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南海北部深水底流沉积作用 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
南海北部深水陆坡区存在极为活跃的深水底流沉积作用. 通过浅地层地震剖面解释发现, 该地区由于深水底流的搬运作用, 在水深1000~2700 m左右的陆坡地带形成NE-SW向分布的迁移水道. 在水道东侧断续形成由东北向西南方向推进的高沉积速率堆积体, 堆积体内部叠加层呈NE-SW向前积堆积特征, 由牵引流沉积而成. 发育在东沙群岛东南侧的高沉积速率堆积体就是其中之一, 其12 ka以来沉积速率高达97 cm/ka, 是南海目前所知沉积速率最高的海区. 地震剖面显示, 该深水底流极有可能是由进入南海的西太平洋环流演变而成, 挟带南海北部来源的沉积物沿大陆坡由东北向西南方向搬运沉积, 最终消失在中央海盆中. 由于深水底流作用的存在, 造成南海北部深海区复杂的搬运沉积格局. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(3)
东沙海底峡谷是南海东北部峡谷群中最西边的一条大型峡谷,其研究对于深入理解晚新生代南海东北部峡谷群的成因、沉积输移机理、台西南前陆盆地及台湾造山带的演化等具有重要意义.综合利用多道反射地震和多波束海底测深数据,研究东沙海底峡谷的地貌、沉积特征及成因.结果表明,东沙海底峡谷是一条陆坡限定型峡谷,它发源于东沙群岛东部上陆坡区,自NWW往SEE方向于水深3000 m处汇入台湾浅滩南峡谷,全长约190 km,平均宽度10 km.根据地震层序分析,在峡谷充填沉积物中识别出了11个层序界面,解释为峡谷的古下切侵蚀面.地震相分析表明,该峡谷及有关沉积主要表现为平行上超充填、杂乱充填、丘状发散和迁移波状等地震相类型,分别解释为浊流或其他重力流沉积与半远洋沉积的交互、滑坡或碎屑流及峡谷底部滞留沉积、浊流溢流形成的天然堤,以及发育于天然堤或峡谷口外海底扇上的沉积波.ODP1144孔合成记录层位标定表明,东沙海底峡谷的发育大致始于中更新世约0.90 Ma.东沙海底峡谷最先形成于现今峡谷中游的上段,随着浊流或其他重力流不断的下切侵蚀,峡谷顺陆坡而下逐渐向海盆方向延伸,同时在溯源侵蚀作用下逆坡向陆架破折带方向延伸至现今峡谷头部.上述11个地震层序界面的年代大致可以与全球低海平面期进行对比,表明海平面变化是控制东沙海底峡谷多期下切-充填的重要因素.综合分析认为,东沙海底峡谷的成因与台湾隆升及台西南前陆盆地的发育这一大的区域构造背景有关,但没有证据表明东沙海底峡谷的形成与断裂、岩浆活动等存在直接联系.陆坡重力搬运过程(包括滑坡及浊流)对东沙海底峡谷的形成演化具有重要影响. 相似文献
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由于浅滩和暗礁广布,中沙海域(环礁区)长期以来处在南海地震探测的空白区域.为了揭示该区域的地壳结构及地层-构造特征,进而全面刻画南海陆缘新生代伸展过程,我们首次在中沙及其邻近海域完成了1条广角地震测线OBS2017-2和4条多道地震测线的数据采集.对得到的海底地震仪(OBS)数据进行了格式转换、位置校正等初步处理,识别了来自地壳深部的震相并对中沙环礁地壳结构进行了正演模拟;对穿过中沙环礁的多道地震剖面进行了地层-构造解释,共划分出6套地层.OBS2017-2测线处理结果显示,其数据质量良好,深部震相清晰,且位于环礁内的台站震相延伸较长,可达100km以上.中沙环礁地壳性质为轻微减薄的坚硬大陆块体,厚度约为25km左右.多道地震剖面显示,环礁之上沉积层厚度较薄,除环礁西南部存在一条基底断裂——"排洪-美溪断裂"外,基本不存在其他构造-岩浆活动.而在环礁坡脚周缘,有广泛的岩浆侵入和喷出体的存在.中沙环礁上较薄的上地壳厚度和沉积特征指示了该区域可能在古新世时期经历的强烈暴露剥蚀作用.中沙海域最新开展的广角和多道地震探测填补了南海地质地球物理研究的空白,为解读该区的构造-沉积演化提供了数据基础. 相似文献
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南海陆坡高速堆积体的物质来源 总被引：35，自引：2，他引：35
自1.05 Ma以来, 发育于东沙群岛东南侧的沉积堆积体沉积速率高达49 cm/ka. 尽管在不同时期其沉积速率略有改变, 陆源物质中的稀土等元素含量则基本保持一致, 表明本地区沉积物源区在不同时期没有大的改变. 在La-Th-Sc以及Th-Sc-Zr/10构造环境分析图中, 本区样品均落入大陆岛弧的范畴, 与台湾样品相重合, 而与以火山岛弧物质来源为特征的南海深海表层样品及代表珠江来源的冰后期沉积物样品明显不同, 表明其和台湾西南部样品在物质来源上具有密切的亲缘关系. 证据表明, 构成南海北部陆坡高沉积速率堆积体的陆源物质应当来自东北方向, 包括台湾, 极有可能由源自台湾方向的河流经澎湖水道搬运进南海, 揭示了南海北部深海沉积来源的复杂性. 相似文献
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浅水流(Shallow Water Flow,SWF)是深水环境海底浅部地层中超压的砂体流动,是对深水钻井最具破坏力的一种地质灾害,严重制约深水油气开发.为有效预测和防治浅水流,需要对浅水流地球物理特性进行研究,并在研究区内加以识别.本文借鉴国外主要深水盆地对浅水流问题的研究经验,对南海北部深水盆地潜在浅水流区域采取以属性判定、超压分析为主,振幅识别为辅的方法进行预测.精细层序地层学解释发现,南海北部深水盆地存在上新世以来的古珠江深水水道沉积体系和第四纪水道,这些水道砂体疏松未固结、孔隙度大、有效应力低、几乎表现出流体特性.基于遗传算法的混合反演方法发现,研究区存在典型的AVO响应,横波速度极低,低频特征明显,振幅强度弱,连续性较好,存在极性反转,高泊松比和高纵横波速度比.研究结果表明,南海北部陆坡具备浅水流发生的潜在条件,深水水道发育区为潜在的浅水流危险区,浅水流具有独特的地震响应特征,泊松比高达0.49,纵横波速度比约为3.5~9或更高,SWF层位对地震属性的敏感度VP/VS>AVO响应>泊松比. 相似文献
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在冲绳海槽进行的天然地震实验期间,用海底地震仪记录到了两条反射剖面的数据。这两条剖面上均用3台海底地震仪,长度都约为65km,位于冲绳海槽轴线的西南部。对这些反射地震数据的处理反映了沉积单元的最新改变。两条剖面的广角地震数据的正演模拟揭示出有1～2km厚的沉积层上覆在声学基底之上,其特征是地震波速在3.2km/s～3.5km/s之间。只有一个剖面可以模拟地壳厚度,并确定为10km左右,向着南部的琉球岛弧方向增厚。使用重力模拟对两条剖面都进行了附加的约束,特别是对剖面1的深部构造进行了约束。 相似文献
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南海东北部及邻区,特别是洋陆转换带地区的复杂地壳结构特征一直是南海岩石层结构研究的热点.本文在Pn波地震层析成像结果和深部地震探测剖面的约束下,利用重力数据建立该区两条剖面的密度模型.两条重力剖面二度半密度正反演的拟合结果支持琼粤隆起至吕宋岛弧区一带的地壳结构中存在下地壳高速层的观点,同时认为台西南盆地的拟合结果表明南部凹陷区仍属于过渡型地壳.本文认为剖面AA′和剖面BB′的构造属性虽然均总体倾向于火山岩型,但二者的地质结构并不完全一致,表明了北部陆缘深部结构的横向差异与构造属性的复杂. 相似文献
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本次工作地区为重庆市武隆县周围,工作主要任务目标,利用重力和大地电磁测深MT,初步揭示武隆区块震旦系下古生界等重点层系地层特征及构造样式,基本查明浅部构造与深部构造之间的关系,从构造角度分析武隆区块油气保存状况.我们在工区布置了2条测量剖面,位于武隆县南部,贵州道真县北部.两条剖面长度分别30 km和50 km,总长度为80 km.主要的工作方法大地电磁测深MT和重力,其中MT点距为500 m,重力点距为50m.经过野外数据采集、数据处理和分析等手段,对两条剖面进行了定性和定量解释并推断了3条断层、有利于油气保存条件的地层. 相似文献
