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1.
海洋可控源电磁法在国外已成为海底天然气水合物调查的有效手段之一.为实现我国海域深水条件下水合物的海洋可控源电磁探测,本文从方法原理出发,采用低功耗嵌入式控制、前端低噪声斩波放大、高精度时间同步和水声通讯等技术,设计并开发了由承压舱、玻璃浮球、采集电路、电场与磁场传感器、姿态测量装置、声学释放器、USBL定位信标、测量臂、水泥块等部件组成的海底可控源电磁接收机,实现了海洋微弱电磁场信号的高精度采集.海底可控源电磁接收机具有高可靠性、低噪声、低功耗和低时漂的特点.利用研制的海底可控源电磁接收机,在琼东南海域进行水合物勘查,采集得到了可靠的人工源电磁场数据.通过数据处理及反演,获得了研究区海底的电阻率模型,结合地震资料,对高阻异常体进行推断解释,其结果为天然气水合物钻探井位布置提供了电性依据. 相似文献
2.
《地球物理学进展》2020,(2)
天然气水合物因能源资源潜力、环境效应问题和对地质灾害影响,受到了世界各国的广泛关注,成为了科学研究热点.目前,探测天然气水合物最有效的当属地震勘探,但其存在着一些问题,如只能探测水合物的底界、无法估算水合物浓度、BSR特征与水合物储层不一一对应等,而电磁方法则成为其有益的补充,可降低勘探成本和钻探风险.本文综述了海域与陆域冻土区电磁探测天然气水合物的研究进展,介绍了国内外天然气水合物的发展历程、电磁探测水合物的物性基础和电磁探测天然气水合物的研究现状.在海域水合物电磁勘探方面,重点阐述了频率域海洋可控源电磁法的原理、电磁法数值模拟、装备研发和应用研究的相关进展;在陆域水合物电磁勘探方面,论述了电磁法在探测冻土层、水合物成藏要素以及水合物有效性的研究进展.最后结合我国天然气水合物电磁勘探研究现状,提出了相关建议,为开展相关领域研究提供有益的参考. 相似文献
3.
国外的水合物探测试验证明,可控源电磁法是探测天然气水合物的有效方法之一.开展海底可控源电磁法工作的重点之一在于研制高精度、高可靠、低功耗观测海底可控源电磁信号的设备.为可靠地观测海底可控源电磁场宽频带、大动态范围信号,设计了以Linux与ARM9相结合的测量电路,并开发了Linux2.4内核下的设备驱动程序.本文分别论述了采集硬件原理,Linux字符设备驱动模型,SSC和GPS对钟驱动实例. 相似文献
4.
南海琼东南盆地是天然气水合物重要远景区之一.由于盆地大部分地区海底地形平缓、地层近于水平,增加了利用地震反射剖面识别似海底反射（BSR,bottom simulating reflector）的难度,从而影响了对水合物的评价.为了进一步开展琼东南盆地水合物调查研究,本文在研究海域进行了海洋可控源电磁探测试验,将自主研发的10台接收机以500 m的间距,投放至水深约为1360 m的海底,完成了一条4.5 km剖面的电磁数据采集.通过对采集的数据进行处理与二维（2D）反演,获得了研究剖面海底的电阻率断面图.反演结果显示,研究区海底60~330 mbsf（meter bottom of seafloor）的地层中,存在多个横向不连续分布的高阻异常体,电阻率介于2~10 Ωm之间;在海底330 mbsf之下,横向上发育了电阻率为2~4 Ωm的3个高阻体.根据研究区热力学条件,本文估算了生物成因气与热成因天然气的水合物稳定带（GHSZ,gas hydrate stability zone）厚度,结合高阻体的分布特征推断了地震剖面上BSR的位置.在此基础上,对反演的电阻率断面进行解释,推断了研究区水合物的分布及游离气运移通道.研究表明,勘探区具有形成天然气水合物矿藏的地质与地球物理条件,其成藏模式可能属于"断层、裂隙输导的下生上储型",水合物的气源为生物成因气. 相似文献
5.
