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1.
容重是描述泥石流性质的重要基础参数。本文基于泥石流运动过程的时空特征,厘定了最大容重、峰值容重和平均容重3个容重特征值。以蒋家沟1987年以来的泥石流观测数据为分析对象,分析了3个容重特征值在数值上的分布规律和影响因素。结果显示：①最大容重与峰值容重的关系式具有较好的相关性,最大容重与平均容重的关系式具有实际计算适宜性;②最大容重和峰值流量均与泥石流峰值流量呈正相关,与泥石流冲出规模关系不明显。在现有泥石流容重计算方法基础上,进一步界定了泥石流容重取样、计算和校验方法,构建了泥石流灾害特征值计算中容重独立取值原则,即峰值流量、流速、冲压力等计算建议选取最大容重,而一次冲出固体物质总量、堵河危险性和危险区范围等计算建议选取平均容重。研究结果可为泥石流灾害防治提供参考。 相似文献
2.
坡面土体的崩塌活动是泥石流形成的初始过程。为了研究降雨条件下该过程中蕴含的随机性,选择典型泥石流源地坡面进行人工降雨实验,观测坡面径流和坡面土体活动特征。结果表明：坡面径流的产生与坡面土体的供给是2个相对独立的过程;坡面产流过程在时间上具有连续性,空间上具有均匀性,规模上具有稳定性;即使是在恒定的降雨强度条件下,泥石流的源地土体活动也表现为一个离散的土体崩塌序列,具有时间上的间歇性、空间上的聚集性、规模上的随机性,且在时间上服从泊松分布,在规模上服从规模-频率的幂率关系;坡面的水土过程是不完全同步的,泥石流的形成依赖于坡面土体补给的时间、空间和规模分布,这也决定了泥石流阵流的多变和流量的涨落。建立基于土体活动特征的随机性补给模型,结合分布式水文模型,是建立科学的泥石流预报模型的有效方法。 相似文献
3.
基于Hurst指数的矿化强度识别－以山东大尹格庄金矿为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
探索成矿元素分布的分形特征是揭示矿化富集程度的重要途径之一。运用重标极差分析（R/S）方法,研究了山东大尹格庄金矿-210 m中段多勘探线Au品位序列随采样尺度变化的趋势,探讨元素序列的Hurst指数与矿化强度的关系。结果显示:具有不同矿化强度的勘探线Au的Hurst指数存在明显差异,且均大于0.5;矿化连续分布或间断出现的勘探线元素品位序列的Hurst指数大于0.65,表明元素序列具有标度不变性和长相关性,序列的持续强度与矿化程度基本一致,可为区域矿化强度定量识别提供一种新的有效方法。 相似文献
4.
对非匀质泥石流运动变化特征进行预测评价是泥石流防治工程规划和预警预报系统建设的重要内容,也是目前泥石流领域亟需完善的重点问题。通过对泥石流泥位和流速实测资料整理和分析,构建了非匀质泥石流运动特征值预测模型,该模型在前人成果的基础上,利用较少因子就能够判别研究区泥石流运动变化特征,并以陇南地区礼县下胡杨沟泥石流为例,通过FLO-2D流体模型对50年一遇(2%频率)和20年一遇(5%频率)降水条件下泥石流运动特征进行模拟。结果表明泥石流容重为1. 83 t ·m-3时,下胡杨沟20年一遇的泥石流运动特征值最小且差异性不大;当泥石流容重为1. 97 t ·m-3时,下胡杨沟50年一遇的泥石流运动特征值最大且差异性悬殊;当不同规模泥石流流量达到峰值时均产生较大的泥位深度。进一步将泥石流运动特征值模拟结果与实测断面相结合检验分析,并反推已发生泥石流事件的峰值流量,与实际情况都具有较好的一致性,表明采用本文预测模型计算的结果具有一定的可靠性,可为泥石流防灾减灾和泥石流监测预警示范区建设提供参考。 相似文献
5.
容重是描述泥石流性质的重要基础参数.本文基于泥石流运动过程的时空特征,厘定了最大容重、峰值容重和平均容重3个容重特征值.以蒋家沟1987年以来的泥石流观测数据为分析对象,分析了3个容重特征值在数值上的分布规律和影响因素.结果显示:①最大容重与峰值容重的关系式具有较好的相关性,最大容重与平均容重的关系式具有实际计算适宜性... 相似文献
6.
