具有各向异性特征。在本次研究中,我们采用了基于Chapman等效介质模型,利用数值实验方法研究了这类储层中P波传播特性诸如速度、衰减和横波分裂等各向异性随频率和方位的变化规律。模拟结果表明,当一组裂缝闭合与张开时随方位变化的速度、衰减和各向异性是有所不同的。随方位变化衰减最小值或P波速度最大值与张开裂缝的走向趋于一致,闭合裂缝的P波速度大于张开裂缝,而衰减和各向异性则张开裂缝的大于闭合裂缝;不同尺度裂缝,速度的最大值和衰减最小值与裂缝组平均方位对应,小尺度裂缝对波的传播有小的影响,方位依赖的各向异性相比其他裂缝属性有更小的影响;裂缝密度对P波速度、衰减和各向异性有更大的影响,而衰减比速度和各向异性更敏感裂缝尺寸;在地震勘探频段油、气饱和的衰减与盐水饱和不同,充填油和气随方位变化值比较低。两组裂缝有相同的密度,快横波偏振方位线性的决定于一组裂缝的方位。 相似文献
11.
高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置. 相似文献
12.
Wave‐induced fluid flow plays an important role in affecting the seismic dispersion and attenuation of fractured porous rocks. While numerous theoretical models have been proposed for the seismic dispersion and attenuation in fractured porous rocks, most of them neglect the wave‐induced fluid flow resulting from the background anisotropy (e.g. the interlayer fluid flow between different layers) that can be normal in real reservoirs. Here, according to the theories of poroelasticity, we present an approach to study the frequency‐dependent seismic properties of more realistic and complicated rocks, i.e. horizontally and periodically layered porous rock with horizontal and randomly orienting fractures, respectively, distributed in one of the two periodical layers. The approach accounts for the dual effects of the wave‐induced fluid flow between the fractures and the background pores and between different layers (the interlayer fluid flow). Because C33 (i.e., the modulus of the normally incident P‐wave) is directly related to the P‐wave velocity widely measured in the seismic exploration, and its comprehensive dispersion and attenuation are found to be most significant, we study mainly the effects of fracture properties and the stiffness contrast between the different layers on the seismic dispersion and attenuation of C33. The results show that the increasing stiffness contrast enhances the interlayer fluid flow of the layered porous rocks with both horizontal and randomly orienting fractures and weakens the wave‐induced fluid flow between the fractures and the background pores, especially for the layered porous rock with horizontal fractures. The modelling results also demonstrate that for the considered rock construction, the increasing fracture density reduces the interlayer fluid flow while improves the dispersion and attenuation in the fracture‐relevant frequency band. Increasing fracture aspect ratio is found to reduce the dispersion and attenuation in the fracture‐relevant frequency band only, especially for the layered porous rock with horizontal fractures. 相似文献
13.
J.V. Herwanger M.H. Worthington † R. Lubbe † A. Binley J. Khazanehdari 《Geophysical Prospecting》2004,52(2):109-121
Cross‐hole anisotropic electrical and seismic tomograms of fractured metamorphic rock have been obtained at a test site where extensive hydrological data were available. A strong correlation between electrical resistivity anisotropy and seismic compressional‐wave velocity anisotropy has been observed. Analysis of core samples from the site reveal that the shale‐rich rocks have fabric‐related average velocity anisotropy of between 10% and 30%. The cross‐hole seismic data are consistent with these values, indicating that observed anisotropy might be principally due to the inherent rock fabric rather than to the aligned sets of open fractures. One region with velocity anisotropy greater than 30% has been modelled as aligned open fractures within an anisotropic rock matrix and this model is consistent with available fracture density and hydraulic transmissivity data from the boreholes and the cross‐hole resistivity tomography data. However, in general the study highlights the uncertainties that can arise, due to the relative influence of rock fabric and fluid‐filled fractures, when using geophysical techniques for hydrological investigations. 相似文献
14.