海洋天然气水合物资源调查中,电磁法已成为地震勘探最有效的补充手段之一,而我国海洋水合物电磁探测中的拖曳式电场接收机此前是空白.本文从方法原理、仪器设备和海洋试验等方面,对海洋拖曳式水平电偶极-偶极方法进行研讨.建立三维电阻率模型,进行数值模拟,讨论收发距、发射频率、拖曳装置离海底高度等参数与电场异常响应的关系,针对特定模型给出了最佳观测参数以指导仪器硬件设计与海洋测试.在此基础上,采用高级嵌入式计算机的智能化控制、前端低噪声斩波放大、高精度同步采集等技术,研制了由拖体、承压舱、采集电路、低噪声电场传感器等组成的海洋拖曳式水平轴向电场接收机,其系统噪声达到2 nV/√HZ
@(1~100Hz).将自主研制的电场接收机用于国内首次拖曳式电偶极-偶极方法的海洋试验与评估,并对海试资料进行了处理与分析.研究结果表明,所研发的仪器达到了设计指标,能够用于海洋天然气水合物调查. 相似文献
6.
《地球物理学进展》2015,(4)
海洋可控源电磁方法是近些年兴起的一种海底以下介质电性结构地球物理探测方法,已成为海底油气及水合物探测的有效手段之一.根据趋肤效应及可控源电磁方法的特点,海底电场信号具有幅值微弱且动态范围大的特征.低噪声记录海底电场信号是海洋可控源电磁方法必须解决的关键技术之一.本文首先通过建立特定地电模型并进行数值模拟,讨论了收发距、发射频率等场源参数与电场分布的关系;然后通过电解法制备了低噪声海底电场传感器,研制了低噪声斩波放大器,开发了大动态范围ADC电路.通过室内及海洋试验验证了接收机电场通道的低噪声特性,海试结果表明系统本底噪声小于0.1nV/m/sqrt(Hz)@1 Hz,电场信号观测动态范围优于110dB@(fs=150Hz). 相似文献
7.
《地球物理学进展》2017,(1)
海洋可控源电磁探测(MCSEM)是勘查海底油气和天然气水合物资源的有效方法之一.在MCSEM海洋作业过程中,利用甲板端的监控单元,可以在甲板端对海底发射机进行直观地远程控制和状态监测.监控单元硬件以发射机的通讯模块、万米光电复合缆中的光纤、甲板端控制计算机和光纤转串口的光端机为基础,软件采用图形化的LabVIEW高级编程语言.通过甲板端监控单元,仪器操作人员可建立船上计算机与海底发射机的远程数据通信,从而实现对海底发射机运行状态的实时查看和更改.经过多次海洋实验验证,研发的甲板端监控单元硬件性能稳定、软件界面友好直观,能够很好地满足海洋可控源电磁海上勘探作业的需要. 相似文献
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9.
在分析沁水盆地北部煤层气富集与地下水和地质构造之间的关系基础上,采用大地电磁法探测地下水分布以及有利和不利煤层气富集影响因素、间接探测煤层气相对富集区;根据煤层气富集地质模型设计了地球物理模型,利用有限单元法开展典型薄层模型正演模拟,讨论了探测方法的可行性;选择山西沁水盆地北部煤层气勘探区开展可控源音频大地电磁探测技术试验,结合已有地质、钻井及测井资料完成了试验资料的处理与解释;试验结果表明,利用可控源音频大地电磁法能有效获得地层电性结构,推断含水、富水区,结合煤层气有利富集地质条件和影响因素,可以实现间接预测煤层气的有利富集区. 相似文献
10.