成矿元素品位有序数据集自仿射分形方法应用性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自仿射分形的Hurst指数是分析地质剖面数据的有利参数。以大尹格庄金矿不同勘探线刻槽取样所得的金品位序列为例，评价Hurst指数的几种估算方法在地质剖面数据分析中的适用性。取相同尺度，全部数据集的增量标准偏差法统计散点呈波状变化，部分数据集的曲线长度变换法统计散点的后半部分呈波状变化,全部数据集的重标极差分析法统计散点线性拟合较好。结果显示增量标准偏差法对尺度要求较为苛刻，适于巨量数据的统计；曲线长度变换法应用性较广，所得Hurst指数反映品位的空间变化强度；重标极差分析法稳定性最好，其Hurst指数反映了品位变化相依性。
相似文献
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8.
对2005年8月11日贡嘎山东坡雅家埂河特大型泥石流运动过程进行了描述,并采用现场实地勘查等手段,定量计算泥石流流速和流量等动力学特征,还运用得到的流量反演泥石流运动过程,从而得到雅家埂河特大型泥石流的形成机理。结果表明：雅家埂河特大型泥石流的形成与降雨有直接关系;雅家埂河支沟泥石流的群发性造成主河泥石流规模巨大;经对雅家埂河流域泥石流形成、发生的历史分析,推断出该流域泥石流存在18～21年的暴发周期;雅家埂河松散物源充足,降雨与水源丰富,地形地貌陡峭,极易再次发生规模较大的泥石流。 相似文献
9.
齐信 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2014,(2):13-18,25
泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害之一,具有运动快速、暴发突然、能量巨大等特点。本文根据现场调查。分析了水沟墩沟泥石流形成条件、流域特征,计算了泥石流的容重、流速、流量、冲出量、淤积厚度等动力学参数,并对其危险性做了定量评价．总结了水沟墩沟泥石流对铁路工程危害模式“先冲-又淤-再冲”。提出了对水沟墩沟泥石流采用相关的减灾防灾措施,供铁路部门制定相应的泥石流防止对策,有益于对成兰铁路线的长远安全运行和服务提供科学保障。 相似文献
10.
为了探索泥石流容重在不同时空条件下的动态演化特征及其影响机制,基于蒋家沟1995年以来的泥石流观测数据和汶川震区2008年以来的调查资料,研究了典型泥石流灾害的水土耦合过程和容重动态变化的互馈作用,对比分析了常用的容重计算方法在汶川震区泥石流计算中的差异性,并从计算公式和灾害特征两方面探索误差产生的原因。结果表明:容重随泥石流孕灾条件的时空演化而动态变化;在时间尺度上,物源活动性与容重呈正相关,物源赋存状态从极度活跃演化至高度活跃时,容重将下降10.0%～27.8%;泥石流峰值流量与容重成幂函数关系,容重随着流量增大而增大,但具有明显的上限值;在空间尺度上,容重与沟床纵比降变化趋势一致,随着侵蚀作用而增大,淤积作用而减小;常用的6种泥石流容重计算方法在龙门山区的应用结果偏差幅度为10%～30%,仅使用某种计算方法确定容重参数将导致一定误差。文章最后利用物质组成计算容重的方法,基于冲淤总量和颗粒参数建立了不同沟道段泥石流容重经验计算公式,并在雍家沟泥石流进行应用,结果显示该方法针对具有完整序列观测资料的泥石流沟,具有较好的适用性。 相似文献
11.
Comparison of high-resolution TRMM-based precipitation products during tropical cyclones in the North Indian Ocean 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Debris flow moves in the form of surge waves and consists of dozens or even hundreds of surges that are separated in time
and space and have a variety of appearances, as exemplified in Jiangjia Gully, China. Observations there indicate that the
deposit is made up by superposition of successive surges and deposit of a single surge is in effect a “frozen” surge. Then
the study of debris flow is reduced to the study of surge sequence, which leads to a probabilistic picture of debris flow.
This study attempts to find the probability distribution of velocity of surge using a huge data set of Jiangjia Gully. Statistics
of the data shows that the velocity satisfies the Weibull distribution, which is believed to be universally valid because
the distribution parameters vary little between events, with the shape parameter being well related to the average of velocity.
It follows that the same distribution applies also to other quantities of debris flow, such as the flow depth and the discharge.
Therefore, the distribution can be used to assess the magnitude and overflow range of a potential debris flow, as well as
to the parameter calculation for engineering design. 相似文献
12.