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SHAO Lei LI XueJie GENG JianHua PANG Xiong LEI YongChang QIAO PeiJun WANG LiaoLiang & WANG HongBin State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai China Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey Ministry of Land Resources Guangzhou China CNOOC Ltd. Shenzhen Shenzhen China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(7):1060-1066
There are some active bottom currents on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea (SCS). Reflection seismic profiles show that the bottom current channels occur in the water depth range of 1000 to 2700 m,extending from the NE to the SW,leading to accumulation of discontinuous drifts with higher sedimentation rates on the eastern side of the channel. The stacking pattern of the layers sug-gests that these drifts propagated southwestward,following the direction of the bottom currents. One sedimentary drift to the southeast of the Dongsha Islands has the highest sedimentation rate of 97cm/ka in the last 12 ka. The sedimentary characteristics of the sediment layers indicate that these bottom currents are most likley caused by the water movement of a branch of the West Pacific Ocean Current,which enters the northern SCS via the Bashi Strait. Once formed,the bottom currents trans-port sediments along the northern slope of SCS southwestward and finally disappear into the central basin of the SCS. Due to the bottom current activity,the deep-sea sedimentary process in the northern SCS is complex. 相似文献
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The formation of an anabranching planform in a sandy floodplain by increased flows and sediment load 
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下载免费PDF全文 Marcin Słowik 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(3):623-638
Anabranching rivers evolve in various geomorphic settings and various river planforms are present within these multi‐channel systems. In some cases, anabranches develop meandering patterns. Such river courses existed in Europe prior to intensive hydro‐technical works carried out during the last 250 years. Proglacial stream valleys, inherited from the last glaciation, provided a suitable environment for the development of anabranching rivers (wide valleys floors with abundant sand deposits). The main objective of the present study is to reconstruct the formation of an anabranching river planform characterized by meandering anabranches. Based on geophysical and geological data obtained from field research and a reconstruction of palaeodischarges, a model of the evolution of an anabranching river formed in a sandy floodplain is proposed. It is demonstrated that such a river system evolves from a meandering to an anabranching planform in periods of high flows that contribute to the formation of crevasse splays. The splay channels evolve then into new meandering flow paths that form ‘second‐order’ crevasses, avulsions and cutoffs. The efficiency of the flow is maintained by the formation of cutoffs and avulsions preventing the development of high sinuosity channels, and redirecting the flow to newly formed channels during maximum flow events. A comparison with other anabranching systems revealed that increased discharges and sediment loads are capable of forming anabranching planforms both in dryland and temperate climate zones. The sediment type available for transport, often inherited from older sedimentary environments, is an important variable determining whether the channel planform is anabranching, with actively migrating channels, or anastomosing, with stable, straight or sinuous branches. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Morphological signatures of normal faulting in low‐gradient alluvial rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana,USA 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Nicole M. Gasparini Glenn C. Fischer Jordan M. Adams Nancye H. Dawers Arye M. Janoff 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(5):642-657
We explore the fluvial response to faulting in three low‐gradient, sand‐bed rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana, USA, that flow across active normal faults from footwall (upstream) to hangingwall (downstream). We calculate sinuosity, migration rate and migration direction in order to identify anomalies spatially associated with fault scarps. In two of the rivers we model one‐dimensional steady water flow to identify anomalies in surface water slope, width‐to‐depth ratio, and shear stress. In each of these rivers there is one location where flow modeling suggests potential channel incision through the footwall, as indicated by relatively high surface water slopes and shear stress values. In one of these footwall locations, the river straightens and width‐to‐depth ratios decrease, likely contributing to higher surface water slopes and shear stress. This is in contrast to previous studies that have proposed increased sinuosity across fault footwalls and decreased sinuosity across hangingwalls. However, in two hangingwall locations we also observe relatively less sinuous channels. Other planform changes on the hangingwall include topographic steering of channels along and towards the fault and one example of an avulsion. The most notable anomaly in migration rate occurs on the hangingwall of a fault where a river has cut off a meander loop. Although fluvial response to faulting varies here, comparatively large and small channels exhibit similar responses. Further, Pleistocene fault slip rates are orders of magnitude lower than the channel migration rates, suggesting that faulting should not be a major influence on the fluvial evolution. Nonetheless, notable channel anomalies exist near faults, suggesting that recent fault slip rates are higher than Pleistocene rates, and/or that low‐gradient alluvial channels are more sensitive to faulting than previous studies have suggested. Rivers appear to be influenced by faulting in this setting, however background rates of meander loop cutoff may be just as influential as faulting. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Meandering channels and valleys are dominant landscape features on Earth. Their morphology and remnants potentially indicate past base-level fluctuations and changing regional slopes. The prevailing presence of meandering segments in low-slope areas somewhat confuses the physically based relationships between slope and channel meandering. This relationship underlies a fundamental debate: do incised sinuous channels actively develop during steepening of a regional slope, or do they inherit the planform of a preexisting sinuous channel through vertical incision? This question was previously explored through reconstructed evolution of meandering rivers, numerical simulations, and controlled, scaled-down laboratory experiments. Here, we study a rare, field-scale set of a dozen adjacent perennial channels, evolving in recent decades in a