海洋可控源电磁探测(MCSEM)是勘查天然气水合物资源的有效方法之一.海洋可控源电磁发射系统是实现MCSEM的重要硬件组成部分.本文以天然气水合物在海底的一维地电模型为例,研究电偶源发射频率、发射偶极侧向漂移、源偶极矩大小对电场响应的影响,进而指导发射系统研制.该系统包括:甲板升压控制单元,可将船载大功率电能升为高压并通过万米光电复合缆输送至海底的发射机;水下变压器,可将深拖缆中的大功率高压转换为低压;拖曳式大功率电磁发射机,其内部的控制电路硬件和嵌入式驱动软件可将水下变压器输出的电能逆变为大功率矩形脉冲,并通过发射偶极将脉冲发送至海水介质中;借助水动力学设计的发射机拖体,用于装载发射系统水下部件和保持拖曳过程中的平衡与稳定;甲板端上位机监控单元,利用万米光电复合缆中的光纤实现船上计算机与海底发射机的远程数据通信.2012年5月和2013年5月海洋试验的结果均表明,所研制的发射系统可作为天然气水合物资源勘探的有效激励场源. 相似文献
11.
海洋天然气水合物可控源电磁法的响应特征:一维正演模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We discuss the feasibility of using controlled-source electromagnetic （CSEM） in the frequency domain for prospecting marine gas hydrates. Based on the Ocean Drilling Program （ODP） Leg 164 log data, we have established several 1-D resistivity models which have different gas hydrate concentrations. Meanwhile, we analyzed the electromagnetic response of marine gas hydrates in the frequency domain based on these models. We also studied the relationship between electrical field magnitude or phase and parameters such as receiver-transmitter distance and frequency. Our numerical modeling results provide us with a quantitative reference for exploration and resource evaluation of marine gas hydrates. 相似文献
12.
Data from a recently acquired sea-bed logging deep-water survey are analysed for resistive bodies at depths below mudline shallower than about 300 m. A model consistent with known methane hydrate properties is found to explain near-offset structures over an offset scale of a few hundred metres observed in the data. The lateral near-seabed resolution of the sea-bed logging method was determined to less than 100 m for source frequencies of up to 10 Hz. The importance of accurate hydrate maps to improve data processing is demonstrated by placing synthetic reservoirs below hydrates and observing their effects on reference model processing. The phase is shown to be less perturbed by shallow resistors than the amplitude, which is an important quality control of standard anomaly maps. While patchy shallow resistors can generally be mapped with simple normalized magnitude-versus-offset and phase-versus-offset difference analyses, large area distributions of hydrates over kilometres are hard to distinguish from deeper structures using controlled-source electromagnetic data only, short of conducting a full 3D inversion of a sufficiently large survey. Beyond, the study confirms the applicability of controlled-source electromagnetic techniques in general to map shallow resistive structures for drilling hazards and possible future exploration of methane hydrates as an energy source. 相似文献
13.
A new marine controlled‐source electromagnetic receiver with an acoustic telemetry modem and arm‐folding mechanism 
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下载免费PDF全文 We developed a new marine controlled‐source electromagnetic receiver for detecting methane hydrate zones and oil and gas reservoirs on the seafloor, which is not imaged well by seismic reflection surveys. To determine the seafloor structure, the electromagnetic receiver should have low noise, power consumption, clock drift error, and operating costs while being highly reliable. Because no suitable receiver was available in our laboratory, we developed a new marine controlled‐source electromagnetic receiver with these characteristics; the receiver is equipped with acoustic telemetry modem and an arm‐folding mechanism to facilitate deployment and recovering operations. To demonstrate the applicability of our new receiver, we carried out a field experiment offshore of Guangzhou in the South China Sea, where methane hydrates have been discovered. We successfully obtained controlled‐source electromagnetic data along a profile about 13 km long. All six new receivers were recovered, and high‐quality electromagnetic data were obtained. Relatively high apparent resistivity values were detected. The results of the offshore field experiment support the claim that the electromagnetic data obtained using the new receiver are of sufficient quality for the survey target. 相似文献
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Field test of sub‐basalt hydrocarbon exploration with marine controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 David Myer David Alumbaugh Oliver Hermann Randall Hobbet 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(5):1284-1310