流体在断裂和岩石骨架间的交换被认为是影响岩石弹性参数各向异性的主要原因,理论研究表明断裂尺度同样对弹性参数的各向异性也有影响.为了说明两者对各向异性影响以实现多尺度断裂裂隙的识别,本文在等效介质模型的基础上,应用数值分析的方法研究速度和衰减(1/Q)随多尺度断裂、频率和流体因子变化规律.结果表明介质弹性参数是频率依赖的,并且参数中存在衰减项,而这种频率依赖性与介质物性参数中的断裂尺度及流体性质存在一定的联系;当断裂定向分布时,参数结果显示为各向异性;不同断裂尺度具有不同的波速频散特性,剪切波分裂程度依赖于频率,断裂尺度起着控制作用,高频时对小尺度的敏感,低频段对大尺度敏感.在地震频段Thomsen参数随着频率的增大而减小,随着断裂尺寸的增大而减小.因此地震数据可能区分断裂和微裂隙引起各向异性,从而可测量断裂尺度. 相似文献
15.
Fluid flow in many hydrocarbon reservoirs is controlled by aligned fractures which make the medium anisotropic on the scale of seismic wavelength. Applying the linear‐slip theory, we investigate seismic signatures of the effective medium produced by a single set of ‘general’ vertical fractures embedded in a purely isotropic host rock. The generality of our fracture model means the allowance for coupling between the normal (to the fracture plane) stress and the tangential jump in displacement (and vice versa). Despite its low (triclinic) symmetry, the medium is described by just nine independent effective parameters and possesses several distinct features which help to identify the physical model and estimate the fracture compliances and background velocities. For example, the polarization vector of the vertically propagating fast shear wave S1 and the semi‐major axis of the S1‐wave normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipse from a horizontal reflector always point in the direction of the fracture strike. Moreover, for the S1‐wave both the vertical velocity and the NMO velocity along the fractures are equal to the shear‐wave velocity in the host rock. Analysis of seismic signatures in the limit of small fracture weaknesses allows us to select the input data needed for unambiguous fracture characterization. The fracture and background parameters can be estimated using the NMO ellipses from horizontal reflectors and vertical velocities of P‐waves and two split S‐waves, combined with a portion of the P‐wave slowness surface reconstructed from multi‐azimuth walkaway vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data. The stability of the parameter‐estimation procedure is verified by performing non‐linear inversion based on the exact equations. 相似文献
16.
结合有限差分方法和等效介质理论，模拟了离散分布裂缝介质中地震波的传播. 基于等效介质理论，利用二维有限差分实现封闭裂缝的离散分布；裂缝可以处理成固体岩石中的高度柔性界面，并可以用线性滑动或者位移间断模型进行裂缝的物理描述. 对于含有多组裂隙的破裂固体，其有效柔度可以认为是固体骨架背景柔度和裂缝附加柔度之和. 在一阶近似条件下，固体骨架和裂缝参数可以通过有效各向异性系数联系起来，有效各向异性系数决定了各向异性（裂缝效应）对于地震波传播的影响. 通过与射线理论方法的对比检验，说明本文提出的模拟方法的有效性，并通过几个数值算例说明本方法可有效模拟不同的裂缝分布效应. 结果表明，即使在裂缝密度很小的情况下，具有相同裂缝密度的不同的空间分布可以产生不同的波场特征. 同时，也验证了不同裂缝尺度对波长的不同影响，以及裂缝尺度具有幂率分布（分形）时，尺度对波场的影响. 最后得出结论：在运用建立在等效介质理论基础上的地震各向异性概念来描述裂缝固体的特征时，要倍加小心，等效介质理论中尚未合理处理的裂缝尺度和空间分布对波的传播特征具有重要的影响. 相似文献
17.
