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《应用地球物理》2017,(1)
本文首次将三维直角坐标系下导出的三维立体层析反演方法用于南海深水三维实际数据的偏移速度建模。三维立体层析反演的成功应用依赖于射线参数水平分量的正确提取以及则化项的正确实施,二者缺一不可。本文首先通过结构张量算法实现了对三维立体层析数据空间中最重要的数据分量:射线参数水平分量的高效率提取;其次,由于海洋三维数据具有炮线间距较大同时垂直于炮线方向的射线参数水平分量无法得到的特殊性,强化了规则化项的应用,最终够保证了算法的稳健收敛,反演得到的模型可以很好的服务于叠前深度偏移。基于三维理论数据与南海某实际三维数据的数值实验证实了算法以及实现策略的稳健性和可靠性。 相似文献
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慢度平方三角网格模型VTI介质二维QP波各向异性立体层析反演 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于慢度平方三角网格剖分模型下的各向异性射线扰动理论,建立了具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质中二维QP波立体层析所需的FRECHET导数矩阵,实现了慢度平方三角网格模型的VTI介质二维QP波各向异性立体层析.考虑到各向异性参数是影响地震波运动学特征的次一级因素,制定了先反演慢度再反演各向异性参数的反演策略.由于慢度平方三角网格模型的稀疏性,使得数据空间对模型空间的FRECHET导数矩阵规模被大幅压缩,在降低了计算成本的同时也很好的保证了界面位置、背景慢度、各向异性等各个参数的反演精度.理论数据算例证实了 FRECHET导数的正确性和反演策略的合理性. 相似文献
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三角剖分模型是一种稀疏的模型描述方式.在慢度平方三角剖分模型中,界面可以得到自然的描述,射线追踪在一个三角块内存在解析解.基于慢度平方三角剖分模型下的射线扰动理论,实现了立体层析数据空间对慢度平方三角剖分模型要求的所有模型分量的偏导数求取.相比常规的B样条或者大网格模型描述方式,慢度平方三角剖分模型下的立体层析FRECHET导数矩阵规模被大幅压缩,求解精度得到良好保证的同时计算成本得到大幅降低.理论数据算例证实了上述观点. 相似文献
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立体层析成像是一种新的地震反射波层析成像方法,能为叠前深度偏移提供较为精确的宏观速度模型。本文研究了立体层析成像的实现方法,包括斜率与走时数据的拾取、离散速度模型构建和初始化、射线参数的确定、斜率和走时及射线计算以及反演问题解法等,建立立体层析成像的算法流程。并通过对Marmousi模型试验,对立体层析成像运行所需的主要参数,如初始速度模型、拾取数据量、离散网格尺寸、速度平滑权重等进行测试和分析,总结这些不同参数对立体层析反演结果的影响规律,用以指导生产实践。 相似文献
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全波形反演是一种建立高精度速度模型的有力工具,是偏移模式和层析模式的联合.然而,当初始模型较差、数据缺失低频成分和大偏移距数据缺失时,常规波形反演的层析成分更新较弱.因此,反演过程以偏移模式为主,容易导致反演快速陷入局部极小值.本文发展了基于波数域梯度场分解的多尺度波形反演方法(WGDFWI),从梯度场中分离出层析成分,在反演的初期主要依赖层析分量更新背景速度场,为常规全波形反演建立良好的初始模型.首先,基于一种高效的隐式波场分离方法,将梯度场分解为层析成分和偏移成分.然后在层析梯度上应用二维波数域滤波器,以缓解偏移成分泄露的问题,并利用多尺度反演策略,增强反演的稳定性.利用双层模型和Marmousi模型进行试算的结果表明,该方法可以有效重构背景速度模型,为常规波形反演提供良好的初始模型,有效提高反演精度. 相似文献
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本文使用炮并行和区域分解(物理上分割模型,使用基于MPI的分布式存储架构的计算集群,节约单个CPU内核的内存使用量,快速进行正演数值模拟)两种并行算法.该方法的每一步迭代都能确保近似海森矩阵的正定,因此,算法稳健.将时间正向传播的炮波场和反向逆时间传播的残差波场(伴随波场)进行零延迟互相关计算,得到误差泛函的梯度,然后对梯度乘以一个预条件算子,从而加快反演的收敛速度.通过抛物线搜索方法而估计步长,使用L-BFGS算法(限定内存的BFGS算法)求解模型的更新量,进行二维时间空间域弹性波全波形反演.将该反演方法应用到Marmousi2弹性波理论模型,分别反演Marmousi2理论模型的纵波速度、横波速度以及密度等三个参数.我们分别使用截止频率为2 Hz、5 Hz、10 Hz和20 Hz四个阶段的低通巴特沃斯滤波器,采用多尺度的策略,从理论模型数据的低频分量开始反演,将低频分量的反演结果作为高频分量反演时的初始模型,然后依次反演数据的高频分量.理论模型数值试验反演所得到的结果证实:二维时间空间域弹性波全波形反演计算灵活,适用于各种观测系统,能够方便地对地震数据进行加时窗;二维时间空间域弹性波全波形反演所得纵波速度模型的分辨率最高,横波速度模型的分辨率次之,密度模型的分辨率稍微差些. 相似文献
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本文提出了一套叠前地震数据稀疏表达(特征波场合成)、深度偏移成像和层析成像的处理流程.不同于传统的变换域中的数据稀疏表达理论,本文利用局部平面波的传播方向(慢度矢量),在中心炮检点处同时进行波束合成,从而将地震数据投影到局部平面波域(高维空间)中.由于波束合成后的地震数据描述了局部平面波的方向特征,因此称之为特征波场.然而波束合成算法需要估计局部平面波的慢度矢量.当地震数据受噪声干扰时,难以在常规τ-p谱中自动估计局部平面波的射线参数(慢度矢量).本文提出了基于反演理论的特征波场合成方法,可以同时反演局部平面波及其传播方向,从而提高特征波合成的自动化程度并保持方法的稳健性.通过特征波场合成,可以将地震数据分解为单独的震相(波形).这样的数据可以直接用来成像及反演.在局部平面波域中,由于局部平面波的入射与出射射线参数已知,传统的Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移(PSDM)和高斯束/控制束PSDM可以实现从"沿等时面的画弧"到"向反射点(段)的直接投影"的转变,叠前偏移的效率以及成像质量可以同时提高.此外,特征波场与地下反射点(段)的一对一映射关系使得叠前深度偏移与层析成像融为一体,可以极大地提高速度反演的效率.数值试验证明了特征波场合成、叠前深度成像以及层析反演的有效性. 相似文献
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基于二维VTI介质拟声波程函方程,应用射线扰动理论建立了该方程控制下的数据空间各参数对于模型空间各个参数之间的线性关系,从而获得二维VTI介质拟声波程函方程的各向异性立体层析核函数.考虑到拟声波近似程函方程中η参数与ε和δ存在强烈耦合,本文首先探讨椭圆各向异性情形,为二维拟声波程函方程椭圆各向异性立体层析算法奠定了理论基础.同时也为日后推广到非椭圆各向异性情况提供了一种获得高质量初始模型的可靠途径.理论数据算例证实了Fréchet核函数求取的正确性以及在此基础上设计的工作流程实现两参数反演的可行性. 相似文献