N. Sh. Chen Ch. L. Yang W. Zhou F. Q. Wei Z. L. Li D. Han G. Sh. Hu 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(1):37-57
Debris flow with intermittent surges is a major natural hazard. Accurate estimation of the total volume of debris flow is
a challenge for academic researchers and engineering practitioners. This paper has proposed a new model for the total volume
estimation based on 15 years of observations in Jiangjia Valley, China, from 1987 to 2004. The model uses two input variables:
debris flow moving time and average surge peak discharge. The Weibull distribution formula is adopted to describe the relationship
between the debris flow surge peak discharge and its relative frequency. By integrating the Weibull function and two-point
curve fitting, the relationship between the maximum discharge and average surge peak discharge can be established. The total
debris flow volume is linked with the debris flow moving time and the average peak discharge. With statistical regression,
the debris flow moving time is derived from the debris flow total time. The proposed model has fitted very well with the validation
data and outperformed the existing models. This study has provided a new and more accurate way for estimating the total volume
of debris flows with intermittent surges in engineering practice. 相似文献
13.
MATTHEW R. BENNETT MICHAEL J. HAMBREY DAVID HUDDART JEAN FRANOIS GHIENNE 《第四纪科学杂志》1996,11(6):437-449
Traditionally, geometrical ridge networks are interpreted as the product of the flow of subglacial sediment into open basal crevasses at the cessation of a glacier surge (‘crevasse-fill’ ridges). They are widely regarded as a characteristic landform of glacier surges. Understanding the range of processes by which these ridge networks form is therefore of importance in the recognition of palaeosurges within the landform record. The geometrical ridge network at the surge-type glacier Kongsvegen in Svalbard, does not form by crevasse filling. The networks consist of transverse and longitudinal ridges that can be seen forming at the current ice margin. The transverse ridges form as a result of the incorporation of basal debris along thrust planes within the ice. The thrusts were apparently formed during a glacier surge in 1948. Longitudinal ridges form through the meltout of elongated pods of debris, which on the glacier surface are subparallel to the ice foliation and pre-date the surge. This work adds to the range of landforms associated with glacier surges. 相似文献
14.
Flow behaviour of the submarine glacigenic debris flows on the Bear Island Trough Mouth Fan, western Barents Sea 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Using 3·5 kHz high-resolution seismic data, gravity cores and side-scan sonar imagery, the flow behaviour of submarine, glacigenic debris flows on the Bear Island Trough Mouth Fan, western Barents Sea was studied. During their downslope movement, the sediments within the uppermost part of the debris flows (<3 m) are inferred to have been deformed as a result of the shear stress at the debris–water interface. Thus, the uppermost part of the flow did not move downslope as a rigid plug. If present, a rigid part of the flow was located at least some metres below the surface. At c . 1000 to at least 1600 m water depth, the debris flows eroded and probably incorporated substrate debris. Further downslope, the debris flows moved passively over substrate sediments. The hypothesis of hydroplaning of the debris flow front may explain why the debris flows moved across the lower fan without affecting the underlying sediments. Detailed morphological information from the surface of one of the debris flow deposits reveals arcuate ridges. These features were probably formed by flow surge. Hydroplaning of the debris flow front may also explain the formation of flow surge. The long runout distance of some of the large debris flows could be due to accretion of material to the base of the debris flow, thereby increasing in volume during flow, and/or to hydroplaning suppressing deceleration of the flow. 相似文献
15.
粘性泥石流入汇主河极大地改变了入汇区的河床堆积地貌，其动力学实质是非牛顿流体与牛顿流体的交互作用，合理描述粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程对于划定粘性泥石流风险区范围和认知流域地貌演化具有重大意义。粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积体时空演化过程有别于粘性泥石流在地表的纯堆积过程，通过回顾国内外学者在泥石流入汇区堆积动力学方面的研究成果，可以发现在粘性泥石流入汇区内堆积现象复杂，存在"阵性"输移、"元堆积"和龙头"水滑"等特殊现象。但目前的研究对泥石流和水流交互机制都进行了简化，一是将粘性泥石流视为挟沙水流，直接采用异重流方法；二是将粘性泥石流视为"半固态"，只考虑水流的输沙特征，研究认为基于这样的简化不足以描述粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和特殊现象，也低估了粘性泥石流交汇区冲击速度和堆积范围。同时，根据粘性泥石流入汇区河床堆积动力过程的研究现状，结合粘性泥石流入汇的特殊运动过程，提出未来可开展的工作:一是粘性泥石流入汇的物理过程和其交互机制的合理简化；二是普适性高的粘性泥石流-水流堆积动力学模型的建立。 相似文献
16.