Gui-Hong Guo Jian-Ping Yan Zhi Zhang José Badal Jian-Wu Cheng Shuang-Hu Shi Ya-Wei Ma 《应用地球物理》2018,15(2):299-310
Elastic wave propagation and attenuation in porous rock layers with oriented sets of fractures, especially in carbonate reservoirs, are anisotropic owing to fracture sealing, fracture size, fracture density, filling fluid, and fracture strike orientation. To address this problem, we adopt the Chapman effective medium model and carry out numerical experiments to assess the variation in P-wave velocity and attenuation, and the shear-wave splitting anisotropy with the frequency and azimuth of the incident wave. The results suggest that velocity, attenuation, and anisotropy vary as function of azimuth and frequency. The azimuths of the minimum attenuation and maximum P-wave velocity are nearly coincident with the average strike of the two sets of open fractures. P-wave velocity is greater in sealed fractures than open fractures, whereas the attenuation of energy and anisotropy is stronger in open fractures than sealed fractures. For fractures of different sizes, the maximum velocity together with the minimum attenuation correspond to the average orientation of the fracture sets. Small fractures affect the wave propagation less. Azimuth-dependent anisotropy is low and varies more than the other attributes. Fracture density strongly affects the P-wave velocity, attenuation, and shear-wave anisotropy. The attenuation is more sensitive to the variation of fracture size than that of velocity and anisotropy. In the seismic frequency band, the effect of oil and gas saturation on attenuation is very different from that for brine saturation and varies weakly over azimuth. It is demonstrated that for two sets of fractures with the same density, the fast shear-wave polarization angle is almost linearly related with the orientation of one of the fracture sets. 相似文献
18.
The presence of fractures in fluid‐saturated porous rocks is usually associated with strong seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion. This energy dissipation can be caused by oscillatory wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion between the fractures and the host rock, an intrinsic attenuation mechanism generally referred to as wave‐induced fluid flow. Geological observations suggest that fracture surfaces are highly irregular at the millimetre and sub‐millimetre scale, which finds its expression in geometrical and mechanical complexities of the contact area between the fracture faces. It is well known that contact areas strongly affect the overall mechanical fracture properties. However, existing models for seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in fractured rocks neglect this complexity. In this work, we explore the effects of fracture contact areas on seismic P‐wave attenuation and velocity dispersion using oscillatory relaxation simulations based on quasi‐static poroelastic equations. We verify that the geometrical and mechanical details of fracture contact areas have a strong impact on seismic signatures. In addition, our numerical approach allows us to quantify the vertical solid displacement jump across fractures, the key quantity in the linear slip theory. We find that the displacement jump is strongly affected by the geometrical details of the fracture contact area and, due to the oscillatory fluid pressure diffusion process, is complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent. By using laboratory measurements of stress‐induced changes in the fracture contact area, we relate seismic attenuation and dispersion to the effective stress. The corresponding results do indeed indicate that seismic attenuation and phase velocity may constitute useful attributes to constrain the effective stress. Alternatively, knowledge of the effective stress may help to identify the regions in which wave induced fluid flow is expected to be the dominant attenuation mechanism. 相似文献
19.
Jan Vilhelm Vladimír Rudajev Roman Živor Tomáš Lokajíček Zdeněk Pros 《Geophysical Prospecting》2010,58(6):1099-1110
The purpose of this paper is the comparison of P‐wave velocity and velocity anisotropy, measured at different scales under laboratory and field conditions. A shallow seismic refraction survey with shot/receiver spacing of up to 10 m was carried out on a flat outcrop of lhertzolite in the southern part of the Balmuccia massif. Oriented rock samples were also obtained from the locality. The particular advantage of the laboratory method used is the possibility of measuring velocity in any direction under controlled conditions. Laboratory tests were made on spherical peridotite samples, 50 mm in diameter, by ultrasonic velocity measurements in 132 directions (meridian and parallel networks) under confining stress ranging from atmospheric to 400 MPa. The mean P‐wave velocity of the field and laboratory data differed by between 20–30%. In addition, P‐wave velocity anisotropy of 25% was detected in the field data. Whereas the anisotropy in the laboratory samples in the same orientation as the field surveys was less than 2%. This observed scaling factor is related to the different sampling sizes and the difference in frequencies of applied elastic waves. With an ultrasonic wavelength of 10 mm, laboratory samples represent a continuum. The field velocities and velocity anisotropy reflect the presence of cracks, which the laboratory rock samples do not contain. Three sub‐vertical fracture sets with differing strikes were observed in the field outcrop. Estimates of fracture stiffness from the velocity anisotropy data are consistent with other published values. These results highlight the difficulty of using laboratory velocity estimates to interpret field data. 相似文献