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V. P. Singh 《水文研究》1995,9(7):783-796
Error equations for the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations with lateral inflow neglected in the momentum equation are derived under simplified conditions for space-independent flows. These equations specify error as a function of time in the flow hydrograph. The kinematic wave, diffusion wave and dynamic wave solutions are parameterized through a dimensionless parameter γ which is dependent on the initial conditions. This parameter reflects the effect of initial flow depth, channel-bed slope, lateral inflow, infiltration and channel roughness when the initial condition is non-vanishing; it reflects the effect of bed slope, channel roughness and acceleration due to gravity when the initial condition is vanishing. The error equations are found to be the Riccati equation. The structure of the error equations in the case when the momentum equation neglects lateral inflow is different from that when the lateral inflow is included. 相似文献
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V. P. Singh 《水文研究》1994,8(4):311-326
Error equations for the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations with lateral inflow neglected in the momentum equation are derived under simplified conditions for space-independent flows. These equations specify error as a function of time in the flow hydrograph. The kinematic wave, diffusion wave and dynamic wave solutions are parameterized through a dimensionless parameter γ which is dependent on the initial conditions. This parameter reflects the effect of initial flow depth, channel-bed slope, lateral inflow and channel roughness when the initial condition is non-vanishing; and it reflects the effect of bed slope, channel roughness and acceleration due to gravity when the initial condition is vanishing. The error equations are found to be the Riccati equation. The structure of the error equations in the case when the momentum equation neglects lateral inflow is different from that when the lateral inflow is included. 相似文献
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深度速度模型的构建仍然是地震成像中的巨大挑战,获得一个精确的深度速度模型和减少深度成像项目周期都是至关重要的。常规层析反演速度建模每次迭代相当于一次线性反演,且需要重新的拾取工作,导致非常耗时,效率低下。本文提出非线性层析反演速度建模技术来建立速度模型。拾取共成像点道集的RMO量,转换到叠前域,作为运动学不变量,通过层析反演迭代进行模型更新。用一个多次的线性反演来逼近一个非线性的物理过程,避免重复的拾取工作,大大提高项目的运转效率。通过实例证明该方法的有效性。 相似文献
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Fractals are famous for their self‐similar nature at different spatial scales. Similar to fractals, solutions of scale invariant processes are self‐similar at different space–time scales. This unique property of scale‐invariant processes can be utilized to translate the solution of the processes at a much larger or smaller space–time scale (domain) based on the solution calculated on the original space–time scale. This study investigates scale invariance conditions of kinematic wave overland flow process in one‐parameter Lie group of point transformations framework. Scaling (stretching) transformation is one of the one‐parameter Lie group of point transformations and it has a unique importance among the other transformations, as it