山东惠民凹陷古近系湖泊地震涌浪记录的新发现 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
在陆相湖盆中,地震引起的各种作用力可以对各种先成沉积物进行改造而形成原地震积岩,同样地震可引发涌浪、浊流及碎屑流而形成地震涌浪沉积及震浊积岩.通过大量岩心观察描述和成像测井资料分析,首次提出惠民凹陷中央隆起带沙河街组含有丘状交错层理的碎屑岩与典型的原地震积岩(包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩等)紧密共生,当属于地震作用引发涌浪的沉积产物.本区地震涌浪沉积中发育丘状及洼状层理、包卷层理、平行层理、块状层理、波痕、冲刷及截切面等沉积构造.根据沉积特征和分布位置,本区地震涌浪沉积划分为两种类型,即位于涌浪基面附近的含塑性泥砾的搅动型和涌浪基面与正常浪基面之间的回流型.垂向上地震涌浪沉积一般位于原地震积岩之上,震浊积岩之下,组成完整的原地震积岩—地震涌浪沉积—地震浊积岩序列或原地震积岩—地震涌浪沉积序列.本区地震涌浪沉积的发现和研究,将为地质学家识别陆相湖盆地震事件沉积提供对比标准. 相似文献
17.
当代火山喷发碎屑堆积物的研究进展及其主要类型 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
火山喷发碎屑堆积物主要分为：火山喷发空中降落堆积物、火山碎屑、流状堆积物、火山泥流堆积物和火山基浪堆积物。简述了这些火山碎屑堆积物的成因及主要特征。 相似文献
18.
The coastal area of Guangdong Province is one of the most developed regions in China. It is also often under severe risk of storm surges, as one of the few regions in China which are seriously threatened by storm surges. Based on the data of storm surges in the study area in the past 30 years, the return periods of 18 tide stations for storm surge are calculated separately. Using the spatial analysis technology of ArcGIS, combined with the topography data of the study area, the submerged scope for storm surge in the coastal area of Guangdong Province is determined, and the hazard assessment is carried out. According to the view of systematic point, this article quotes the result of vulnerability assessment which was done by the author in the previous research. Based on the hazard evaluation and vulnerability evaluation, risk assessment of storm surges in the study region is done, and the risk zoning map is drawn. According to the assessment, Zhuhai, Panyu and Taishan are classified as the highest risk to storm surges in Guangdong Province; Yangdong, Yangjiang and Haifeng are in higher risk to storm surges; Dongguan, Jiangmen, Baoan and Huidong are in middle risk to storm surges; Zhongshan, Enping, Shanwei, Huiyang, Longgang and Shenzhen are in lower risk of storm surges; Guangzhou, Shunde and Kaiping are in the lowest risk to storm surges. This study builds a complete process for risk assessment of storm surges. It reveals the risk of storm surges in the coastal cities, and it would guide the land use of coastal cities in the future and provide scientific advices to the government for the prevention and mitigation of storm surge disaster. It has important theoretical and practical significance. 相似文献
19.
Both finite-element and finite-difference numerical models are applied to simulate storm surges and associated currents generated
by tropical cyclones that struck the coast of Andhra Pradesh, located on the east coast of India. During a cyclone, the total
water level at any location on the coast is made up of the storm surge, surge–wind wave interaction and the tide. The advanced
circulation two-dimensional depth-integrated (ADCIRC-2DDI) model based on finite-element formulation and the two-dimensional
finite-difference model of storm surges developed at IIT Delhi, hereafter referred as IITD storm surge model, are used. These
models are driven by astronomical tides at the open ocean boundary and cyclonic asymmetric winds over the surface of the computational
domain. Comparison of model simulated sea-surface elevations with coarse and finer spatial resolutions suggests that the grid
resolution near the coast is very crucial for accurate determination of the surges in addition to the local bathymetry. The
model underpredicts surges, and the peak surge location shifts more to the right of the landfall as the spatial resolution
of the model becomes coarser. The numerical experiments also demonstrate that the ADCIRC model is robust over the IITD storm
surge model for surge computations as the coastline is better represented in the former. 相似文献