The recent use of marine electromagnetic technology for exploration geophysics has primarily focused on applying the controlled source electromagnetic method for hydrocarbon mapping. However, this technology also has potential for structural mapping applications, particularly when the relative higher frequency controlled source electromagnetic data are combined with the lower frequencies of naturally occurring magnetotelluric data. This paper reports on an extensive test using data from 84 marine controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric stations for imaging volcanic sections and underlying sediments on a 128‐km‐long profile. The profile extends across the trough between the Faroe and Shetland Islands in the North Sea. Here, we focus on how 2.5D inversion can best recover the volcanic and sedimentary sections. A synthetic test carried out with 3D anisotropic model responses shows that vertically transverse isotropy 2.5D inversion using controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data provides the most accurate prediction of the resistivity in both volcanic and sedimentary sections. We find the 2.5D inversion works well despite moderate 3D structure in the synthetic model. Triaxial inversion using the combination of controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data provided a constant resistivity contour that most closely matched the true base of the volcanic flows. For the field survey data, triaxial inversion of controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data provides the best overall tie to well logs with vertically transverse isotropy inversion of controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data a close second. Vertical transverse isotropy inversion of controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data provided the best interpreted base of the volcanic horizon when compared with our best seismic interpretation. The structural boundaries estimated by the 20‐Ω·m contour of the vertical resistivity obtained by vertical transverse isotropy inversion of controlled source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data gives a maximum geometric location error of 11% with a mean error of 1.2% compared with the interpreted base of the volcanic horizon. Both the model study and field data interpretation indicate that marine electromagnetic technology has the potential to discriminate between low‐resistivity prospective siliciclastic sediments and higher resistivity non‐prospective volcaniclastic sediments beneath the volcanic section. 相似文献
15.
The marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) technique has been adopted by the hydrocarbon industry to characterize the resistivity of targets identified from seismic data prior to drilling. Over the years, marine controlled source electromagnetic has matured to the point that four‐dimensional or time lapse surveys and monitoring could be applied to hydrocarbon reservoirs in production, or to monitor the sequestration of carbon dioxide. Marine controlled source electromagnetic surveys have also been used to target shallow resistors such as gas hydrates. These novel uses of the technique require very well constrained transmitter and receiver geometry in order to make meaningful and accurate geologic interpretations of the data. Current navigation in marine controlled source electromagnetic surveys utilize a long base line, or a short base line, acoustic navigation system to locate the transmitter and seafloor receivers. If these systems fail, then rudimentary navigation is possible by assuming the transmitter follows in the ship's track. However, these navigational assumptions are insufficient to capture the detailed orientation and position of the transmitter required for both shallow targets and repeat surveys. In circumstances when acoustic navigation systems fail we propose the use of an inversion algorithm that solves for transmitter geometry. This algorithm utilizes the transmitter's electromagnetic dipole radiation pattern as recorded by stationary, close range (<1000 m), receivers in order to model the geometry of the transmitter. We test the code with a synthetic model and validate it with data from a well navigated controlled source electromagnetic survey over the Scarborough gas field in Australia. 相似文献
16.
Trans‐dimensional Bayesian inversion of controlled‐source electromagnetic data in the German North Sea 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Romina A. S. Gehrmann Jan Dettmer Katrin Schwalenberg Martin Engels Stan E. Dosso Asli Özmaral 《Geophysical Prospecting》2015,63(6):1314-1333
This paper presents the first controlled‐source electromagnetic survey carried out in the German North Sea with a recently developed seafloor‐towed electrical dipole–dipole system, i.e., HYDRA II. Controlled‐source electromagnetic data are measured, processed, and inverted in the time domain to estimate an electrical resistivity model of the sub‐seafloor. The controlled‐source electromagnetic survey targeted a shallow, phase‐reversed, seismic reflector, which potentially indicates free gas. To compare the resistivity model to reflection seismic data and draw a combined interpretation, we apply a trans‐dimensional Bayesian inversion that estimates model parameters and uncertainties, and samples probabilistically over the number of layers of the resistivity model. The controlled‐source electromagnetic data errors show time‐varying correlations, and we therefore apply a non‐Toeplitz data covariance matrix in the inversion that is estimated from residual analysis. The geological interpretation drawn from controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion results and borehole and reflection seismic data yield resistivities of ～1 Ωm at the seafloor, which are typical for fine‐grained marine deposits, whereas resistivities below ～20 mbsf increase to 2–4 Ωm and can be related to a transition from fine‐grained (Holocene age) to unsorted, coarse‐grained, and compacted glacial sediments (Pleistocene age). Interface depths from controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion generally match the seismic reflector related to the contrast between the different depositional environments. Resistivities decrease again at greater depths to ～1 Ωm with a minimum resistivity at ～300 mbsf where a seismic reflector (that marks a major flooding surface of late Miocene age) correlates with an increased gamma‐ray count, indicating an increased amount of fine‐grained sediments. We suggest that the grain size may have a major impact on the electrical resistivity of the sediment with lower resistivities for fine‐grained sediments. Concerning the phase‐reversed seismic reflector that was targeted by the survey, controlled‐source electromagnetic inversion results yield no indication for free gas below it as resistivities are generally elevated above the reflector. We suggest that the elevated resistivities are caused by an overall decrease in porosity in the glacial sediments and that the seismic reflector could be caused by an impedance contrast at a thin low‐velocity layer. Controlled‐source electromagnetic interface depths near the reflector are quite uncertain and variable. We conclude that the seismic interface cannot be resolved with the controlled‐source electromagnetic data, but the thickness of the corresponding resistive layer follows the trend of the reflector that is inclined towards the west. 相似文献
17.
Effects of the sea floor topography on the 1D inversion of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic data 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods have been used successfully for the detection of resistive targets such as hydrocarbons, gas hydrate, or marine groundwater aquifers. As the application of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods increases, surveys in areas with a strong seabed topography are inevitable. In these cases, an important question is whether bathymetry information should be included in the interpretation of the measured electromagnetic field or not. Since multi‐dimensional inversion is still not common in time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods, bathymetry effects on the 1D inversion of single‐offset and multi‐offset joint inversions of time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods data are investigated. We firstly used an adaptive finite element algorithm to calculate the time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods responses of 2D resistivity models with seafloor topography. Then, 1D inversions are applied on the synthetic data derived from marine resistivity models, including the topography in order to study the possible topography effects on the 1D interpretation. To evaluate the effects of topography with various steepness, the slope angle of the seabed topography is varied in the synthetic modelling studies for deep water (air interaction is absent or very weak) and shallow water (air interaction is dominant), respectively. Several different patterns of measuring configurations are considered, such as the systems adopting nodal receivers and the bottom‐towed system. According to the modelling results for deep water when air interaction is absent, the 2D topography can distort the measured electric field. The distortion of the data increases gradually with the enlarging of the topography's slope angle. In our test, depending on the configuration, the seabed topography does not affect the 1D interpretation significantly if the slope angle is less or around 10°. However, if the slope angle increases to 30° or more, it is possible that significant artificial layers occur in inversion results and lead to a wrong interpretation. In a shallow water environment with seabed topography, where the air interaction dominates, it is possible to uncover the true subsurface resistivity structure if the water depth for the 1D inversion is properly chosen. In our synthetic modelling, this scheme can always present a satisfactory data fit in the 1D inversion if only one offset is used in the inversion process. However, the determination of the optimal water depth for a multi‐offset joint inversion is challenging due to the various air interaction for different offsets. 相似文献
18.
本文提出了一维垂直各向异性(VTI)介质倾斜偶极源频率域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)资料高斯-牛顿反演方法.在电阻率各向异性介质水平偶极源和垂直偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法的基础上,利用欧拉旋转方法,实现了各向异性介质倾斜偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法.海洋可控源电磁场关于地下介质横向电阻率(ρ_h)和垂向电阻率(ρ_v)的偏导数(即灵敏度矩阵)是解析计算的,结合垂直各向异性介质横向电阻率与垂向电阻率的关系,将各向异性率融入到正则化因子选择中,实现了正则化因子的自适应选择.理论模型合成数据和实测资料反演算例表明,我们提出的反演方法能够较准确的重构海底围岩和基岩的各向异性电阻率以及高阻薄层的埋藏深度、厚度和垂向电阻率. 相似文献