leads to the scale invariance or scale dependence of a process. Scale invariance of a process yields a self‐similar solution at different space–time scales. However, the conditions for the process to be scale invariant usually dictate various relationships between the scaling coefficients of the dependent and independent variables of the process. Therefore, the scale invariance of a process does not assure a self‐similar solution at any arbitrary space and time scale. The kinematic wave overland flow process is modelled mathematically as initial‐boundary value problem. The conditions to be satisfied by the system of governing equations as well as the initial and boundary conditions of the kinematic wave overland flow process are established in order for the process to be scale invariant. Also, self‐similarity of the solution of the kinematic wave overland flow under the established invariance conditions is demonstrated by various numerical example problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper deals with the problem of stability of fractured rock slope located in seismic area. The rock mass is crossed by two sets of fractures which are considered to be planar, parallel and persistent. The effects of both horizontal seismic coefficient and strength characteristics of fractures are addressed. The analysis is based upon the kinematic approach of the yield design theory and the pseudo-static method as well. The fundamental inequality of the kinematic approach is invoked and the failure of the fractured rock slope is considered through simple translational mechanism involving a one-partsliding block. Rigorous upper bounds of the so-called stability factor for the structure under study of given slope angle, strength properties of constituent materials and seismic loads are obtained. The results are presented in the form of stability charts relating the estimated upper bound solutions to the friction angle of fractures.The used procedure highlights the destabilizing effects of the seismic loadings and is capable of conducting parametric studies. Furthermore, the results obtained far from various sets of data show good performance and further research work is planed to extend the analysis to include a large number of sub-problems. 相似文献
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V. P. Singh 《水文研究》1995,9(1):1-18
Error equations for the kinematic wave and diffusion wave approximations were derived under simplified conditions for space-independent flows occurring on infiltrating planes or channels. These equations specify error as a function of time in the flow hydrograph. The kinematic wave, diffusion wave and dynamic wave solutions were parameterized through a dimensionless parameter γ which is dependent on the initial conditions. This parameter reflects the effect of initial flow depth, channel bed slope, lateral inflow and channel roughness when the initial condition is non-vanishing; it reflects the effect of bed slope, channel roughness, lateral inflow and infiltration when the initial condition is vanishing. The error equations were found to be the Riccati equation. 相似文献