homogeneous erodible substrate in response to the Dead Sea level fall (> 30 m over 40 years). These channels are fed by perennial springs and have no drainage basin or previous fluvial history; they initiated straight and transformed into incising meandering channels following the emergence of the preexisting lake bathymetry, which resulted in increased channel lengths and regional slopes at different rates for each channel. This field setting allows testing the impact of changing regional slope on the sinuosity of a stream in the following cases: (a) relatively long and low-gradient shelf-like margins, (b) a sharp increase in the basinward gradient at the shelf-slope transition, and (c) gradually steepening slopes. Under a stable and low valley slope, the channels mainly incise vertically, inheriting a preexisting sinuous pattern. When the regional slope steepens, the channels start to meander, accompanying the vertical incision. The highest sinuosity evolved in the steepest channel, which also developed the deepest and widest valley. These results emphasize the amplifying impact of steepening regional slope on sinuosity. This holds when the flow is confined and chute cutoffs are scarce. 相似文献
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为了实验大容量气枪震源陆地水体流动激发反射地震探测效果,在长江中下游安徽省铜陵段,采用气枪船长江航道流动激发、沿江岸布设反射地震仪器接收的非纵弯线工作方式,得到了反映测线经过地区地壳深部结构和构造特征的反射地震数据。原始资料信噪比较低,但部分资料不同部位仍可辨认出来自地壳及莫霍面反射波组。就传播距离而言,地震波传播的水平距离最大可达21km,垂直深度可达30km以上。在数据处理中,根据原始资料特点,针对性采用了非纵弯线面元定义、三维层析静校正、叠前多域去噪及组合反褶积技术,最终得到的叠加时间剖面上具有丰富的壳内反射波组。结果显示,测线经过地区的地壳结构为双层结构,总厚度为30.0～36.0km。上地壳呈现隆坳相间的反射特征,下地壳存在多组叠层状弧型反射波组,莫霍面反射特征清晰,由2～3个反射同相轴组成,呈现SW端向NE段抬升的形态。剖面经过地区存在一个切穿下地壳和莫霍面的深部断裂,应该是长江深断裂的反映。研究结果充分说明,大容量气枪震源可应用于陆地流动水体地壳精细结构的深地震反射探测。 相似文献
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Measuring and modeling vertical gradients in suspended sediments in the Solimões/Amazon River 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 E. Armijos A. Crave R. Espinoza P. Fraizy A.L.M.R. Dos Santos F. Sampaio E. De Oliveira W. Santini J.M. Martinez P. Autin N. Pantoja M. Oliveira N. Filizola 《水文研究》2017,31(3):654-667
Accurately measuring sediment flux in large rivers remains a challenge due to the spatial and temporal cross‐sectional variability of suspended sediment concentrations in conjunction with sampling procedures that fail to accurately quantify these differences. This study presents a field campaign methodology that can be used to improve the measurement of suspended sediment concentrations in the Amazon River or similarly large rivers. The turbidity signal and Rouse model are together used in this study to define the spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentrations in a river cross‐section, taking into account the different size fractions of the sediment. With this methodology, suspended sediment fluxes corresponding to each sediment class are defined with less uncertainty than with manual samples. This paper presents an application of this methodology during a field campaign at different gauging stations along a 3,000‐km stretch of the Solimões/Amazon River during low water and flood periods. Vertical concentration profiles and Rouse model applications for distinctive sediment sizes are explored to determine concentration gradients throughout a cross‐section of the river. The results show that coupling both turbidity technology and the Rouse model may improve our understanding of the spatial distribution of different sediments fractions sizes in the Solimões/Amazon River. These data are very useful in defining a pertinent monitoring strategy for suspended sediment concentrations in the challenging context of large rivers. 相似文献