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裂缝常存在于边坡表面，地震作用会大幅降低裂缝边坡稳定性。针对双层土裂缝边坡稳定性问题，定义上下土层分界处高度与边坡高度之比为深度系数以描述双层土的分布，基于极限分析上限定理，构建“点到点”离散运动学机构，并在此机构中引入一条垂直张拉裂缝，结合拟静力法和强度折减法建立能量平衡方程求解裂缝边坡临界高度和安全系数上限解。计算结果与传统上限法进行对比，验证离散运动学机构的有效性及其解的优越性，同时探究土体非均质性及深度系数对裂缝边坡稳定性以及裂缝深度和位置的影响规律。结果表明，地震作用会降低边坡稳定性；随着地震力增大，边坡临界滑动面逐渐加深，裂缝深度略微增大，裂缝位置逐渐远离坡面；对于具体的双层土边坡会存在一个特定的深度系数使边坡安全系数达到最值，同时裂缝会穿越至下层土且深度发生突增。 相似文献
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本文分析了有海底扩张无海沟后退、有海沟后退无海底扩张以及海底扩张与海沟后退共存等３种情况下，俯冲板片运动与海沟迁移的关系．用幂律流体有限元方法计算海沟后退对地幔对流的影响．地幔有效粘度除依赖应力偏张量的第二不变量以外，尚与温度、压力（含流体静压力和流动压力）有关．计算表明，对流环、高流动负压区以及低粘区的个数和位置，均受控于海沟是否后退以及海底是否扩张；温度场与海沟后退无明显关系．流动压力对形成洋中脊和弧后火山、驱动地幔对流以及维持板片的倾斜角度都具有重要意义． 相似文献
19.
The behaviour of river waves is described using a simplified dimensionless form of the momentum equation in conjunction with the continuity equation. Three dimensionless parameters were derived based on a quantitative linear analysis. These parameters, which depend on the Froude number of the steady uniform flow and the geometric characteristics of the river, permit quantification of the influence of inertia and pressure in the momentum equation. It was found that dynamic and diffusion waves occur mainly on gentle channel slopes and the transition between them is characterized by the Froude number. On the other hand, the kinematic wave has a wide range of applications. If the channel slope is greater than 1%, the kinematic wave is particularly suitable for describing the hydraulics of flow. Since slopes in natural channel networks are often greater than 1%, an analytical solution of the linearized kinematic wave equation with lateral inflow uniformly distributed along the channel is desirable and was therefore derived. The analytical solution was then implemented in a channel routing module of an existing simple rainfall–runoff model. The results obtained using the analytical solution compared well with those obtained from a non‐linear kinematic wave model. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Piotr Senatorski 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2008,167(1-2):98-109
A macroscopic model of seismic sources provides a scaling relationship for the apparent stress, treated as a function of three independent parameters: seismic moment, rupture area size, and average slip acceleration. These parameters represent three different factors: kinematic, geometric and material. This relationship allows us to distinguish and explain the following statistical characteristics of the log apparent stress versus log seismic moment plot. The regional trends, represented by a series of 1/2 slope lines, are related to the averaged shape of slip velocity pulses, so they reflect kinematic characteristics of the rupture process. The global trend, represented by the 1/6 slope line, is expected to characterize sets of events of wide range of rupture area sizes and assumes dependence of rupture area size on total slip, so it is related to the rupture initiation, propagation and arrest conditions; therefore, it reflects earthquake rupture dynamics. Additional shiftings among the trend lines obtained for the smallest induced tremors, larger tectonic earthquakes, and slow tsunami earthquakes, reflect differences between the intact rock failure and the frictional slip failure, that is, between fracture energies of these different earthquake classes. 相似文献