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Non-uniform sediment deposited in a confined, steep mountain channel can alter the bed surface composition. This study evaluates the contribution of geometric and resistance parameters to bed sta-bilization and the reduction in sediment transport. Flume experiments were done under various hydraulic conditions with non-uniform bed material and no sediment supply from upstream. Results indicate that flume channels respond in a sequence of coarsening and with the formation of bedform-roughness features such as rapids, cascades, and steps. A bedform development coefficient is introduced and is shown to increase (i.e. vertical sinuosity develops) in response to increasing shear stress during the organization process. The bedform development coefficient also is positively correlated with the critical Shields number and Manning's roughness coefficient, suggesting the evolution of flow resistance with increasing bedform development. The sediment transport rate decreases with increasing bed shear stress and bedform development, further illustrating the effect of bed stabilization. An empirical sedi-ment transport model for an equilibrium condition is proposed that uses the bedform development coefficient, relative particle submergence (i.e. the ratio of mean water depth and maximum sediment diameter), modified bed slope, and discharge. The model suggests bedform development can play a primary role in reducing sediment transport (increasing bed stabilization). The model is an extension of Lane's (1955) relation specifically adapted for mountain streams. These results explain the significance of bedform development in heightening flow resistance, stabilizing the bed, and reducing sediment transport in coarse, steep channels. 相似文献
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莫霍面和居里面是认识深部过程重要的地质与地球物理界面.为了进一步理解南海深部构造活动与洋盆扩张的关系,本文以OBS剖面和深反射地震剖面作为约束,对卫星测高重力异常进行海水、沉积层影响校正,采用最小曲率位场分离方法消除局部密度体的重力影响,获取了反映莫霍面起伏的重力异常,并利用双界面模型重力场快速反演方法计算得到了南海地区莫霍面深度值.通过与居里面起伏的对比研究,发现南海莫霍面和居里面整体均表现为"洋盆浅、周缘深"的菱形特征,两者在洋陆转换区呈现明显的窄梯级带特征,反映了南海扩张期岩石圈的强烈伸展减薄、南北向构造拉张作用等深部构造过程.洋盆莫霍面和居里面的西南向楔形形态是对南海由东向西渐进式扩张的深部构造响应.洋盆南部莫霍面浅于北部,这与扩张中心逐渐向南迁移的特征一致,而洋盆居里面南深北浅的特征则可能与洋盆的简单剪切扩张方式以及洋盆北部的岩浆活动更活跃有关.南海地区莫霍面和居里面呈现交错叠置关系,南、北陆缘表现为明显的深部构造差异,说明南海为非对称式扩张.北部陆缘区居里面深度浅于莫霍面,而洋盆区和南部陆缘区居里面深于莫霍面,这与南、北陆缘性质的差异和南部陆缘复杂的中-新生代俯冲碰撞等构造演化相关,而洋盆区居里面深于莫霍面的现象推测与大洋上地幔橄榄岩蛇纹石化导致的岩石磁性增强有关. 相似文献
19.
This paper investigates by means of several large eddy simulations how the channel aspect ratio affects the transport and settling of suspended sediments. The numerical method is successfully validated using data of a physical experiment of fine sediment net deposition in an open channel flow. The channel aspect ratio, A, is known to be the determining factor for the development, strength and distribution of the turbulence‐driven secondary flow, and it is demonstrated that A influences the primary flow, turbulence quantities and the transport and fate of fine sediments. The secondary flow locally supports or hinders the falling of fine sediment particles in a turbulent flow, which results in a non‐uniform deposition of fine sediments over the cross‐section. While the channel aspect ratio has a large influence on the distribution of suspended sediments within the cross‐section, its effect on the cross‐sectional averaged deposition is negligibly small. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献